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Revision Notes
June 2016
Pure Core 3
2 Functions ...............................................................................................................5
Notation ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Domain, range and graph ...................................................................................................................... 5
Defining functions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Composite functions ............................................................................................................................. 7
Inverse functions and their graphs ........................................................................................................ 7
To find the inverse of a function x y................................................................................................................................. 7
Domain and range of inverse functions ................................................................................................ 9
Modulus functions .............................................................................................................................. 10
Modulus functions y = |f (x)|.................................................................................................................................................10
Modulus functions y = f (|x|) ..................................................................................................................................................11
Standard graphs................................................................................................................................... 11
Combinations of transformations of graphs ........................................................................................ 12
Sketching curves ................................................................................................................................. 13
3 Trigonometry ........................................................................................................ 14
Sec, cosec and cot ............................................................................................................................... 14
Graphs ................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Inverse trigonometrical functions ....................................................................................................... 15
Graphs ................................................................................................................................................................................................15
Trigonometrical identities ................................................................................................................... 16
+
Proof of sin P + sin Q = 2 sin cos .................................................................................................................16
2 2
Finding exact values.....................................................................................................................................................................17
Proving identities. .........................................................................................................................................................................17
Eliminating a variable between two equations ...............................................................................................................18
Solving equations ..........................................................................................................................................................................18
R cos(x + ) ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Derivative of ax................................................................................................................................... 26
Trigonometric differentiation .............................................................................................................. 27
Chain rule further examples ............................................................................................................. 27
Trigonometry and the product and quotient rules ............................................................................... 28
7 Appendix.............................................................................................................. 32
Derivatives of sin x and cos x .............................................................................................................. 32
sin
lim0 = 1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................32
Alternative formula for derivative ........................................................................................................................................32
Derivatives of sin x and cos x ...................................................................................................................................................33
Index ........................................................................................................................... 34
(3 x 2)(3 x + 2) x ( x + 1)
2
= cancel all common factors
x(3 x 2) (3x + 2)( x 1)
x( x + 1)
Answer = .
x 1
3x 2 3x 5 x + 20 3x 2 8 x + 20
= = which cannot be simplified further.
( x 1)( x 3)( x 4) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 4)
Notation
y = x2 3x + 7, f (x) = x2 3x + 7 and f : x x2 3x + 7
are all ways of writing the same function.
Example: Find the largest possible domain and the range for the function
f : x x 3 + 1.
Solution: First notice that we cannot have the square root of a negative number and so
x 3 cannot be negative
x30
and we see that the graph will cover all of the 4 y=(x3)+1
range
y-axis from 1 upwards 2
domain x
y
To find the range we sketch the graph 8
2
Asymptotes are x = 1 and y = 2 asymptote x=1 range
4
Defining functions
Some mappings can be made into functions by restricting the domain.
Examples:
1) The mapping x x where x is not a function as 9 is not defined, but if we
restrict the domain to positive or zero real numbers then f : x x where x , x 0
is a function.
1
2) x where x is not a function as the image of x = 3 is not defined,
x 3
1
but f : x where x , x 3 is a function.
x 3
f is multiply by 3 subtract 2
g is square add 1
The inverse of f is written as f 1: note that this does not mean 1 over f .
The graph of y = f 1(x) is the reflection in y = x of the graph of y = f (x).
Solution: We have x y = 3x 2 4 y
x+2 2
(ii) solving for y y=
3 y = f 1(x)
x
x+2
f 1
:x 4 2 2 4
3
2 y = f (x)
x+3
Example: Find the inverse of g : x .
2x 5
y
x+3
Solution: We have x y = 6
2x 5 y=x
x(2y 5) = y + 3 4 2 2 4 6
2xy 5x = y + 3 2
2xy y = 5x + 3
4
y(2x 1) = 5x + 3
5x + 3
y =
2x 1
5x + 3
g 1 : x
2x 1
1
Note that the domain of f (x) is the range of f (x),
1
and that the range of f (x) is the domain of f (x).
1
This is because the graph of y = f (x) is that of y = f (x) after a reflection in the line y = x.
Solution:
(a) As the domain of f is x 3, we only y
have the left part of the parabola.
y = f (x)
8
The range is f (x) 4, f (x) .
6
y=x
(b) To find the inverse, swap x and y, then
find y. 4
x = (y 3)2 + 4
2 y = f 1(x)
y 3 = 4 .
x
From the reflection of y = f (x) in y = x, 2 2 4 6 8
we can see that we want the negative
sign 2
y = 3 4.
Solution:
First sketch the graph of y = x2 3x Then reflect the portion below
the x-axis in the xaxis to give
3 y 3 y
y=x3x y=|x3x|
2 2
1 1
x x
1 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4
1 1
2 2
so to sketch the graph, first sketch the graph for positive values of x only, then reflect
the graph sketched in the yaxis.
3 y
y=x3x
2
Example: Sketch the graph of y = |x|2 3|x|.
1
x
2 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
Solution: f (x) = x 3x
1
f (x) = x2 3x
2
First sketch the graph of y = x2 3x for positive
values of x only. 3 y
y=|x|3|x|
2
Standard graphs
3 y y
4 y=x
y=x y=x
2 y=x
3
1
2
x
3 2 1 1 2
1
1
x
2 1 1 2
2
1
y
y
2 3
y=1/x
1 2
y=x
x
1
3 2 1 1 2 3
x
1
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 1
Examples:
2
Example: Sketch the curve = 4 , x > 0
Solution:
5 y
asymptote y=4
4
3
y=42/x
2
asymptote
x=0
1
x
2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
Note that the domain is x > 0, so no graph to the left of the y-axis.
x 0 curve does not meet the x-axis
y=0 x=1
2
Thinking of y =
translated up 4,
the horizontal asymptote is y = 4.
Do not forget that the y-axis, x = 0, is also an asymptote.
y y
y=cosecx
y=secx
2 2
y=sinx
y=cosx x x
2 2
2 2
y
y=tanx y=cotx
2
Notice that your calculator does not have sec,
cosec and cot buttons so to solve equations x
involving sec, cosec and cot, change them 2
into equations involving sin, cos and tan and
then use your calculator as usual.
2
The inverse of sin x is written as arcsin x or sin1 x and in order that there should only be
one value of the function for one value of x we restrict the domain to /2 x /2 .
Note that the graph of y = arcsin x is the reflection of part of the graph of y = sin x in the
line y = x.
Similarly for the inverses of cos x and tan x, as shown below.
Graphs
y = arcsin x y = arccos x
y
y=x y
y=arcsinx
/2
y=arccosx
y=x
y=sinx
x
/2
3 2 1 1 2 3 4
y=cosx
x
/2
3 2 1 1 2 3 4
y = arctan x
y
y=tanx y=x
y=arctanx
/2
x
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
/2
= 1 2 sin2 A P+Q P -Q
cos P + cos Q = 2 cos cos
sin2 A = (1 cos 2A) 2 2
The last four formulae, 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A B) etc., are not in the formula
booklet, and should be learnt.
+
You should know the proofs of the four formulae sin P + sin Q = 2 sin 2
cos 2
, etc.
+
Proof of sin P + sin Q = 2 sin
cos
Solution: We know the exact values of sin 45o, cos 45o and sin 30o, cos 30o
so we consider cos 15 = cos (45 30) = cos 45 cos30 + sin 45 sin 30
3 + 1 6 +
= 1
2
2
3
+ 1
2
12 = 2 2
= 4
2
.
Example: Given that A is obtuse and that B is acute, and sin A = 3/5 and cos B = 5/13 find
the exact value of sin (A + B).
Solution: We know that sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B so we must first find
cos A and sin B.
Proving identities.
Start with one side, usually the L.H.S., and fiddle with it until it equals the other side.
cos 2 A + 1
Example: Prove that = cot 2 A .
1 - cos 2 A
Solving equations
Here you have to select the best identity to help you solve the equation.
cos 4x = 0, or sin x = 0
An alternative way of writing a cos x b sin x using one of the formulae listed below
(1) R cos (x + ) = R cos x cos R sin x sin
(2) R cos (x ) = R cos x cos + R sin x sin
(3) R sin (x + ) = R sin x cos + R cos x sin
(4) R sin (x ) = R sin x cos R cos x sin
To keep R positive and acute, we select the formula with corresponding + and signs.
The technique is the same which ever formula we choose.
Natural logarithms
Definition and graph y = ex y=x
e 27183 and logs to base e 2
Graph of y = e(ax + b) + c. y
y = e2x y = ex
3
4 2 2
Solution: Take the natural logarithm of each side, remember that ln x is the inverse of ex
ln (e2x + 3) = ln 5 2x + 3 = ln 5
ln 5 3
x = = 0695 to 3 S.F.
2
Solution:
(i) From the definition of logs loga x = y x = ay
ln (3x 5) = 4
3x 5 = e4
e4 + 5
x = = 199 to 3 S.F.
3
OR
(ii) Raise both sides to the power of e, .
eln (3x 5) = e4 (3x 5) = e4 remember that ex is the inverse of ln x
e4 + 5
x = = 199 to 3 S.F.
3
Product rule
1
Solution: y = x2 (x 5) = x2 ( x 5) 2
1
so put u = x2 and v = ( x 5) 2
dy dv du
= u + v
dx dx dx
1 1
= x2 1
2
( x 5) 2
+ ( x 5) 2 2x
2
x
= + 2x x 5 .
2 x5
du dv
v u
u dy dx dx .
y = = 2
v dx v
2x 3
Example: Differentiate y =
x 2 + 5x
2x 3
Solution: y = , so put u = 2x 3 and v = x2 + 5x
x + 5x
2
du dv
v u
dy dx dx
= 2
dx v
( x 2 + 5 x) 2 (2 x 3) (2 x + 5)
=
( x 2 + 5 x) 2
2 x 2 + 10 x (4 x 2 + 4 x 15) 2 x 2 + 6 x + 15
= = .
( x 2 + 5 x) 2 ( x 2 + 5 x) 2
32
Example: If y = , find , expressing your answer as a single algebraic fraction in
1
its simplest form.
3 2
: = 1
( 1)2
1 1
( 1)2 3 (3 2) 12( 1) 2
=
1
1 (3 2)
( 1)2 3
1
2( 1) 2
=
1
1 (3 2)
( 1)2 3 1
1
2( 1) 2 2( 1) 2
= 1
1 2( 1) 2
6( 1) (3 2) 6 6 3 + 2
= 3 = 3
2( 1) 2 2( 1) 2
3 4
= 3
2( 1) 2
dy 1 k
y = ln xk y = k ln x = k =
dx x x
Solution: f (x) = ln 3x ln x5 = ln 3 + ln x 5 ln x = ln 3 4 ln x
4
f (x) =
x
or we can use the chain rule
1 1 4
f (x) = 3 5 5x 4 =
3x x x
dy
Example: y = ln 7x3. Find .
dx
1
Using the chain rule we can see that
= 1,
=
Example: x = sin2 3y. Find .
Solution: First find
as this is easier.
= 2 sin 3y cos 3y 3 = 6 sin 3y cos 3y
1 1 1 1
= = = = 3
cosec 6y
6 sin 3 y cos 3 y 3 sin 6 y
Derivative of ax
y = ax
= ln
Proof:
y = ax
ln y = ln ax = x ln a
1
= ln
= y ln a = ax ln a
Solution 1: y = 5x 52 = 25 5x
= 25 5x ln 5
Solution 2: y = 5x + 2 = 5u
= 5u ln 5 = 5x + 2 ln 5 using the chain rule and
=1
2
Example: = 7 , find
2
Solution: y = 7u
= 7u ln 7 = 7 ln 7 2x using the chain rule
Trigonometric differentiation
y = u4
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
dy du
= 4u 3 = 4 sin 3 x cos x .
dx dx
dy
Example: y = ln (sec x). Find .
dx
Solution: y = ln u, where u = sec x
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
dy 1 du 1
= = sec x tan x = tan x .
dx u dx sec x
dy dv du
Solution: = u + v
dx dx dx
y = x2 cosec 3x
= x2 ( 3cosec 3x cot 3x) + cosec 3x 2x
tan 2 x
y =
7x3
Example:
(a) Show that a root, , of the equation f (x) = x3 8x 7 = 0 lies between 3 and 4.
(b) Show that the equation x3 8x 7 = 0 can be rearranged as x = 3
8x + 7 .
(c) Starting with x1 = 3, use the iteration xn + 1 = 3 8 x n + 7 to find the first four
iterations for x.
(d) Show that your value of x4 is correct to 3 S.F.
Solution:
(a) f (3) = 27 24 7 = 4, and f (4) = 64 32 7 = +25
Thus f (x) changes sign and f (x) is continuous there is a root between 3 and 4.
(b) x3 8x 7 = 0 x3 = 8x + 7 x= 3
8x + 7 .
(c) x1 = 3
x2 = 3
8 3 + 7 = 314138065239
x3 = 317912997899
x4 = 318905898325
(d) x4 = 319 to 3 S.F.
f (3185) = 31853 8 3185 7 = 017
f (3195) = 31953 8 3195 7 = + 005
f (x) changes sign and f (x) is continuous
there is a root in the interval [3185, 3195]
= 319 to 3 S.F.
y y
y=x y=x
y=g(x)
y=g(x)
x x
X1 X2 X3 X4 X1 X3 X4 X2
(a) will converge without oscillating (b) will oscillate and converge
if 0 < g () < 1, if 1 < g () < 0,
g () < 1 or g () > 1.
y=g(x)
y=x
x
X1 X 2 X3 X4
h must be in RADIANS, as the formula for the area of sector is only true if h is in radians.
limit (+)()
In C2 we used the formula f (x) = 0
Similarly, we can show that
(cos ) = sin x
x must be in RADIANS.