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Abdulaziz Tagawy
Solving QoS Multicast Routing Problem Using ACO
Algorithm
One of the most distinctive aspects of the network routing problem is the
nonstationarity of the problems characteristics. In particular, the characteristics
of traffic over a network changes all the time, and in some important cases (e.g.,
the Internet) the traffic can fluctuate in ways difficult to predict. Additionally,
the nodes and links of a network can suddenly go out of service, and new nodes
and links can be added at any moment.
The information that every node sends to its neighbors is the list of its last
estimates of the distances (intended as costs) from itself to all the other
nodes in the network.
It can be noted that this algorithm converges in finite time to the shortest
paths with respect to the used metric if no link cost changes after a given
time (Bellman, 1958; Ford & Fulkerson, 1962; Bertsekas & Gallager,
1992); this algorithm is also known as distributed Bellman-Ford.
In the most common form of link -state algorithm, each node acts
autonomously, broadcasting information about its link costs and states
and computing shortest paths from itself to all the destinations on the
basis of its local link cost estimates and of the estimates received from
other nodes. Each routing information packet is broadcast to all the
neighbor nodes which in turn send the packet to their neighbors, and so
on. A distributed flooding mechanism (Bertsekas & Gallager, 1992)
supervises this information transmission, trying to minimize the number
of retransmissions.
Working:
ARCHITECTURE:
Component Description
It has wide range of applications with very good search capabilities for
optimization problems but it still remains a bottleneck due to high cost and time
conversion. ACO inspired by the forging behavior of real ants to find food from
their nest. The algorithm is basically used to find shortest path from nest to food
source and the path is then used by other ants this is all due to chemical name
pheromone deposited by ants on ground while searching for food.
Ant Colony Optimization technique has emerged recently novel meta-heuristic
for a hard combinational optimization problems. It is designed to stimulate the
ability of ant colonies to determine the shortest paths to food. Although
individual ant possess few capabilities, their operation as a colony is capable of
complex behavior. Real ants can indirectly can communicate though pheromone
information without visual cues and capable of finding shortest path between
food and their nests. The ants follow pheromone on trail while walking and the
other ants follow the trail with some probability dependent on the density of
pheromone deposited by the ants. The more the pheromone deposited the more
ants will follow that trail. Through this mechanism ants ultimately find the
shortest path.
Artificial ant can also imitate the behavior of real ants how they forage the food
but can also solve much more complicated problems than real ants can. A
search algorithm with such concept is called Ant Colony Optimization
Algorithm. ACO inspired by the forging behavior of real ants to find food from
their nest.
ALGORITHM:
4. The initial value of =0 as no ant has traversed any path so ant can
chose any path as probability of any path=0.
5. Ant chooses the path according to the probability of path.
6. Compute the pheromone update of the path and each edge selected by
the ant using
=
Where
= (1-) +
=1
Where k N
heuristic value.
edge value.
9. Set LC=LC+1.
Solution:-
= 1 , =1 , =0.1 .
Initial k = 0, Q = 10
[]
[]
=
[]
[]
kN
Otherwise,
=1
k = (1-)k + k
= 4+4+3 =11
Pheromone Value
k =10/11
= 0.90
As k = 0 + k
k = 0.90
P1,2 =[(0.90)(1/4)/(0.9)(1/4)+0]=1
P2,4 = 1 , f4,5 = 1
k = 0.90
k = (1-0.1).90 + .90
= 1.71
ck = 11 , k = .90
k = (1-0.1)1.71 + .90
= 2.43
For path
1,2 = 2.43
2,4 = 2.43
4,5 = 2.43
= 4 + 5 + 6 = 15
Path 1 3 5
ck = d1,3 + d3,5 = 5 + 6 = 11
k =10/11= 0.9
7th Ant
1,3 = .90
= 2.50
8th Ant
The above table shows all the possible paths to the destination node.
Hence,
ck = 11
k = .90
Thus, 1-2-4-5 is the optimum path chosen by the ants. Given below is the
multicast tree obtained by the proposed Ant Algorithm.
CONCLUSION:
Hence by using the concept of ACO algorithm we found an optimum path to
send message from a source node to a destination node. The first ant moves
from the source to the destination leaving a trail of pheromones. The next ant
calculates the probability of the path based on the presence of pheromones on
that path. Higher the pheromone value on that path higher will be the
probability. And ant tends to choose higher probability path. Results show that
the proposed algorithm has features of well performances of cost, fast
convergence and stable delay.
NOTE:
1. I have some not about this paper that the researcher did make a
comparisons with other technique to prove what he deduced.
2. And also there is no explanation about who the Qos service improved by
using this technique and the old version that suffers from a serious
drawback i.e. the slow converbgence rate.