Pharyngealization

Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of For many languages, pharyngealization is generally as-

consonants or vowels by which the pharynx or epiglottis sociated with more dental articulations of coronal con-
is constricted during the articulation of the sound. sonants so that dark l tends to be dental or denti-
alveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar
position.[4]
1 IPA symbols Arabic and Syriac use secondary uvularization, gener-
ally not distinguished from pharyngealization, for the
"emphatic" coronal consonants.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization
can be indicated by one of two methods:
2.1 Examples of pharyngealized conso-
1. A tilde or swung dash through the letter indicates nants
velarization, uvularization or pharyngealization, as
in [], the pharyngealized equivalent of [z], or (Uvularized consonants are not distinguished.)

2. The symbol or (a superscript voiced pharyn- Plosives

geal approximant (reversed glottal stop)) after the
letter standing for the pharyngealized consonant, as
pharyngealized voiceless alveolar stop [t] (in
in [t] or [t] (the pharyngealized equivalent of [t]).[2]
Arabic, Mizrahi Hebrew)

The swung dash diacritic is deprecated in Unicode, with
precomposed letters required for proper display in most
IPA fonts. These are only available for the labial conso-
nants and the coronal consonants Ubykh)
.
The intended dierence between the two Unicode values
and is unclear. Graphically, the rst more closely
resembles a reversed (superscript glottal stop) and the
second a superscript .
pharyngealized voiced alveolar stop [d] (in
Arabic)
pharyngealized voiceless bilabial stop [p] (in
pharyngealized voiced bilabial stop [b] (in Ubykh)
pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop [q] (in Ubykh,
Tsakhur)
pharyngealized voiced uvular stop [b] (in Tsakhur)

Fricatives
2 Usage
pharyngealized voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] (in
Ubykh, a Northwest Caucasian language formerly spo-
Arabic, Mizrahi Hebrew)
ken in Russia and Turkey, uses pharyngealization in 14
pharyngealized consonants. Chilcotin has pharyngeal- pharyngealized voiced alveolar sibilant [z] (in
ized consonants that trigger pharyngealization of vowels. Arabic)
Many languages (e.g. Salishan, Sahaptian) in the Plateau
culture area of North America also have pharyngealiza- pharyngealized voiceless dental fricative []
tion processes triggered by pharyngeal or pharyngealized
pharyngealized voiced dental fricative [] (in
consonants that aect vowels.
Arabic)
The Khoisan language Taa (or !X) has pharyngealized
vowels that contrast phonemically with voiced, breathy, pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative
and epiglottalized vowels.[3] This feature of !X is rep- [] (in Classical Arabic)
resented in its orthography by a tilde beneath the respec- pharyngealized voiceless labiodental fricative [f]
tive pharyngealized vowel. In Danish many of the vowel
phonemes have distinct pharyngealized qualities, and in pharyngealized voiced labiodental fricative [v] (in
the Tuu languages epiglottalized vowels are phonemic. Ubykh)

1
2 6 FURTHER READING

pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative [] (in 6 Further reading

Ubykh, Tsakhur)
Ian Maddieson, Typology and occurrence of pha-
pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative [] (in ryngeals and pharyngealization around the world.
Ubykh, Tsakhur)

pharyngealized voiceless glottal fricative [h] (in

Tsakhur)

Nasals

pharyngealized bilabial nasal [m] (in Ubykh)

Approximants

pharyngealized labialized velar approximant [w] (in

Ubykh)

pharyngealized labialized postalveolar approximant

[] (in American English)

3 See also
Velarization

Creaky voice (laryngealization)

Pharyngeal consonant

Epiglottal consonant

Pharynx

4 Notes
[1] Deprecated as a diacritic in Unicode

[2] It is easily confused in print with , as they look almost

identical, and both are coded as superscript variants of .

[3] Ladefoged (2005:183)

[4] Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)

5 References
Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants
(Second ed.). Blackwell.

Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005). Ar-

ticulatory, positional and coarticulatory charac-
teristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence
from two Catalan dialects. Journal of the In-
ternational Phonetic Association 35 (1): 125.
doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878.
 3

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text
Pharyngealization Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngealization?oldid=709352055 Contributors: Karl-Henner, Rich Farm-
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guage, ZroBot, , Adamsa123, 1234qwer1234qwer4, Peter238 and Anonymous: 15

7.2 Images
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utors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
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