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2.1
d (V )
= w1 + w2 w3 (1)
dt
Energy balance:
d 1V 2T3 Tref 3
C = w1C (T1 Tref ) + w2C (T2 Tref )
dt (2)
w3C (T3 Tref )
Because = constant and V = V = constant, Eq. 1 becomes:
w3 = w1 + w2 (3)
d (T3 Tref )
1CV = 1CV = w1C 2T1 Tref 3 + w2C 2T2 Tref 3
dT3
dt dt (4)
( w1 + w2 ) C (T3 Tref )
dT3
V = w1T1 + w2T2 ( w1 + w2 )T3 (5)
dt
Parameters : , V
2-1
Variables : w1, w2, T1, T2, T3
NE = 1
NV = 5
Thus, NF = 5 1 = 4
w1 = w1(t)
w2 = w2 (t)
T1 = T1(t)
T2 = T2(t)
Thus, NF is reduced to 0.
2.2
Energy balance:
d 1V 2T Tref 3
Cp = wC p (Ti Tref ) wC p (T Tref ) UAs (T Ta ) + Q
dt
Simplifying
1VC p = wC p Ti wC p T UAs 2T Ta 3 + Q
dT
dt
1VC p = wC p 2Ti T 3 UAs 2T Ta 3 + Q
dT
dt
2.3
a) Mass Balances:
2-2
dh1
A1 = w1 w2 w3 (1)
dt
dh2
A2 = w2 (2)
dt
Flow relations:
P1 P2 g
Then w2 = = (h1 h2 ) (3)
R2 g c R2
P1 Pa g
w3 = = h1 (4)
R3 g c R3
Four equations
Thus NF = 5 4 = 1
2.4
Assume constant liquid density, . The mass balance for the tank is
d (Ah + m g )
= ( q i q )
dt
2-3
dh
A = qi q (1)
dt
1/ 2
gh
q = C v Pg + Pa (2)
gc
(m g / M ) RT
Pg = (3)
A( H h)
Equation 1 gives the unsteady-state model upon substitution of q from Eq. 2 and
of Pg from Eq. 3:
1/ 2
dh (mg / M ) RT gh
A = qi Cv + Pa (4)
dt A( H h) gc
Because the model contains Pa, operation of the system is not independent of Pa.
For an open system Pg = Pa and Eq. 2 shows that the system is independent of Pa.
2.5
Pd P1 P P2 P2 Pf
wa = , wb = 1 , wc = (1)
Ra Rb Rc
Mass balances for the surge tanks
dm1 dm2
= wa wb , = wb wc (2)
dt dt
2-4
m1 m2
P1V1 = RT1 , P2V2 = RT2 (3)
M M
Substituting for m1 and m2 from Eq. 3 into Eq. 2, and noticing that V1, T1,
V2, and T2 are constant,
V V
P1 1 = P2 2 = C , a constant (5)
m1 m2
1/ 1/
PV PV
or m1 = 1 1
and m2 = 2 2
(6)
C C
1/
1 V1 dP1
P1
(1 ) /
= wa wb
C dt
1/
1 V2 dP2
P2
(1 ) /
= wb wc
C dt
as the new dynamic model. If the ideal gas law were not valid, one would
use an appropriate equation of state instead of Eq. 3.
2.6
a) Assumptions:
Compartment 1:
2-5
Overall balance (No accumulation of mass):
0 = q q1 thus q1 = q (1)
Compartment 2:
Overall balance:
Energy balance:
Thus NF = 5 2 = 3
2 outputs = T1, T2
3 inputs = Ti, Tc, q (specify as functions of t)
2.7
Let the volume of the top tank be V, and assume that is constant.
Then, an overall mass balance for either of the two tanks indicates that the
flow rate of the stream from the top tank to the bottom tank is equal to
q +qR. Because the two tanks are perfectly stirred, cT2 = cT.
2-6
Component balance for chemical tracer over top tank:
4V = qcTi + qR cT 2 q + qR 3cT 1
dcT 1
(1)
dt
(1 43V = 2 q + qR 32cT 1 cT 3
dcT
(2)
dt
Eqs. 1 and 2 constitute the model relating the outflow concentration, cT, to
inflow concentration, cTi. Describing the full-scale reactor in the form of
two separate tanks has introduced two new parameters into the analysis, qR
and . Hence, these parameters will have to be obtained from physical
experiments.
2.8
Additional assumptions:
(i) Density of the liquid, , and density of the coolant, J, are constant.
(ii) Specific heat of the liquid, C, and of the coolant, CJ, are constant.
dV
= q F q = 0 ; thus q = qF
dt
dT
VC = q F C (TF T ) Kq J A(T TJ )
0.8
(1)
dt
dTJ
J VJ C J = q J J C J (Ti TJ ) + Kq J A(T TJ )
0.8
(2)
dt
2-7
where A is the heat transfer area (in ft2) between the process liquid and the
coolant.
2.9
Additional assumptions:
i. The density and the specific heat C of the process liquid are
constant.
ii. The temperature of steam Ts is uniform over the entire heat
transfer area
iii. Ts is a function of Ps , Ts = f(Ps)
dV
= qF q (1)
dt
Energy balance for the tank:
d V (T Tref )
1C = qF 1C 2TF Tref 3 q1C 2T Tref 3 (2)
dt
+UA(Ts T )
= q F C (TF T ) + UA[ f ( Ps ) T ]
dT
VC (3)
dt
Then, Eqs. 1 and 3 constitute the dynamic model for the system.
2-8
2.10
dc A
V = qi c Ai qc A Vk1e E1 / RT c A (1)
dt
dcB
V = qi cBi qcB + V (k1e E1 / RT c A k2e E2 / RT cB ) (2)
dt
dcC
V = qcC + Vk2e E2 / RT cB (3)
dt
An overall mass balance over the jacket indicates that qc = qci because the
volume of coolant in jacket and the density of coolant are constant.
where:
2-9
2.11
Model (i) :
d ( V ) dh
= A = w1 + w2 w (1)
dt dt
A component balance:
d (Vx)
= w1 wx
dt
d (hx)
or A = w1 wx (2)
dt
Model (ii) :
Mass balance:
d (1V 3 dh
= A = w1 + w2 w (3)
dt dt
d (Vx)
= w1 wx
dt
d (hx)
or A = w1 wx (4)
dt
2-10
2.12
a)
dm d (Ah) dh (1)
= = A = w1 + w2 w
dt dt dt
g
Valve equation: w = C v h = Cv h (2)
gc
g
where C v = C v (3)
gc
dh 1
= ( w1 + w2 C v h ) (4)
dt A
Steady-state model :
0 = w1 + w2 C v h (5)
c) Feedforward control
2-11
Rearrange Eq. 5 to get the feedforward (FF) controller relation,
w2 = C v hR w1 where hR = 2.25 m
3
or h= = 1.408 and h = 1.983 m (instead of 2.25 m)
2.13
2.25 1.983
Error in desired level = 100% = 11.9%
2.25
The sensitivity does not look too bad in the sense that a 10% error in flow
measurement gives ~12% error in desired level. Before making this
2-12
conclusion, however, one should check how well the operating FF
controller works for a change in w1 (e.g., w1 = 0.4 kg/s).
2.13
dh
A = w1 + w2 w3 (Below the leak point)
dt
(2) 2
A= = = 3.14 m 2
4
dh
(800)(3.14) = 120 + 100 200 = 20
dt
dh 20
= = 0.007962 m/min
dt (800)(3.14)
1A = 56 q4 = 56 12676583 h 9 = 20 20 h 1 , h 1
dh
dt
To check for overflow, one can simply find the level hm at which dh/dt =
0. That is the maximum value of level when no overflow occurs.
0 = 20 20 hm 1 or hm = 2 m
Thus, overflow does not occur for a leak occurring because hm < 2.25 m.
2.14
Model of process
2-13
dh
AT = w1 + w2 w3 = w1 + w2 C v h (1)
dt
Component:
d (hx3 )
AT = w1 x1 + w2 x2 w3 x3
dt
dx3 dh
AT h + AT x3 = w1 x1 + w2 x2 w3 x3
dt dt
dx3
AT h + x3 ( w1 + w2 w3 ) = w1 x1 + w2 x2 w3 x3
dt
dx3
AT h = w1 ( x1 x3 ) + w2 ( x 2 x3 ) (2)
dt
or
dx3
=
1
[w1 ( x1 x3 ) + w2 ( x2 x3 )] (3)
dt AT h
dx3 1
= [120(0.6 x3 ) + 100(0.5 x3 )]
dt (800)(1.75)
1
= [ (72 + 50) 220 x3 )]
(800)(1.75)
= 0.027738 0.050020x3
Integrating,
2-14
x3 f t
dx3
x3 o
0.027738 0.050020 x3 0
= dt
Solving,
t = 47.42 min
dh
800 = 100 + 100 Cv h
dt
dh 1
= 200 166.3 h
dt 800
= 0.079577 0.066169 h
t = 122.79 min
1.7
h(m)
1.6
1.5
1.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time (min)
Figure S2.14. Numerical solution of the ode for part c)
2-15
d) In this case, both h and x3 will be changing functions of time. Therefore,
both Eqs. 1 and 3 will have to be solved simultaneously. Since
concentration does not appear in Eq. 1, we would anticipate no effect on
the h response.
2.15
dX dX F
Cells: V = Vrg FX or = rg X (1)
dt dt V
dP dP F
Product: V = Vrp FP or = rp P (2)
dt dt V
dS 1 1
Substrate: V = F (S f S ) Vrg VrP
dt YX / S YP / S
or
dS F 1 1
= ( S f S ) rg rP (3)
dt V YX / S YP / S
b) At steady state,
dX
=0 rg = DX
dt
then,
X = DX =D (4)
rg DX < 0 or <D
2-16
0 = rg DX (5)
0 = rp DP (6)
1 1
0 = D(S f S ) rg rP (7)
YX / S YP / S
From Eq. 5,
DX = rg (8)
From Eq. 7
YX / S
rg = Y X / S ( S f S ) D + rP (9)
YP / S
Substituting Eq. 9 into Eq. 8,
YX / S
DX = Y X / S ( S f S ) D + rp (10)
YP / S
From Eq. 6 and the definition of YP/S in (2-92),
rp = DP = DYP / S ( S f S )
From Eq. 4
DK S
S=
max D
DK S
DX = 2Y X / S S f D
max D
2-17
1
0.8
DX (g/L.h)
0.6
MAXIMUM
PRODUCTION
0.4
0.2
WASHOUT
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
D (1/h)
From Figure S2.15, washout occurs at D = 0.18 h-1 while the maximum
production occurs at D = 0.14 h-1. Notice that maximum and washout points
are dangerously close to each other, so special care must be taken when
increasing cell productivity by increasing the dilution rate.
2.16
dM
rd = = kAc s (1)
dt
Notice that:
dM dV
M = V = (2)
dt dt
dV dr dr
V = r 2 h = (2rh) =A (3)
dt dt dt
2-18
Substituting (3) into (2) and then into (1),
dr dr
A = kAc s = kc s
dt dt
Integrating,
r kcs t kc s
r dr =
o 1 0
dt r (t ) = ro
t (4)
Finally,
M = V = hr 2
then
2
kc
M (t ) = h ro s t
b) The time required for the pill radius r to be reduced by 90% is given by
Eq. 4:
kc s 0.9ro (0.9)(0.4)(1.2)
0.1ro = ro t t= = = 54 min
kc s (0.016)(0.5)
Therefore, t = 54 min .
2.17
dP S
= rp = YP / X max X
dt Ks + S
dS 1 1
= rg rP
dt YX / S YP / X
dX SX
= 0 .2
dt 1+ S
2-19
dP SX
= (0.2)(0.2)
dt 1+ S
dS SX 1 0 .2
= 0 .2 0 .5 0 .1
dt 1+ S
By using MATLAB, this system of differential equations can be solved.
The time to achieve a 90% conversion of S is t = 22.15 h.
2-20