EXPERIMENT NO.

1
DETERMINATION OF ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS

Year and Section: 4CE-A Date Started: January 31, 2017

Group Number: 5 Date Finished: January 31, 2017
Group Members: Date Submitted: February 7, 2017

PASCUA, MORTEN DANIEL W. RICARTE, WILSON KRISTOFFER D.

PELAEZ, LUIS NATHANIEL B. ROQUE, ERIKA ANGELIE I.
QUIACHON, SPENCER M.

1. OBJECTIVE
This activity aims to obtain data on the individual character of the orifice.

2. APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES

Orifice Apparatus
Set of Orifices
Hydraulics Bench
Stop Watch

3. PROCEDURE
1. Set up the orifice tank fitted with the 5 mm. orifice plug in the horizontal position and the
discharge profile gauge fitted.
2. Start the pump.
3. Regulate the flow rate by means of the delivery valve to maintain the water level at
maximum height. Care should be taken to ensure that this level is steady.
4. When this has been achieved, record the flow rate on the test sheet together with that of
the water level.
5. Set the needle and the profile gauge to just reach the discharge steam and clamp in
position.
6. Measure the horizontal distance from the orifice to the lowest needle and the vertical
distance from the orifice center line to the tip of the needle point.
7. Repeat Test 3 to 6 for several values of water level.
8. Close the valve and switch off the pump.
9. Change the orifice to 8 mm. diameter and repeat steps 2 to 8.

CLEANING PROCEDURE
After the last group has finished performing, close the gate valve, turn off the pump and
unplug the outlet.

4. DATA AND RESULTS

Orifice H vt x y va Qt Qa
Cv Cd Cc
Diameter (cm) (cm/sec) (cm) (cm) (cm/sec) (ml/sec) (ml/sec)
10 0.900 233.452 0.932 0.791
3 mm 32 250.567 15 2.000 234.907 17.71 13.05 0.938 0.737 0.786
20 3.550 235.091 0.938 0.786
15 1.850 244.244 0.960 0.658
6 mm 33 254.452 20 3.250 245.702 71.945 45.50 0.966 0.632 0.654
25 5.000 247.614 0.973 0.650
5. FORMULAS AND COMPUTATIONS

Table 5.1 Calculations for 3mm orifice diameter

A1
A1 = (0.3)2
4
A 1 = D2 2
4 A 1 = 0.071 cm
X X2 X3 X4
VT V T = 2(981)(32)
V T = 2gH V T =250.567 cm/s
2 2 2
VA (981)(10) (981)(10) (981)(10)
2 0.9=- 2=- 3.55=-
gx 2VA
2
2 VA
2
2VA
2
y=xtan- 2 2
2 V A cos V A =233.452cm/s V A =234.907cm/s V A =235.091cm/s
QT QT=(0.071)(250.567)
QT=AVT QT=17.71 cm/s
69 69.2
QA +
Q A1 + QA2 5.26 5.53
QAVE =
QAVE = 2
2
QAVE =13.05 cm3 /s
Cv 233.452 234.907 235.091
V Cv = Cv = Cv =
CV = A 250.567 250.567 250.567
VT Cv=0.932 Cv=0.938 Cv=0.938
Cd 13.05
Q Cd =
Cd = A 17.71
QT Cd =0.737
Cc 0.737 0.737 0.737
C Cc = Cc = Cc =
Cc = d 0.932 0.938 0.938
Cv Cc =0.791 Cc =0.786 Cc =0.786

Table 5.2 Calculations for 6mm orifice diameter

A2 2
A2 = (0.6)
2 4
A2 = D
4 A 2 = 0.283 cm2
X X3 X4 X5
VT V T = 2(981)(33 )
V T = 2gH V T =25 4.452 cm/s
2 2 2
VA (981)(10) (981)(10) (981)(10)
2 1.85=- 3.25 =- 5 =-
gx 2 VA
2
2 VA
2
2 VA
2
y=xtan- 2 2
2 V A cos V A =2 44.244 cm/ s V A =2 45.702 cm/ s V A =247.614 cm/ s
QT QT=(0.283)(254.452)
QT=AVT QT=71.945cm/s
134 139
QA +
Q A1 + QA2 3 3
QAVE =
QAVE = 2
2 3
QAVE = 45.5cm /s
Cv 2 44.244 245.702 247.614
V Cv = Cv = Cv =
CV = A 254.452 254.452 254.452
VT Cv=0.960 Cv=0.966 Cv=0.973
Cd 45.5
QA Cd =
Cd = 71.945
QT Cd = 0.632
Cc 0. 632 0.632 0.632
C Cc = Cc = Cc =
Cc = d 0.960 0.966 0.973
Cv Cc =0.658 Cc =0.654 Cc =0.650

6. FIGURES/DIAGRAMS/GRAPHS

Stream Profile for 3mm Orifice Diameter

Figure 1

Stream Profile for 6mm Orifice Diameter

Figure 2
 Measurement of flow rate
Observation of water lever 33cm head observation
using graduated cylinder
in the tank for Trial 2
and beaker
Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 5

Measurement of remaining 34ml of water for

Measurement of first 100ml of water for Trial 2
Trial 2
Figure 6
Figure 7
 Stream Profile observed during the experiment for Trial 2
Figure 8

7. SOURCES ERRORS
Errors are inevitable on this experiment. Poor reading on the apparatuss scale is one of the
sources of errors. The mechanical losses due to friction along the walls of the meter is also one of the
errors. The reduction in area of flow due to the vena contracta phenomenon also contributes to the
errors. To account for these sources of error a discharge coefficient is introduced into the calculation.
Another source of error is if the students did not set the needles in the middle. Considering these
errors during and after the experiment leads to a more accurate results.

8. CONCLUSION & REMARKS

As the group performed the experiment, they noticed that a higher head (H) of water from two
points would yield a greater velocity produced in the orifice. Therefore, assuming that the orifice have
the same diameter but different in head, the group concludes that the trial with greater head will have
a greater discharge than the trial with the lesser head.
9. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]