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contact system
s stem
(schematic)
fixed moving
Action: contact separation at minimum arcing time
contact contact + safetyy margin
g ((>1ms))
u(t), i(t)
ggap
p recovery
y
TRV
u(t), i(t) gap recovery voltage across gap
i(t)
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Processes at Current Zero Crossing Thermal Re-Ignition (Thermisches Wiederznden)
di/dt is a significant parameter Enlargement of CB contacts :
plasma channel still has i(t)
i(t) Extinction peak residual conductivity fixed movable
contact contact
uS(t) ~100...1000 V
uS(t) ~100...1000 V
1 2 residual current ((~10A))
TRV -2 -1 1 2 t [s] TRV
-2 -1 t [s]
residual current
(several A) (Reststrom) Reduction of the
Transient recovery
Transient recovery thermal time
voltage (TRV)
g (TRV)
voltage ( ) constant byy cooling
g
Recovery voltage causes residual current heating Recovery voltage causes residual current
Thermal race cooling of the plasma must be stronger than heating by the Cooling of the plasma is weaker than heating by the residual current
residual current
Arc is not extinguished (plasma regains conductivity)
The plasma loses its conductivity and the arc extinguishes
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Transient recovery
di/dt before current zero
voltage (TRV)
Imax
Residual current has subsided, TRV rises
tL arcing
g time ((Lichtbogenzeit)
g )
Dielectric strength between the contacts is not sufficient
Reignition occurs a few 100 s after zero current at high values of the TRV
Wc = uL ( t ) i ( t ) dt
tL
Energy
gy transfer to the contact system:
y 0
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Example: Short Circuit Interruption (Kurzschlussunterbrechung) The Terminal Fault (Der Klemmenkurzschluss - KKS)
Enlargement of CB contacts : i
RL LL
iS(t)
fixed movable L,C,R: Leakage elements of the grid,
L short circuit at the breaker terminal. terminal
us contact contact C
uG(t)
CL
uA uB
uG ~ R
uS State of the system before arc extinction:
U G
uG ( t ) = U G sin (0t ) , i ( t ) = cos (0t )
US 0 L
Short Circuit! 0 : grid frequency
iS 10
The leakage elements C, R can be neglected for f=50/60 Hz
Rated Voltage Phase shift of the current is 90 induktive
5
uG Rated Current
uS State of the system during arc extinction (t (t=tt0):
0
U G !
i ( t0 ) = cos (0t0 ) = 0 0t0 = 90, uG (t0 ) = U G
Short -5 1 o L
Circuit!
fTRV
2 LLCL
TRV
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 t [ms]
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Zero Point Interruption and Current Limiting Interruption
(Strombegrenzende Unterbrechung)
Three Phase Short Circuits (Dreiphasiger Kurzschluss)
i3 ub
arcing 20 ms
circuit breakers
grounded neutral point (grid) ~ 3
uc
AND
2. Short circuit with connection to ground without grounded u1 i1
t [ms] neutral point: ~u i2 ua
No current fl0w to ground contact possible
Sum of all currents must be zero at neutral point
~u 2
i3 ub
Fast switches limit the current! Phases not independant! ~ 3
uc
u [kV]
i [[kA]]
uG(t) u1 i1
i(t) 3. Short circuit with connection to ground with a solidly ~u i2 ua
us((t))
grounded neutral point (grid): ~u 2
i3 ub
t [ms] Short circuit currents over ground connection
Three phases independant ~ 3
uc
Trigger
Phases can be treated as separate short circuits
short circuit inception contact separation current interruption
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Case 1: Short Circuit Without Connection to Ground First pole to clear factor (1) (Phasenfaktor)
Three phase, solidly grounded grid:
us,1(t) No ground connection sum of
US
u1(t) i1(t) three p phase currents must be zero: i1(t)
~ ua(t) t i1(t)+i2(t)+i3(t) = 0; i2(t)
u2(t) i2(t)
~ ub((t))
i3(t)
u3(t) i3(t)
~ uc(t)
i1 i2 i3
ua ub uc
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
First pole to clear factor (2) Case 3: Short Circuit With Connection to Ground
us,1(t)
Kirchhoff: -u2(t)+i2(t)Z-i3(t)Z+u3(t) = 0 u1(t) i1(t)=0 Three
h phase,
h solidly
l dl groundedd d grid: d
i1 i2 i3
ua ub uc
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
The Short-line Fault (1) (Der Abstandskurzschluss - AKS) The Short-line Fault (2)
Before
f short
h circuit: Short
h circuit at a certain distance
d away from
f the
h bbreaker
k
US 0 U(x=a) = 0 (short circuit)
uL(t) uS(t)=0 uS(t)
uL((t))
line: L, C line: L, C
L a a
C L Short circuit
C
uG(t) ~ uA(t)
R
uB(t) Load
uG(t)
~ uA(t)
R
uB(t)
G G
voltage drop of grid inductance: voltage drop of grid inductance:
A = B = G-L=jLI voltage drop of line inductance: A = G-L=jLI
B j LLI
jL
A voltage drop over breaker:
B B = G-L-S j= A-S
x x
0 a 0 a
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
The Short-line Fault (3) Processes in the line The Short-line Fault (4) Processes in the line
tt=0
0 (switching time instant): u(x
u(x=0)
0) = B; u(x
u(x=a)
a) = 0
Oszillating property of the line formation of two travelling waves Resulting voltage at line side of the breaker, uB(t)
Positive reflection at open end (breaker) uB(t)
Negative reflection at closed end (short circuit)
u(x) B
B 2 6
t/
x t=0 4
a
x t= Due to line resistances, the oszillating voltage uB(t) decreases over time: B0
a
x t=2 Travel time of the wave over the line with length a:
a a
-
B = = a L'C '
vp
x t=3
a Travelling
g waves move at close to the speedp g veryy high
of light g frequency
q y process
p
The short-line fault is the most critical thermal switching case for the breaker!
B
x t=4
4
a
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
The Short-line Fault (5) Processes in the grid The Short-line Fault (6) Processes over the breaker
t=0 (switching time instant): uA(t=0) = A(t=0) Voltage over the breaker, uS(t): superposition of line and grid voltages
A forced to grid voltage G uS(t) = uA(t) uB(t)
uS
A
Veryy small time scale ((TRV = uS((t)):
))
G
t
A(t=0)
uS
t
t t
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Switching of Inductive Currents De-energisation of Inductive Load
i(t) uS(t) i(t) uS(t)
L >> LG
LG uA((t)) LG uA((t))
uA ( t ) U G sin
i ( 0 t )
uG(t) ~ CG L C
uG(t) ~ CG L C
U G
uB(t) i (t ) cos (0t ) uB(t)
0 L uS ( t ) = uG ( t ) uL ( t )
U G sL s
UL L t=t0 U B ( s ) = = U G i(t),u(t)
s sL + 1 s +
2 1
uS ( t ) = uA ( t ) uB ( t ) = G sC LC uS(t)
uAuG
1
uS ( t ) = U G sin (0t + 90 ) cos (t )
Tabelle
uB ( t ) = U G cos (t ) , = >> 0
LC t
i(t)
uB((t))
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
uB uG t
i(t)
LG i(t) chopping current
-shunt reactors Ich (several A)
(Kompensationsdrosseln) uG t
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
The Cause of Chopping CS
i(t)
LG uS(t)
CS
Ls The Chop-Overvoltage Um
I C .C uG(t) ~ CG
uA(t)
CS' = CS + R G uB(t)
LR CR
LG US LR CR CR + CG
UA UB
CG
uB=uG Um
Uch
UNmax
Ich uL
Arc instability:
The arc oscillates with the leakage
parameters Ls und Cs such that the Ich
current can become zero before
natural zero crossing - Secondary In many cases Uch can be
Parallel Oscillation approximated with UNmax
((several 100 kHz))
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems
Current Chopping: Overvoltages (berspannungen) The Magnitude of the Chopping Current rises with Cs
CS
2 2 2 CS + CG
seen from the
inductance
in series
Maximum value Um of the voltage at the inductance L: .chopping number of the circuit breaker (empirical)
L
U m = U ch +
2
I ch
2
(815)104 for SF6; (20100)104 for pressurized air
C 'R
Electric Electric
Power Systems Power Systems