Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

The total cooling load represents the overall thermal energy, in the form of heat,
needed to be removed from the interior of a building to maintain the chilling or
refrigerating effect. It is the process prior to successfully selecting adequate capacity of
the refrigeration equipment.

A systematic simplified approach in computing the overall cooling load of both the
chilled storage and cold storage is presented as follows:

4.1. Design Indoor and Outdoor Air Conditions;

4.2. Building Transmission Load;
4.3. Internal Load:
A. Occupant Load,
B. Lightings Load,
C. Equipment Load; and
4.4. Product Refrigeration and Ventilation Load
Some cooling load components are not considered such as the effects of solar
radiation and heat gain from infiltration in order to simplify the calculation.

The effect of solar radiation is disregarded since building construction is

assumed to be well-designed to optimally minimize these effects and since storage
rooms still operates at night when solar radiation is non-existent.

Finally, infiltration is not considered since building envelopes of storage rooms

are typically well-constructed as to disallow leakage of air between outdoor and indoor
making the effects of infiltration or exfiltration negligible. Storage rooms are also not
frequently opened to outdoor air.

The discussion of the cooling load calculation starts by first defining the listed
parameters and adopting values from various sources and assumptions. Equations are
shown with the variables obtained accordingly.

Finally, both the cooling load calculation of the chilled storage and cold storage is
presented and computed separately. Summarized values are tabulated in respective
tables for assessment and conclusion of the cooling load calculation at the end of the
chapter.

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

4.1. Design Indoor and Outdoor Air Conditions

Design outdoor air conditions are simply the peak temperature and humidity
taken from the month of April (dry season). Taken from ASHRAE (2009), a dry bulb

kgmoisture
temperature (DB) of 34.5 C and humidity ratio of 0.023 kg dry air are adopted.

Plotting from any valid psychrometric chart, the corresponding relative humidity of

kJ
66.0% and enthalpy of 93.63 kg are obtained.

On the other hand, the design indoor air condition depends on the product and
the storage application considered. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations recommends for the chilling of carcasses a design indoor air
temperature (DB) of 4 C and relative humidity of 80 %. Plotting from a reliable

kgmoisture
psychrometric chart, the corresponding humidity ratio of 0.004 kg dry air and

kJ
enthalpy of 14.13 kg are obtained. As for freezing of pork carcasses in cold storage,

a design indoor air temperature (DB) of -25 C and relative humidity of 98 %. Plotting
from a reliable psychrometric chart, the corresponding humidity ratio of 0.0004

kgmoisture kJ
kg dry air and enthalpy of -24.13 kg are obtained. The obtained design air

conditions are summarized below.

Table 4.1: Design Air Condition Summary

Outdoor Air Indoor Air Condition

Parameters Condition Chilled Storage Cold Storage
Process Chilling Freezing
DB Temperature 34.5 C 4 C -25 C
Relative Humidity 66.0% 80% 98%

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Enthalpy kJ kJ kJ
93.63 kg 14.13 kg -24.13 kg
Humidity Ratio 0.023 kgmoisture 0.0004
0.004 kg dry air
kgmoisture kgmoisture
kg dry air kg dry air
Floor Temperature 20 C (www.climatemp.com.ph)

4.2. Building Transmission Load

Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through any section of a
building wall or roof can be determined from the equation (engel & Ghajar, 2015),

Q = UA(T) Eq.
3.1
where: Q rate of heat transfer, W;
A surface area of the material, m2;
T indoor and outdoor air temperature difference,
C
W
U overall thermal conductance, m2 K .

The variables in computing the transmission load are individually determined

depending on the building envelope (e.g. walls, roof, ceiling, etc.) considered.

A. The area, A, is simply determined by applying simple geometry depending

on the shape of the building envelope exposed to heat transfer.

B. However, the temperature difference, T, is taken as,

T = DBoutdoor DBindoor. Eq.
3.2

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

C. On the other hand, the overall thermal conductance, U, is computed by

expressing it as the reciprocal of the R-values or the sum of the thermal
resistances of the building materials expressed as
1
U= R total . Eq.

3.3
R-values for air films are readily available while for a specific type of
building material, thickness and thermal conductance is given so that the
R-value is computed as
t
R= k

Eq. 3.4
where: t thickness of the layer of building material or air space, m
W
k thermal conductivity of the building material, mK .

D. Building envelopes computation of overall thermal conductance for the

different building materials used is presented in the next page by first
considering an element of the building envelope showing the thicknesses
of the building materials and then assigning thermal conductivities.

D.1. Exterior Walls. An element of the exterior walls is presented below.

Figure 4.1: Exterior Wall Element

Applying Eq. 3.3 and 3.4 simultaneously, the overall thermal conductance
is obtained as

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

1
U=
2 ( Rair film ) +2 ( Rcplaster ) + R polyurethane + R chb + Rvb + R gb

1
U=
0.12+0.0222+0.0706+ 0.18+4.38+ 0.03077+0.0222+0.12

W
U=0.2022
m2 K .

W
0.20219
Therefore, an overall thermal conductance of m2 K shall be

adopted for all exterior walls of both chilled storage and cold storage. Same
thickness of 348 mm (13.7 inch) is also set for both applications. However, wall
height differs between the two application: chilled storage is set with only 3
meters of exterior wall height while the cold storage is set with 6 meters to allow
stacking of the finished product.

D.2. Ceiling. An element of the ceiling is shown below.

Figure 4.2: Ceiling Element

Applying Eq. 3.3 and 3.4 simultaneously, the overall thermal conductance
is obtained as
1
U=
2 ( Rair film ) + ( R cplaster ) + R polyurethane + Rtlr + R vb

1
U=
0.12+2.78+ 4.38+0.03077+0.0222+0.12

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

W
U=0.1342
m K .
2

W
0.1342
Thus, an overall thermal conductance of m2 K shall be used for

the computation of transmission load through the ceiling. The same thickness of
220 mm is used for the ceiling of both applications of cold and chilled storage.

D.3. Floor. An element of the floor is shown below.

loor Element

Applying Eq. 3.3 and 3.4 simultaneously, the overall thermal conductance
is obtained as

1
U=
( air film ) ( cplaster ) R polyurethane + R sga + R vb
R + R +

1
U=
0.11+ 4.38+0.03077+ 0.0222+ 0.12

W
U=0.2145
m2 K .

W
0.2145
Thus, an overall thermal conductance of m2 K shall be used for

the computation of transmission load through the ceiling. The same thickness of
348 mm is used for the floor of both applications of cold and chilled storage.

D.4. Insulated Panel Door

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

For the insulated door of both the chilled and cold storage rooms, a

2
m K
total resistance of 7.1650346 W is adopted from a manufacturers

datasheet (Metalproductsinc.com). Thus, the total thermal conductance of the

door is computed as

1 1
U= =
2(Rair film )+ Rdoor 2( 0.12)+7.1650346

W
U=0.135
m2 K .

W
0.135
Therefore, the same insulated door of m2 K thermal conductance

is used in both chilled and cold storage. Dimensions are assumed to be 2 meters
of height and 1.5 meters of width.

4.3. Internal Load

A. Occupant Load

Occupant load is the heat released by the occupants in the form of (A.1) latent
and (A.2) sensible heat. It is normal for the occupants to radiate heat and evaporate
moisture from their bodies into the surrounding air which increase the overall cooling
load of the space to be air-conditioned.

A.1. Sensible occupant load is given by the equation (Pita, 2002):

Qs = N x SHG x CLFSensible Eq.

3.5
where: N Number of Occupants
BTU
SHG Sensible Heat Gain per Occupant, hr per

occupant
CLF Cooling Load Factor of Occupants.

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

The number of occupants differ depending on the zone and room

considered.

On the other hand, the sensible heat gain per occupant depends on the
degree of activity and values are shown in Table 4.2. Conversion: 1 W = 3.41

BTU
hr .

Lastly, the cooling load factor of occupants, CLF, considers the effect of
the occupants nature of entry and duration of stay in the space. Table 4.3 lists
values of CLF for people.

Table 4.2: Rates of Heat Gain from Occupants of Conditioned Space

Source: Pita, E. (2002)

Table 4.3: Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors for Occupants

Source: Pita, E. (2002)

The selection of the cooling load factor, CLF, depends on the

nature of activity of the space considered.

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

A.2. Latent Heat Load of Occupants

Latent Heat Load of Occupants is given by the following formula:

QL = N x LHG Eq. 3.6

where: N Number of Occupants;

BTU
LHG Latent Heat Gain from the Occupants; hr per

occupant.

B. Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat gained from lightings is solved from the following formula (ASHRAE, 2001):

QLighting = NW FUF FSA Eq. 3.7

where: N Number of Lightings

W Total light wattage; W
FU Utilization/use Factor
FSA Special Allowance Factor.

The number of lightings (lamps) to be used may depend on the required

illuminance, expressed in lux, for a given floor area of a room. Richman (2000)
suggested that for lighting systems designed to accommodate paper-based reading
tasks, the light levels of 750-1000 lux may be used while for current office operations
primarily involving computer-based and higher quality printed tasks, light levels may be
reduced to between 300-500 lux. Specific illuminance recommendations are given in
Table 4.4 below:

Table 4.4: Recommended Illuminance

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Source: IESNA (2000)

The number of lightings may be derived as

( Recommended Illuminance)(Floor area)

N= LED Lamp Rated Lumens . Eq.

3.8

The total light wattage is obtained from the power ratings of all lamps installed,
both for general illumination and for display use.

The utilization factor is the ratio of the wattage in use, for the conditions under
which the load estimate is being made, to the total installed wattage. For commercial
applications such as stores, the use factor would generally be unity (ASHRAE, 2001).

Finally, the special allowance factor is the ratio of the lighting fixtures power
consumption, including lamps and ballast, to the nominal power consumption of the
lamps. For incandescent lights, this factor is 1. For fluorescent lights, it accounts for
power consumed by the ballast as well as the ballasts effect on lamp power
consumption. The special allowance factor can be less than 1 for electronic ballasts that
lower electricity consumption below the lamps rated power consumption. When
available, the manufacturers value is used (ASHRAE, 2001).

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

The establishment is designed to use LED lamps in order to lower down

electricity consumption, a specific type of LED lamp (Figure 4.3) is used and its
specifications is presented in Table 4.4 below.

Table 4.5: Selected LED Lamp Specifications

Type of Ballast Rated Wattage Rated luminous flux FSA Color

Electronic 14 W 1400 lm 0.93 Cool Daylight

Source: www.philips.co
Figure 4.4: Selected LED Lamp

C. Equipment Load

Internal equipment also emit heat inside when operating. This heat gain
generated also contributes to the total cooling load of the space to be conditioned.
Thus, these heat loads are also considered when calculating the total cooling load.

Equipment such as the electric powered forklift dissipates heat whenever in use.
This heat is also considered when calculating cooling load. The cold storage has one
forklift used for lifting of the products. The forklift is assumed to be used four hours a
day. In calculation for the heat load coming from the electric forklift, the formula to be
used is shown below (Arora, 2009):

Qequipment = Pi (1 - nm) Eq.

3.9

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Where: Qequipment Heat Gain through Equipment, Watts;

Pi Power Input, Watts; and
nm Motor Efficiency, %

Power input of the forklift is taken as 5100 W with a motor efficiency of 83.47 %
as taken from the manufacturers datasheet (Doosan).

4.4. Product Refrigeration and Ventilation Load

Product and ventilation load depends on the space considered. Heat transfer
between the product and the ambient air depends on the application involved. Thus,
product load from chilled storage is not the same as the product load of the cold
storage.

A. Sensible Product Load

The process of chilling is characterized only by a change in temperature. Thus,

the heat transferred can be considered sensible with the equation of heat gain given
below.

QS =mCp T Eq.

3.10

Where: m Mass of the Products to be stored in the Cold Storage, kg

J
Cp Specific Heat of Product, kg C

T Temperature Difference, C

Different values of specific heat are considered for the chilled carcass, pork meat
below freezing, and the pork meat above freezing. Specific heats are summarized in
Table 4.5 below.

Table 4.6: Specific Heat of Pork

Pork State Specific Heat, Source

kJ
kg C

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

James, C. (2002)
Pork Carcass (73.3% water) 3.81 Meat Refrigeration
Processed Pork above freezing 2.60 Mallett (1993)
Processed Pork below freezing 1.31
Frozen Food Tech.

B. Freezing Product Load

The process of freezing on the other hand considers a change in state of water
composition of the pork carcass into ice. Since almost 80% of the pork meat solidifies in
the process of freezing, a latent heat of vaporization is required to be extracted from the
pork. This heat of vaporization therefore adds to the overall cooling load of the storage.

The latent heat due to freezing of the product (pork) is given by the equation
QS =m L Eq. 3.11

Where: m Mass of the Products to be stored in the Cold Storage, kg

kJ
L Latent heat of fusion of pork, kg

T Temperature Difference, C.
kJ
Latent heat of fusion of pork is 124 kg (Mallett, 1993).

C. Ventilation Product Load

Sufficient air ventilation is required in preventing stagnant air inside the storage
room that may damage the quality of the pork meat. Dossat (1961) developed an
approximation of the air change load inside the storage room expressed as
Qac = V ACH (ho hi) Eq.
3.12

Where: Qac air change load, kW

kg
density of air, m3

V volume of the room, m3

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

kJ
ho enthalpy of outside air, kg

ACH air changes per hour in

kJ
hi enthalpy of outside air, kg
3
m
24 hours, hr per 24 hours

Air change values are provided in Table 4.6 below.

Table 4.7: Air Changes Values

Source: Principles of Refrigeration (Dossat, 1961)

4.5 Cooling Load for Chilled Storage Room

Figure 4.5: 3D View of the Chilled Storage
1. Heat Gain Through Walls
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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Figure a: Wall A Dimensions Figure b: Wall B Dimensions Figure c: Floor Dimensions

Figure d: Wall C Dimensions Figure e: Wall D Dimensions Figure f: Roof Dimensions

Table 4.6: Chilled Storage for Raw Material Room Dimension

Designation Length (m) Height (m)
Wall A 25 m 3m
Wall B 15m 3m
Wall C 25m 3m
Wall D 15m 3m
Door 2.75m 1m

Total Areas (TA):

TAA=AwallA-Adoor TAB=AwallB-Adoor TAC=AwallC TAD=AwallD

TAA = (25 x 3) - (2.75) TAB = (15 x 3) -(2.75) TAC = (15 x 3) TAD= (25 x 3)

TAA = 72.25m2
TAB = 42.25m2
TAC = 45m2
TAD= 75m2

Adoor= (2.75m x 1m)

Heat Gain Through Wall A: Adoor= 2.75 m2

Qwall A = UA(T) QDoor = UA(T)

Qwall A = (0.2022W/m2. K) (72.25m2) (34.5-4) W

QDoor= (0.135 . K ) (2.75 m2)(34.5-4)
m2
Qwall A = 445.57 W
Heat Gain Through Door at wall A: QDoor= 11. 32 W

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL A: Adoor= (2.75m x 1m)

QA= QWall A+ QDoor Adoor= 2.75 m2
QA= (445.57) +(11.32) QDoor = UA(T)
QA=456.89 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000 W
QDoor= (0.135 . K ) (2.75 m2)(34.5-4)
QA=39475.296 KJ m2

QDoor= 11. 32 W
Heat Gain Through Wall B:
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL B:
Qwall B = UA(T)
QB= QWall A+ QDoor
2 2
Qwall B = (0.2022W/m . K) (42.25m ) (34.5-4)
QB= (260.56) +(11.32)
Qwall B = 260.56 W
QB=271.88 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
Heat Gain Through Door at wall B:
QB=23490.432 KJ

TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL C: TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL D:

QC = UA(T) QD = UA(T)
2 2
QC = (0.2022W/m . K) (45m ) (34.5-4) QD = (0.2022W/m2. K) (75m2) (34.5-4)
QC = 277.52 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000 QD = 462.53 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
QC=23977.728 KJ QD=39962.592 KJ

TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN CEILING: TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN FLOOR:

Qceiling = UA(T) Qfloor = UA(T)
Qceiling = (0.1342W/m2. K) (375m2) (34.5-4) Qfloor = (0.2145W/m2. K) (375m2) (20--4)
Qceiling = 1534.9125 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000 Qfloor = 1287 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
Qceiling=132616.44 KJ QFloor= 111196.8 KJ

TOTAL TRANSMISSON LOAD FOR THE CHILLED STORAGE;

QT=QA + QB + QC + QD + Qceiling+ Qfloor
QT = 39475.296 KJ +23490.432 KJ +23977.728 KJ +39962.592 KJ +132616.44 KJ +111196.8 KJ

QT= 370719.288 KJ

2. Product Load

Calculations: Q=m Cp T

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

KJ
(
Q=65000 kg 2.113
kg . k)( 204 )

Q=2197520 KJ

3. Air Change

The calculation of heat gain released by exhaust fans during air change is
discussed here. For the total room volume, subtract the volume of the product. The
average density of pork carcass is 180 kg/m 3 (FAO, 1991).

To get the volume of the product:

Vcarcass = Total Mass of carcass / Avg. Density of carcass

Vcarcass = 65000kg / 180 kg per m3 = 361.11 m3

For the Volume of the room: Vroom = Length x Width x Height of the room in m3

Vroom = 25 m 15 m 3 m=1125 m3

Considerations: The chiller operates 24 hours for 3.78 respect to its room volume. The required period of
time for air change in cold storage of meat a day is 2-4 hours, thus the designer used an average time of
3 hours (Institute of Refrigeration Cold Store Code).

Volume = Vroom Vcarcass = 1125m3 361.11m3 = 763.89 m3 = 2506.32ft3

3 3.78 lb Btu Btu

Q=2506.32 ft x x 0.075 (34.128 14.035 )(30 hours)
24 hours ft 3 lb lb

Q=12707.285 Btu=13406.186 KJ

4. Lighting Load

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

This will show the computation of heat gain from lighting. Before computing the
heat load from lighting, the number of lights per room must be computed first.

Computation for the number of lights

From table 4.4 above the selected building type was central plant where in the
maintained average illuminance at working level was 300. Computing the number
of lights shown below.

(Recommended Illuminance)(Floor area) (300)(25 x 15)

N= = =81
LED Lamp Rated Lumens 1400

Then, for lighting load:

BTU
Q=N x W x 3.42
W hr

BTU
Q=81 x 14 W x 3.42 x 2 hours Q=7756.56 Btu8183.171 KJ
W hr

5. Occupant Load

The heat gain from the workers can be obtained from Figure 4.2 which is shown
below: Assumptions: Two workers work for 2 hours inside the chiller (body-body system).

Source- ASHRAE Data Book

Figure 4.6: Tabulation of People Heat Load
Then, by interpolating get the heat equivalent per person @ 4 o= 0.2486 KW
0.2486 KW x 4 x 2 hours x 3600 seconds/hr = 7159.68 KJ

Table 4.9: Summary of the Cooling Load for the Chilled Storage
Product Load 2197520 KJ
Transmission Load 370719.288 KJ
Air Change Load 13406.186 KJ

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Lighting Load 8183.171 KJ

People Load 7159.68 KJ
Total 2596988.325KJ

Total =2596988.325KJ x 1.10 (FS)

Total Load in Chilled Storage : 62856687.158 KJ

Considering a 10% factor of safety because it is used for errors and some
uncertainties during the course of calculations (Dossat, 1961).

4.6 Cooling Load for Cold Storage Room

Figure 4.7: 3D View of the Cold Storage

1. Heat Gain Through Walls

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

Figure a: Wall A Dimensions Figure b: Wall B Dimensions Figure c: Wall A Dimensions

Figure d: Wall A Dimensions Figure e: Wall B Dimensions Figure f: Wall A Dimensions

Table 4.10: Cold Storage for Finished Product Room Dimension

Designation Length (m) Height (m)
Wall A 12.09 m 6.580m
Wall B 13.78 m 6.580m
Wall C 12.09 m 6.580m
Wall D 13.78m 6.580m
Door 2m 3m

Total Areas (TA):

TAA=AwallA-Adoor TAB=AwallB TAC=AwallC-Adoor TAD=AwallD

TAA = (12.09 x 6.580)-(6) TAB = (13.78 x 6.580) TAC = (12.09 x6) -(6) TAD= 90.67m2

TAA = 73.55m2 TAB = 90.67m2 TAC = 73.55m2

Qwall A = 884.87 W

Heat Gain Through Wall A and C Heat Gain Through Door at wall A and C

Qwall A = UA(T) Adoor= (2m x 3m)

Qwall A = (0.2022W/m2. K) (73.55m2) (34.5- (-25)) Adoor= 6m2

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 Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation

QDoor = UA(T) QB = 1090.84W(24hr) (3600s)/1000

W QB=QD=92248.72 KJ
QDoor= (0.135 . K ) (6m2)(34.5-(-25))
m2
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN CEILING
QDoor= 48.195W
Qceiling = UA(T)
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL A and C
Qceiling = (0.1342W/m2. K) (166.6m2) (34.5- (-25))
QA= QWall A+ QDoor
Qceiling = 1330.28 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
QA= (884.87) +(48.195)
Qceiling=114936.567KJ
QA= 933.0645W(24hr) (3600s)/1000

QA= QC =80616.77KJ
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN FLOOR

Qfloor = UA(T)

Qfloor = (0.2145W/m2. K) (166.6m2) (20-(-25))

TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL B and D Qfloor = 1606.11 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000

QB = UA(T) QFloor= 138940.4 KJ
2 2
QB = (0.2022W/m . K) (90.67m ) (34.5-(-25))

21
 TOTAL TRANSMISSON LOAD FOR THE CHILLED STORAGE;
QT=QA + QB + QC + QD + Qceiling+ Qfloor
QT=80616.77 (2) + 92248.72 (2) + 114936.567 +138940.4
QT= 599607.947 KJ

2. Product Load
a) Weight of meat products per crate is 25 kilograms;
b) There are 4 crates per layer, 5 layers per pallet, and 3 pallets per rack;
c) Total mass per rack is 1734 kilograms;
d) The initial temperature of meat products after blast freezing is -16 oC, the
assumption is the temperature of meat products rises by 2 oC. Therefore, the
initial temperature of meat products inside the cold storage is now at -14 oC ;
and
e) The specific heat must be use is below freezing and the specific heat of meat
products below freezing are tabulated in Table 4.4.

Table 4.11: Tabulation of Specific Heat below Freezing of Meat Products

Meat Products Specific Heat

(Pork) Below Freezing
(KJ/kg.K)
Pork hind leg 1.42
Pork loin 1.47
Pork shoulder 1.38
Pork spareribs 1.42
Source: Britannica.com

The product load calculation for cold storage is shown below in Table 4.6.
 Table 4.12: Product Load Calculation in Cold Storage

25 K
Pork Hind Leg 14()
KJ
(
1.42
kg .k )
) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 704212.08 KJ
25 K
Pork Loin 14()
KJ
(1.47 )
kg . k
) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 729008.28 KJ
25 K
Pork Shoulders 14()
KJ
(1.38 )
kg . k
) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 684375.12 KJ
25 K
Pork Spareribs 14()
KJ
(1.42
kg .k) ) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 704212.08 KJ
TOTAL PRODUCT
LOAD IN COLD QT = 2821807.56 KJ

STORAGE
3. Air Change

The calculation of heat gain released by exhaust fans during air change is
discussed here. For the total room volume, subtract the volume of the crates and
pallets. The volume of crate is 0.027 and the pallet is 1.344. The total number of crates
and pallets used inside the cold storage are 1560 and 78 pieces respectively.

To get the total volume of the crates and pallets: V = 1560(0.027) + 78(1.344) =
146.952 m3
For the Volume of the cold storage: Vroom = Length x Width x Height of the room in m3

3
Vroom = 12.09 m x 13.78 m x 6.58 m=1096.23 m

Considerations: AC for cold storage is 3.05 per 24 hours of operation with respect to its room volume. And
the required period of time for air change in cold storage of meat a day is 2-4 hours (use 3hours) (Institute
of Refrigeration Cold Store Code)

Volume = Vroom Vcarcass = 1096.23m3 146.95m3 = 952.28m3 = 33634.37 ft3

3.05 lb Btu Btu

Q=33634.37 x x 0.075 (34.128 2.122 )(30 hours)
24 hours ft 3 lb lb

Q=307812.1895 Btu=324741.8599 KJ

4. Lighting Load
This will show the computation of heat gain from lighting. Before computing the
heat load from lighting, the number of lights per room must be computed first.

( Recommended Illuminance)(Floor area) (300)(12.09 x 13.78)

N= = =35
LED Lamp Rated Lumens 1400

Then, for lighting load:

BTU
Q=N x W x 3.42
W hr

BTU
Q=35 x 14 W x 3.42 x 2hours Q=980 Btu1033.9 KJ
W hr

5. People Load

The heat gain from the workers can be get from the table:
Assumptions: One worker doing work for two hours inside the cold storage.
 Source- ASHRAE Data Book
Figure 4.8: Tabulation of People Heat Load
The heat equivalent per person inside the cold storage @-16 oC is 0.378 KW
0.378 KW x 2 hours x 3600 seconds/hr = 2721.6 KJ

Table 4.13: Summary of the Cooling Load for the Chiller

Product Load 2821807.56 KJ
Transmission Load 599607.94KJ
Air Change Load 324741.8599 KJ
Lighting Load 1033.9 KJ
People Load 2721.6 KJ
Total 3749912.867 KJ

Total =3749912.867 KJ x 1.10 (FS)

Total Load in Chilled Storage: 4124904.146 KJ
Considering a 10% factor of safety because it is used for errors and some
uncertainties during the course of calculations (Dossat, 1961).

Table 4.14: Summary Result of Cooling Load Calculation

Chiller 62856687.158 KJ
Cold Storage 4124904.146 KJ
Total 66981591.3 KJ