SPE 68700
A New Alternative in the Performance Monitoring and Control of the Reservoir
Artificial Lift System for the Optimization of a Producing Well
Lorenzo Arditi Cirilli, SPE, Universidad de Oriente
Copyright 2001, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and
Exhibition to be held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 17-19 April 2001.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
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Abstract
Generally, we use a coocking recipe style for the
operations of production and its evaluation. As a result, the
opportunity of maximum production of a well is reduced
which minimizes the common benefits.
'I'he efficient design of productive oil wells by artificial
lifting requires the analysis of the components that make up
the general system. This analysis is commonly called Nodal
Analysis.
The Nodal Analysis defines the propositions that will be
used to optimize a production system, for oil or gas wells.
Each component of the producing system is analyzed in order
to reach the desired production rate as economical as possible.
Among the objectives of the Nodal Analysis we can bring
out:
! Determine the fluid rate that an oil or gas well will
produce, taking into account the hole geometry and the
completion boundaries.
! Optimize the system to produce an objective fluid rate as
economica1 as possible.
! Allow the fast recognition of the possible ways to
increase the production rate .
During the last years different Nodal System Ana1ysis
have been extensively used, due to the development of the
computer technology that allow fast calcu1ations of complex
algorithms, helping to improve the completion and production
technics.
The fluids found in a productive horizon must be produced
through a complex system till reaching its destiny in the
surface, this is called a productive system that covers: the
reservoir, the producing well and the fluid lines (P).
Nowadays to design a producting system the elements
must be analyzed as a group or as a whole (globa1 analysis)
that according to the time has an effect on a Dynamic Global
Analysis.
It allows to predict the effect of a producing zone and of
the artificial lifting system in relation to the production of oi1,
gas and water.
Due to the fact that the Dynamic Globa1 Analysis involves
the dimension of time, considers changes in the flowing
bottom pressure, in water saturation, in the oil-gas relation and
in the discharge of pressure of the subsurface pump.
To each time there will be a convergence to new flow rates
which reflect the reservoir performance, the hydrodynamics
and thermodynamics conditions (hydraulic correlations of the
produced fluids through the tubing) and the operation of the
subsurface equipment, to show it the Thrasher, Fetkovich
and Scott approach has been used in this case.
If we tried to set up this analytic technique along with a
conventiona1 computer program, the old routines would rarely
be used without any modification. But modifications always
involve a risk when introducing errors and, sooner or later, a
continuous increase of the number of versions will result
confused.
Therefore, a new approach on programming based on the
human thinking model (brain physiology) has been
introduced, that is it uses connections and doesn't consider all
the system's details. Thus, for instance, the tubing string is
absent in our mind as a group of variables and equations, but
as a "'black box" with its inlet and outlet limits.
The application of this technique or connectionist model
(Artificial Neural Networks), that show usefu1 behaviors
when learning, recognizing and applying relations among real
1imits, is shown through the development of a computer
program for monitoring a system of production, with the
advantage of not requiring excesive answering time (in real
2 L. ARDITI CIRILLI
time) neither of convergence problems related to the
combination of the reservoir and the artificial lifting system.
The purpose of this investigation is to show the use of this
technique of programming along with the Dynamic Global
Analysis, to help solving the existing monitoring problems.
Besides justifying the fixing of a sand of gas or water, the
success of such fixing and / or recompletion of a reservoir and
ana1ize the impact of the given production of a wel1 with
respect to other neighbor wells of the same system (reservoir)
without representing a significant increase of the costs
(automation and personal training) for analysing and notifying
the abnormal situations.
The accuracy in the performance control is 95 per cent,
with respect to the information stored in the artificial neural
networks during its testing period.
Achieving this way the development of a Base Profile of
Behavior that along with the application of Artificial Neural
Networks (BAM Type) becomes in a new "alternative"
versus the conventional methods in the monitoring and
control of the dynamics of the reservoir-artificial lifts
system thus adding value to the petroleum industry operations.
Introduction
The actual tendency in the supervision and control process,
specially in the oil-field area, is not only engaged to the data
analysis, but to the usage of specialized technology in the
treatment of physic parameters involved within a supervising
process; such technology is known as Artificial Intelligence.
The use of this technology most in difficult modeling
process or to which there is no mathematic definition, would
bring high quantitative and qualitative benefits, deriving from
an adecuate processing pattern and control outlines with less
human and computalized effort with respect to the
conventional methods.
In this decade, the increment of technology in the process
development plants, machinery, tools, refineries,...) requires of
a systematic control method, observation and diagnosis
including the knowledge acquired about the process behavior
and of the components that characterize it with the purpose of:
! Recognize existing relations and tendencies,
! Rebuilt patterns,
! Secure optimun operating conditions,
! Recognize, localize and identify the significant
characteristics of the process,
! Inffer abnormal situations,
! Compress informations.
These technological changes sometimes leads the problem
toward OPERATOR solutions type, that is, to model its
behavior with respect to the process and in the resolution of
controversial situations.
Recent ideas lead to use the Artificial Intelligence as a
mechanism to represent knowledge, recognize critical
situations upon the behavior and control of process.
The present work has as main purpose to introduce the
applications of some techniques of Artificial Intelligence as
SPE 68700
they are Artificial Neural Networks pointing out its
implantation methodology.
The Neuronal Model as a Support Mechanism to the
Supervisories and Control Behavior. Neuro-Computation
(emulation of biological paradigms) specially neuro-
controllers have begun to have an accelerated importance in
this decade with the showing up of new computer
architectures and integration technologies.
These systems are able to execute high level functions as
those of adjustment, learning and low level as those of data
pre-processing, leaking, etc.
Nowadays, the appropiate detection, the knowledge and
priority order of fault in industrial process represent critical
areas which efficient dealing has an effect as benefits for such
processes. Intelligence Artificial technologies as Neural
Networks, have been called for as support mechanisms these
areas treatment.
The advantages of using these Neuronal Networks
technologies are framed, mainly, in the support to operators
when they deal with multivariables complex processes as a
way to avoid cognitive explosions for overcharge in the
analysis, verification, explanation and inference from the
behavior in real process time.
Taking into account these premises, this point describes a
methodological contribution of support for the designers of
real time application of neural paradigm. In it the problematic
to outline and analyze the voluntary acts and learning phases
are emphasized, since these support the success of the carrying
out of this application type.
Fault Detection. When a fault appears within a process this
must be detected as fast as a detecting system allows it. The
system must indicate that there is something wrong inside the
process. Once the fault is detected, it must be isolated, and
localize the cause that originated it.
Usually these systems use two methods: the estimation
method and the patterns recognition method. The first requires
of complex mathematic processes and are based on the
variables analysis involved. It consumes a lot of computational
time and the model is valid near its operation point. In many
cases the model parameters does not maintain its relation with
the physical coefficients of the process since not all
parameters can be meassurable, which implies that they must
be estimated.
The second, a priori, does not require mathematic models.
The idea is that the process operation is clasified according to
the pattern sets coming from the observation (meassures) over
the process regularities (behavior); space maping outline of
meassures in the space of decisions. Neural type clarifiers
(connectionist model) are used as an alternative to the models
of detection of regularities from statistic origin. We will take
the second method as a base for the fault detections.
Under this modality three processes must be managed: the
measurement, the significative information extraction
(characteristics) and the one of clasification; these processes
are guidelines for the methodology proposal.
 A NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE RESERVOIR-ARTIFICIAL
SPE 68700 LIFT SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF A PRODUCING WELL
BAM Neural Networks
The model of Bidirectional Associative Memories (BAM)
was developed by Bart Kosko. This model was designed with
the neuro-optic computing in mind. The network itself was
inspired by the Grossberg' s Adaptative Resonance Theory
(ART) as well as by de Hopfield model.
Characteristics. The most important characteristic of the
BAM neural networks is that they operate as associative
memories in which certain output patterns are associated with
certain input patterns. They also have a great generalization
capacity and are able therefore to give right outputs even when
its inputs do not correspond to the patterns because of noise
contamination or are otherwise contaminated. This pattern
corresponds to a minimum of local energy for the network as a
whole. This characteristic does not exist in the logic based on
rules.
In 1987, it was shown (Kosko) that in each iteration the
BAM network seeks to minimize an energy function, called
Lyapunov's energy, given by:
E(AiBj) = - AiWBi ............................................................ (1)
Among the BAMs limitations are: the long processing time
necessary for the recognition of images, and the small quantity
of images or patterns that could be loaded at the same time
into the microcomputer's RAM memory.
The BAM Paradigm. The BAM type neural networks are
two layered networks completely connected, as shown in the
Fig.l, the double arrows in the connections between the BAM
hidden layers show that the information can flow in both
directions, in which the output is the feedback of the input.
The network is designed to store pairs of associated
vectors, such associations are stored in the matrices, W and
Wt.
To remember information using the BAM, the following
steps are to be followed:
# An input vector A, which represents the layer 1 output, is
applied to the network weight matrix W, producing an
output vector B.
# The vector B, which represents the layer 2 output, is then
applied to the network matrix transpose W (feedback),
which produces a new output for the new vector A.
# In each iteraction the output vectors of the layers 1 and 2
generate a transitory answer. This process is repeated
until the network reaches a stable point, where neither A
nor B change. In the BAMs particular case, the behavior
is very stable.
In the matrix form, the process is as follows:
B = f(AW) ........................................................................ (2)
A = f(BWt) ....................................................................... (3)
where B is the layer 2 output vector, A is the layer 1 output
vector and W is the matrix of weights between layers 1 and 2
of the network.
3
In conclusion, the BAM network has a mixed strategy,
forwards-backwards.
Learning. The two BAM connected layers, reflected on the
weights over these connections, store the associated
information.
The BAMs are trained by calculus. The weight matrix is
calculated as the sum of the products of all the pairs of vectors
(or as the scalar product of two vectors) that form the set of
training, symbolically:
W = Ajt Bj ..................................................................... . (4)
In this formula the vectors Aj and Bj are binary line vectors
and are transformed into bipolar line vectors before the
multiplication.
This type of learning is Not Supervised, for which there is
not a trainer, the network organizes itself in such a way that it
is able to generate its own classification.
In general, in this classification, the type of learning most
used is Hebb's or Hebbian learning (the simplest one), whose
procedure adjusts the weights of the connection, according to
the correlation of the values of the nodes it connects. Thus the
weight of the connection increases, if both the input and the
output desired, have high values. In neural terms; a section
gets fortified each time it is used.
Methodology for the Behavior Control
Historic Perspective. In 1992, S. L. Scott, developed the
model for well development, which consists of six different
modules: stimulation design, flow in the casing and /or tubing,
reservoir properties calculus, forecast production, heat
transmition and rentability. The analysis model allows the
evaluation of all the design aspects for the completion of the
producing well, including the effects on the future production.
Likewise, one of this modules consists on the analysis of the
backpressure curve, in the bottom and in the wellhead to
monitor its performance or predict its potential. The model for
well performance is designed to graphic even the curves for
inflow and demand. In this case the producing gas wells can
be evaluated, with the performance curves of the inflow as
well as the backpressure standard curves.
In 1994, T. S. Thrasher, presented practical techniques
based on four well conditions: 1) time performance, 2) change
in the drainage area, 3) liquid charge, and 4) unsuitable tubing
design, used as effective tools to monitor the performance of a
producing gas well, through the backpressure curve and that of
the pressure vs accumulated production (materials balance).
In 1995, T. S. Thrasher, showed the potential monitoring
factibility in the bottom of the well, for producing oil wells
through an artificial lift method (Electrical Submersible
Pump). The backpressure curve obtained in the bottom of the
well happened to be an efficient tool to monitoring the well
performance as well as the reservoir itself. The results were
based on the tests analysis of multirating production, separator
tests and pressures at the bottom of the well.
4 L. ARDITI CIRILLI
In 1997, T. S. Thrasher, E. J. Fetkovich, and S. L. Scott,
showed a method to monitoring the behavior of producing oil
wells for natural flow. Using the meassured data in the
separator along with the materials balance relation and the
multiphase flow analysis, they developed a backpressure curve
in the wellhead. In this case the wellhead pressure in an
producing oil well results in a depletion reservoir function and
the multiphase flow rate.
Characteristics of the ESP Reservoir System. Well GG-
192 was evaluated at determined frecuency variations (48.3,
50.3, 52.3 and 54.3 Hz) where the oil, gas, water rate and
flowing pressures in the surface were meassured and
registered along with its respective Pwf (PIP) (Table 1).
From the frecuency variation tests a flow potential between
172 and 291 bfpd was obtained for an average wellhead
flowing pressure of 165 psi.
Evaluation Correlations for Vertical Multiphase Flow.
When evaluating the best correlation for vertical multiphase
flow (Orkiszewski, Hagedorn-Brown, Duns-Ros and Beggs-
Brill) to determine the relation between the wells parameters,
hydrostatic pressure and the friction as flow rate function, with
the Orkiszewski correlation the most accurate result related to
the inlet pressure to the equipment of the artificial lift (PIP)
were obtained.
The Table 2 presents the different vertical multiphase flow
correlations evaluated .
Pressure Conversion from Discharge to Wellhead. The
main components involved in inducing the discharge pressure
to the wellhead, to determine the equivalent pressure in the
wellhead, Pc, are: kinetic energy, friction and hydrostatic
head, as a function of the flow rate
The kinetic energy effects are generally imperceptible, to
the monophase flow as well as for the multiphase flow
situations, then it is assumed that pkinetic = 0.
The friction is a flow resistance meassure and is a flow rate
function and of the tubing conditions. The friction magnitude
depends on the flow rate, flow string diameter, tubing
roughness, flow string lenght, PVT fluid and gas producing
properties, regimen of multiphase flow, GOR, WOR and
temperature.
Pfriction = f (qt, ID, E, L, PVT, Flow Regimen, GOR, WOR, T)
Friction is imperceptible at low rate and increases with
stability when the flow rate does.
The hydrostatic head is a meassure of the reduction in the
pressure due to changes in elevation. It is a function of the
flow rate, change in elevation, lenght in the flow string
(affects the frictional pressure drop which at the same time
affects the density of the mix), PVT fluid and gas producing
properties, multiphase flow regimen, GOR, WOR, and
temperature.
Phead = f (qt, H, L, PVT, Flow Regimen, GOR, WOR, T)
SPE 68700
Most of the pressure loss for producing oil wells is caused
by the hydrostatic head.
The discharged pressure equivalent in the wellhead, Pc, for
a flowing oil well as a function of the total flow rate, qt, is
defined as:
Pc(qt) = Pdisch. Phead (qt) ......................................... (5)
The term Phead (qt) is the resulting hydrostatic pressure
from fluid distribution in the well at a rate qt. Pc(qt) for
multiphase systems it depends on the rate, because the average
density is changing continuously as a function of the flow rate.
The resulting low pressures through the tubing causes the
additional gas to leave the solution. This above all reduces the
flow stream density (hydrostatic head).
The previous equation [5] can be considered as an instant
picture of the fluid distribution in the well starting from the
flow rate qt .
The flowing pressure in the wellhead, Pt, resulting from
the rate qt is Pdisch. minus the hydrostatic head, Phead (qt)
and the friction, Pfriction caused by the qt rate.
Pc(qt) = Pdisch. (qt) - Phead (qt) - Pfriction (qt) ........... (6)
Due to the complexity and the many calculus, a nodal
analysis program for producing systems makes it easier to
predict the components of the mutiphase flow, such as
hydrostatic head and friction as a function for the flow rate to
calculate Pc (equivalent discharged pressure in the wellhead).
As Phead is involved in the Pc calculus and at the same
time is a function of the discharge preesure of the electrical
submersible pump, GOR, WOR and the volume of liquids
(ql), in our case it was proceeded to obtain an own correlation
starting from experimental curves to visualize Pc values
generated for several flow conditions. Resulting in a serie of
curves that reflects how these conditions affect the Pc
magnitud.
As four (4) variables are considered for the respective
calculus, that is more than three (3), we are in the presence of
a hyperplan, where the Multifunction Multivariable
Regression is the ideal to be used. (See Annexe 1).
Obtaining the following correlation as result:
Pc = 0.075 qo + 0.775 Pdisch. 5.595 GOR
1246.412 WOR + 1351.909 ........................... (7)
Fig. 2 presents the relation between Pdisch., GOR, WOR
and Pc as a function for the fluid flow rate.
Curve 1 is a plot of Pc calculated values using a Pdisch. =
2547 psi, GOR = 265 scf / stb and WOR = 0.36, that is at
normal operating conditions (current).
Curve 2 (Pc average = 1240.5 psi) is a plot of Pc calculated
values, using a Pdisch. = 2547 psi, GOR = 265 scf / stb and a
WOR = 0.50 at operating simulated conditions.
 A NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE RESERVOIR-ARTIFICIAL
SPE 68700 LIFT SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF A PRODUCING WELL
Curve 3 (Pc average = 1115.9 psi) is a plot of Pc calculated
values, using a Pdisch. = 2547 psi, GOR = 265 scf / stb and
WOR = 0.6 at operating simulated conditions. The difference
between Curves 1, 2 and 3 show the increasing effect of the
water cut over the Pc shape and magnitud as a fluid flow rate
function.
Curves 2 and 3 are comparatively located below Curve 1
due to the density increase (hydrostatic head) in the tubing line
column, note that as Curves 2 and 3 where transfered
downward, the wellhead potential decreases therefore.
Curves 4 and 5 (Pc average = 1499.3 psi and Pc = 1584.2
psi respectively) were generated using the same parameters as
Curve 1 except a GOR equal to 285 and 300 scf / stb
respectively rather than a GOR = 265 scf / stb. Notice how the
curves have been transfered upwards with respect to Curve 1.
This indicates that the well must have a greater flow pressure
in its wellhead. It is worth to emphasize that the producing
wells configuration will affect the calculated Pc.
System Profile Behavior in the Wellhead. Well GG-192 was
tested several times (a test for each frecuency) between 16.75
and 23.75 hours through the separators facilities.
The collected data during the tests (Table 1) was used to
develop the curves behavior in the wellhead.
This behavior curve in the wellhead is a worthy tool to
monitor and predict the behavior of the producing oil wells;
where the oil rate (bfpd) is plotted on the axis X and the
flowing pressure on the wellhead (related to Phead and
Pfriction) is plotted on axis Y.
The behavior curve on the wellhead of a producing well
can easily be implanted because Pwh (Pt) and the oil rate can
be meassured. In our case (Multiphase System) due to the
segregation Pc must be calculated using the most appropiate
correlation or methodology.
Then in Fig. 3 we have, for an increase of % W&S from
36 to 50 and 60%, the average Pt happened to be 162.2 and
158.2 psi respectively, then for an increase of GOR from 265
to 285 and 300 scf / stb, the average Pt resulted equal to 187
and 193.2 psi respectively, for a decrease in the discharge
pressure from 2547 to 2525 and 2500 psi, the average Pt
resulted in 149.2 and in 137.8 psi, reflecting a mechanical
problem in the subsurface equipment.
Results Discussion
The direct meassure of the produced fluid volume, and the
inlet pressures to the subsurface pump happen to be
fundamental components to optimize the ESP longevity.
Being the relative permeability to oil (Kro) a pressure and
saturation function, it may reduce the potential of the
producing well, therefore, it causes influences upon the
pressure in the wellhead itself (Pwh). The increase or decrease
of the pressure in the wellhead is a direct result on the ESP
Reservoir System behavior.
Thus the monitoring of the system performance, protecting
at the same time the artificial lifting equipment from erratic
operation conditions, represent the most direct and effective
option to avoid the loss of capacity of the producing well.
5
From the results of the analysis obtained from the
producing well in study, for a pressure in the wellhead (Pwh)
between 165 and 170 psi, a flow rate of 175 bfpd, a relation
gas-oil of 265 scf / stb daily and a % W&S equal to 36%
average is obtained, for the subsurface pump normal
operation.
Then, if the pressure in the wellhead decreases to values
from 160 and 156 psi, considering the normal subsurface
pump operation and keeping the GOR constant and equal to
265 scf / stb daily, a flow rate of 110 bfpd, will be obtained,
increasing in a 14% the water and sediments percentage (%
W&S = 60%), which has an effect in decreasing de ql in 27 bls
/ day.
If on the contrary, the wellhead pressure increases between
187 and 193 psi, considering at the same time a normal
operation and keeping the % W&S constant and equal to 36%,
a flow rate average of 170 bfpd will be obtained, increasing
the gas-oil relation in a 10% (290 scf / stb average daily).
When the pressure in the wellhead decreases between 150
and 140 psi, then the discharge pressure of the subsurface
pump will have decreased in 47 psi approximately, that is why
it is considered an abnormal operation inherent to a physical
problem or damage of the unit.
When graphing the results obtained [Pwh vs. ql] (Fig. 3),
we observe an appropiate or particular area of behavior or
normal operation of such system (where the pressure in the
wellhead vary between 165 and 170 psi, for a flow rate of 175
bfpd, a gas-oil relation of 265 scf / stb daily and a % W&S
equal to 36 percent.
When drawing an axis of coordinates on the reference
point, if such pressure decreases specifically and projects or
locates on the third quadrant, it indicates an increase on the
water cut in the reservoir (for example, for values Pwh of 157
psi, a flow rate of 110 bfpd and a % W&S = 60% will be
obtained, keeping a constant GOR and equal to 265 scf / stb
daily); if on the other hand the pressure on the wellhead (Pwh)
increases, locating it on the fourth quadrant, then the gas-oil
relation will have increased (for example, if the pressure in the
wellhead increases to 185 psi average keeping the % W&S
constant and equal to 36%, the gas-oil relation will have
increased in a 10% approximately being equal to 290 scf / stb
daily, thus decreasing the flow rate to 170 bfpd average).
The first and second quadrant are used as reference to
carry out bigger repairs of gas or water sands in the reservoir,
according to the case. When completing the well, this will
reflect the normal operational conditions through the pressure
in the wellhead itself, the gas-oil relation, water and sediments
percentage and the flow rate. If when graphing this point on
the particular area on the system behavior up to that moment it
is located in any of these two quadrants depending on the type
of bigger repairs carried out, it indicates the success of the job;
or on the contrary the failure of such repair.
The use of supervisory systems in real time to observe the
ESP - Reservoir System behavior, help to make accurate
decisions, when keeping an efficient control visualizing the
6 L. ARDITI CIRILLI SPE 68700

path or movements that allow the analysis on line of such
behavior and projection or inference for future behaviors.
Conclusions
1. Pressures at the wellhead (Pwh) that fluctuate between
165 and 170 psi reflect a normal operation of the
subsurface pump.
2. When pressure decreases at the wellhead to values
between 160 and 156 psi, the water and sediment
percentage will increase in a 14% (% W&S = 60).
3. If on the contrary, the pressure at the wellhead increases
between 187 and 193 psi, the gas-oil relation increases in
10% (290 scf / stb daily average).
4. When the pressure at the wellhead decreases between 150
and 140 psi, it is considered a normal operation inherent
to the unit damage.
5. The monitoring and well control, with respect to the
storaged knowledge during the training in the Neural
Network BAM, it is accurate in 95%, in the justification
of the repair of a water or gas sand, and / or the reservoir
recompletion.
6. Likewise, the application of the used methodology allows
to evaluate the main repairing made in the well as well as
analize the impact of the given production with respect to
other neighboring wells from the same system (reservoir).
7. The use of the Neural Network BAM provides the
capacity to process and maintain the performance data in
several hundred of producing wells on a data base on-line.
Recommendations
1. Compare the used methodology in 4 or 5 producing oil
wells, with similar characteristics, through the Electrical
Submersible Pump.
2. Apply the used methodology in producing oil wells with
different Artificial Lift Systems.
3. Compare the correlation reached with the obtained results
with different types of mathematic models.
4. Establish the neural paradigm BAM for monitoring and
controlling of producing oil wells through Electrical
Submersible Pump.
5. Compare Orkiszewski Correlation with other probabilistic
correlations.
References
1. Bradley, H. B. Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Chapter 34,
Wellbore Hydraulics by Bertuzzi, A. F., Fetkovich, M. J.,
Poettmann, Fred and Thomas, L. K., Page 30-35, Copyright
1987, Society of Petroleum Engineering .
2. Curso de Ingeniera de Produccin, Mdulo III, Pginas 28.10 -
28.49, CIED, 1997.
3. Ledonois, J. M., Lpez, A. L., Pimentel, A. J. y Pironti, F.
Mtodos Numricos Aplicados en Ingeniera. Captulo 4,
Pginas 163-172, Universidad Simn Bolvar.
4. Nind, T. E. W. Produccin y Mantenimiento de Pozos
Petroleros. Editorial LIMUSA, S.A. Mxico 1, D.F., 1987.
5. Thrasher, T. S. Well Performance Monitoring-Case Histories.
Paper 26181 presented at the 1993 S.P.E Gas Technology
Symposium, Calgary, June 28-30.
6. Thrasher, T. S., Fetkovich, E. J., Scott, S. L. Oilwell
Deliverability Monitoring: A Case History. Paper 28633
presented at the 1994 S.P.E. Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, New Orleans, L.A., September 25-28.
7. Thrasher, T. S. A Synergistic Approach to Well Performance
Monitoring. Paper 38984 presented at the Fifth Latin American
and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference and
Exhibition, Brazil, 30 August 03 September, 1997.
8. Tomas, L. K., Evans, C. E., Pierson, R. G., Scott, S. L. Well
Performance Model. Paper 20723, Copyrighht 1992, Society of
Petroleum Engineering.

TABLE 1 BEHAVIOR CONTROL WELL GG-192

Tubing Casing Fluid Motor Amp. Pruduction

Frec. Pwf ql GOR
Hour Pressure Pressure Level Test Time % W&S
(Hz) (psi) A B C (bfpd) (scf/stb)
(psi) (psi) (feet) (hours)
11:30 866
48,3 130 Qmdor 4032 32,70 Amps 17,05 172 207

10:30 50,3 150 Qmdor 854 4077 34,50 Amps 23,75 191 36 232
11:40 52,3 145 Qmdor 754 4251 36,00 Amps 19,20 272 36 253
52,3 150 Qmdor 777 4233 35,50 Amps
52,3 180 Qmdor 741 4258 35,60 Amps
11:45 52,3 200 Qmdor 719 4238 35,60 Amps 17,50 276 36 277
10:15 54,3 200 Qmdor 717 4427 38,60 Amps
12:10 54,3 200 Qmdor 656 4485 38,60 Amps 16,75 291 36 297
11:30 52,3 160 Qmdor 790 4246 36,46 Amps
 A NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE RESERVOIR-ARTIFICIAL
SPE 68700 LIFT SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF A PRODUCING WELL 7

TABLE 2- CORRELATIONS VERTICAL MULTIPHASE FLOW

ql qW GOR Meas PIP PIP PIP PIP
% W& S (scf/stb)
(bfpd) (bwpd) PIP ORK HB DR BB
172 61.92 36 207 130 130 131 115 124
191 68.76 36 232 150 152 152 137 144
274 98.64 36 265 173 174 180 166 168
291 104.76 36 297 200 201 211 195 196

ORK : Orkiszewski HB : Hagedorn and Brown DR : Duns & Ros BB : Beggs Brill

Output

Layer 2

Layer 1

Input

Fig 1 - Bidirectional Associative Memories.

8 L. ARDITI CIRILLI SPE 68700

Pc (psi)

5 300 scf/stb

1500
4 285 scf/stb

275 scf/stb

1
1400

40 %W&S

1300

2 50 %W&S

1200

3 60 %W&S
1100

1000

0 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 ql (bfpd)

Fig 2 - Convertion Discharge Pressure to Equivalent Pressure in the Wellhead

 A NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE RESERVOIR-ARTIFICIAL
SPE 68700 LIFT SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF A PRODUCING WELL 9

Pt (p si)

190

180

170

160

150

0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 q l (b fp d )

Fig 3 - Behavior Curve of the System in the Wellhead of a Producing Oil Well