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Armatas, V.1
1
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
RESUMEN ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido The objective of this paper was to
proporcionar una visin general de retraso provide an overview of mental retardation,
mental, y de la discapacidad en el a developmental disability with a long and
desarrollo que presenta una larga historia y, sometimes controversial history. In
en ocasiones, polmica. En particular, se particular, the current definitions, causes of
van a presentar las actuales definiciones, las mental retardation, diagnostic criteria and
causas de retraso mental, la informacin epidemiological information will be
epidemiolgica y los criterios de presented.
diagnstico.
course of labor, type of delivery and any a sibling. Inquiry should be made regarding
complications (Kolevzon, Gross & concerns about hearing and vision (Van
Reichenberg, 2007). Apgar scores at one Naarden, Decoufle & Caldwell, 1999). One
and (especially) five minutes should be cannot overemphasize the importance of
reviewed, and birth weight, length and head addressing concerns voiced by a parent
circumference measurements obtained and about a child's development, behaviour and
plotted on appropriate growth charts. The learning; because these expressed concerns
parents should be asked about any illnesses, accurately target the majority of children
feeding or sleeping difficulties in the with developmental problems.
newborn period and problems with sucking
Information should be obtained about the
or swallowing, as well as the baby's general
family unit, parents' occupations and
disposition (Leonard & Wen, 2002).
educational achievements, educational and
Extremes in infant temperament are often
developmental status of siblings, role of the
the first clue to an atypical course in child
patient in the family, discipline of the
development (Kolevzon et al., 2007).
children and identity of the child's caregiver
The systems review of the child should be when the parents are not home (Daily,
complete, with special attention to growth Ardinger & Holmes, 2000). Family history
problems, history of seizures, lethargy and of fetal loss, mental retardation, severe
episodic vomiting. A developmental screen learning problems, congenital abnormalities
should be used at all well-child visits to and unexplained childhood deaths, as well
obtain information about the timing of the as other serious illnesses in first- and
child's developmental milestones, any second-degree family members, should be
concerns by parents or caregivers and elicited. A complete physical examination
comparison of the child's developmental can begin with a review of growth curves
rate and pattern with those of siblings since birth, if these are available. The head
(Palmer & Capute, 1994). Specific circumference should continue to be
questions about the child's current plotted. The examination should be
developmental abilities should be asked at thorough, with special attention to physical
each visit. findings that are compatible with any risk
factors obtained from the history.
The Revised Denver Prescreening
Developmental Questionnaire (Frankenburg The child should be examined closely for
et al., 1981) is a useful screening tool that dysmorphic features or minor
parents can readily complete to help abnormalities, such as unusual eyebrow
determine the need for further evaluation pattern, eyes that are widely or closely
with the time-honored Denver spaced, low-set ears or abnormal palmar
Developmental Screening Test crease patterns. Minor abnormalities are
(Frankenburg & Dodds, 1967; Frankenburg defined as defects that have unusual
& Dodds, 1990). Another practical and morphologic features without serious
reliable tool with which to monitor medical implications or untoward cosmetic
development in infants is the Kansas Infant appearance.8 Most minor abnormalities
Development Screen (Holmes & Hassanein, involve the face, ears, hands or feet, and are
1982). The findings can be recorded and readily recognized even on cursory
plotted just as with somatic growth charts examination (Holmes & Hassanein, 1988)
and shared with parents. Other The presence of three or more minor
developmental screening tests are also abnormalities in newborns is correlated
available. with a 90 percent frequency of coexistent
major abnormalities (Marden, Smith &
Delays in speech development are common
McDonald, 1964), suggesting close
and may become more obvious when
association with morphogenesis in utero.
contrasted with the speech development of
Thus, minor abnormalities may provide When school age children are the source of
clues to developmental problems of prevalence statistics, individual states report
possible prenatal origin. Evaluation of the rates from 0.3% to 2.5% depending on the
head, face, eyes, ears and mouth must criteria used to determine eligibility for
include general assessment of visual acuity special educational services, the labels
and hearing. Examination of the chest, assigned during the eligibility process (e.g.,
heart, spine, abdomen, genitalia, developmental delay, learning disability,
extremities, muscles and neurologic autism, and/or mental retardation), and the
reflexes can reveal abnormalities that may environmental and economic conditions
be associated with retardation. within the state (U.S. Department of
Education, 1994). It is estimated that
approximately 89% of these children have
EPIDEMIOLOGY mild mental retardation, 7% have moderate
Over the past 50 years the prevalence and mental retardation, and 4% have severe to
incidence of mental retardation have been profound mental retardation. In addition,
affected by changes in the definition of McLaren and Bryson (1987) report that the
mental retardation, improvements in prevalence of mental retardation appears to
medical care and technology, societal increase with age up to about the age of 20,
attitudes regarding the acceptance and with significantly more males than females
treatment of an individual with mental identified.
retardation, and the expansion of
educational services to children with
CONCLUSIONS
disabilities from birth through age 21. The
theoretical approach to determining the Mental retardation is a genetic disorder
prevalence of mental retardation uses the mainfested in significantly below average
normal bell curve to estimate the number of overall intellectual functioning and deficits
individuals whose IQ falls below the in adaptive behaviour. A number of
established criterion score. For example, environmental, genetic or multiple factors
2.3% of the population of the United States can cause mental retardation. In at least 30
has an IQ score below 70, and 5.5% has an to 50 percent of cases, physicians are
IQ score below 75. However, this estimate unable to determine etiology despite
does not account for adaptive behaviour thorough evaluation. The systems review of
skills. Based on empirical sampling, Baroff the child should be complete, with special
(1991) suggested that only 0.9% of the attention to growth problems, history of
population can be assumed to have mental seizures, lethargy and episodic vomiting.
retardation, yet the proportion of cases that The systems review of the child should be
can be attributed to a known cause is complete, with special attention to growth
estimated to be only 30% to 50% (Curry et problems, history of seizures, lethargy and
al., 1997). An understanding of the episodic vomiting.
epidemiology of MR of unknown cause
may lead to the identification of
characteristics that might be direct causal
factors or lie somewhere along the causal
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