sushin.s@gmail.com K10-004 REED’S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (x) sushin.s@gmail.comsyenueu vonoansut sieumzeynuew 01 apew 2q plnoys 2ouaiajau tuauodwoo sejnonud = Jo uordussap pajerep [Ing ¥ UIEIgo oF soysim sepeay oKp J] "009 247 Jo puo ota 38 poppe axe suorsanb uoneururexs uowoeds pu Jeideyo {ote jo pus aip 38 popniout axe sajdurexa rsa Jo uonsojes y aiqeuta uo ssaidey aay q pamortoy st WorronpostuE ot. “aeu \diourd a1seq wosy paruosard 4J0 9peus Ua9q sey asm IML ‘stepeo > pue ss20\jjo s20usSua outseu soy suoneuruexs pus sosnqellAs = DAALOOS PUuE (DLA) HOUND WoHeoNpy ueroIUyDaL pur ssoutsng fe pue ~ (d.q) uodsuresy_ Jo wownsedaq ye Jo siuaus -auinbos oy2 39409 sajdurexo pu 1x94, “siseq UOULHOD E sey 199FqNS josn © 3 pul Pinoys SatsNput FoyNO UY sH9=uIEue nq BuLsouITus SUIIeW SINOAES YOM BML “yonuos pue uswinsysut ut dououadx9 aH pey ancy OWN punor#yONq Bu! pi 40p Sqprewud uantsa st IT -dosdde asoys sonBoyeue Sursn * st pom oy pue suressep porrd ‘aun 98puig 01 sue 4009 stu, aowaadd s>sep stonpoid 40 spoyyau ay jo asn ays 205 Aagigisuodsas ou sayey saysnand ayn "4009 sua Jo uogeangnd au uy uaxey UaDg sey a1e> IqeUOSEDL Te UMM ION “ujeyyg 39 uy punog pue paruus “sai aqeuersns pafevew wow parsansey ‘dynd say-auuoqy> yewuawaye ya paonpoid saded sasn ‘DEI 98 Y -ueigyy Ys aya wody aGEYEAE 5} 4009 s44R 404 puoDaL anBO}EIED JID ¥ ssaysyand an jo Sunn vy wos da aba Aus 16L9-9E10-0-016 NAST T-TEL9-9EEL-0 NBS 9002 pue €ooe yeaanen se} peppy Aq pauydey too2 ‘oooz pajuudey 2661 UoRIpe NES ‘s86t pawuydey 6466 wonupe pK £61 vow puores 14 PoDy sewoUL fy paysngnd vorype Ys 2661 ‘6L6E 'SL6T ‘OL6E SUOLeDTGNY pEeY SEUOYL g IHBLKEO) to sjeopeipe nn HE aT “Uopuoy ‘sends O40s BE ay soysiang pe 98 Jo wd Ue yesane 52129 psy 49 paysandCONTENTS Analogue. Digital. Computers. Microprocessors and ‘micro-computers. 1.10 11-22 (CHAPTER 2 ~ PRESSURE MEASUREMENT ‘Water and mercury manometers. Mercury and aneroid . Differential pressure ce stals, sensor. Strain gauge pressure. 2332 (CHAPTER 3 ~ LEVEL MEASUREMENT Direct methods; float operated, sight glasses, probe elements (capacitive), thods; pressure elements. Manometer Electroflo, Igema. Purge systems, . Ultrasonic and nucleonic devices. 33-40a -68 "sonios soto ‘onres uosid omeuunoud ‘onsos oueA Asei08 oy nesphy ‘duind £194 's9afeA [ONUOD INoWATO xem pu 19pUT|AD Aaejo3 ‘parenioe anbior ‘paresodo uoisid “souon|sod ‘yoiow ‘eajea jonuos wResydeyp ‘sun Bunse110), SINSWGTH ONITIOWINOD TYNES ~ 8 WALAVHO lind-ysnd si “sore||980 401 i 885 vhs. vsiy “soajosas ‘dyjsBeu ‘onyouhs‘(o8) s1orow uontsod ‘(9p) sso1ous uonssod “sapioge1 AX “J9ps0001 wad oyyewonusiod ‘sovesBaut s9Afooa4 ‘819419094, “(WA) seonpsuen quauno ‘aBeijoa ‘warsks souepeq 2040} auonv9]9 ‘seonpsuEN “souejeq pue oes — ssonpsuen seonpsuesy spewneud-os1s9]9 ‘sionpsuen souREq, S010} pue aouzjeq uoN|sod ‘sionwsUE oEWoUg ONTWSLEWETAL ~ 9 WALEVHD ‘quounsnfpe pue 3unser ‘uonesqye> wownssuy se1oul usBAxo poalossip ‘iaiw Aijsnd s2eMm 21 ‘siskyeur sve “Aupuiny sanejay “ss2scjeue 699) ue us8kx9 ‘siskjeue se “s21out soIDa19p-uorsojdxa sep “so1oarep ately 4019=r2p (a1y)) YeaH{ “s0SUaS Hd “s0I9010p stu [19 “4oI9a9p Aususp aXOUS “sosuas ‘se ‘wnnae ‘oanranpuos) pur ondojeue) so1esue8oyoei-paads “1wo1s1091g SINSWTNSVSWN WBHLO ~ ¢ ALAVHD “srorouiMoy afuo un S2OMPSUEIYOSUDS MOI Te jey2ous ‘sx019eNx9 1001 azeNbs “wongestx9 1004 asenbs ‘uores821u) “siojous mo Jo ats ‘ssoiaus Aanuenb ‘soydjouud aiseg ANSNEWNSVEN MOL ~ y YALEVHDCHAPTER 9 ~ PROCESS CONTROL THEORY ‘Terminology; combination of elements. Response of detecting elements; lags. Types of control action; two step, proportional, bandwidth. Integral and proportional plus intes Derivative and proportional plus derivative. Three term contr ions. Cascade and split range control. Example ~ level control. 127-156 ‘CHAPTER 10 ~ PNEUMATIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES Two step, relay, one term (P), stack type term (P +1 three term compound contr +1 +D). Air supplies 157-170 (CHAPTER 11 ~ ELECTRONIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES Operational amplifier, inverter, summer, multiplier, two step, one term (P, 1),two term (P + D), three term compound controller (P + / + D). Black box analysis ‘Transistor stabilisation control Integrated circuits. 171-184 | cumin -serscommaun 185-202 (CHAPTER 13 ~TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS exhaust range, gland steam, sootblower, ig Water, steam temperature, steam flow/air flow rate, bridge remote control (turbine). ton) coolant (one and two tems (ring main, series and fication system, waste heat flash idge remote control (IC engine), boiler, feed regulators, visco: ‘ion, alternator load sharing, Butterwort -water separator interface level control, ler pitch, auto steering (block dia- gram), heavy fuel oil separation. CHAPTER 14 ~ KINETIC CONTROL SYSTEMS Position systems; position control servo-mechanism (dc), system response, damping, overshoot. Stabilising feedback and rate network. Offset, reset feedforward and network, block diagrams. Position control servo- mechanism (ac), hydraulic position control servo- mechanism. Mathematical aspects (block diagram/transfer function). . 203-238 239-254Ise Ive zee ae Ice sie ele ele | | |. xaQNt (QAALODs ¥ OAL) GNH (O4AL098 ¥ DAL) ONH (O4A.L008 ¥ D4L@) GNO- ONO (9AL098 ~ 41a) 2u0 sse19 (ALOIS ~ AL) OM, s8eID (aALOOS ~ dia) sa sse1D SNOLLSaND NOLLYNINWXa NaWIDadS TIe-Taz osz-ssz ‘wonemunts raindwo9 “sed&a puuqdy ‘warsks ouyeus “souusesSosd ‘josu09 "woos onuos *ejdstp “indno ‘Sutssoo0xd pue uonsojas jeulis ‘worshs pores8aiur ‘warsks soye!ounuue “19880] ep -ondojeue ‘souuvos tyonuos “Axowout “indino ‘snduy 30] s}pinp “ers our “€aourout “YON “UNVN “LON "80 ‘NY ‘s91e8 ‘2180] ors “eugede ueajoog “wyp03| -01d ‘39019 “Iapour “yseoudde pur st sJonuos ‘siuswis[9 ‘seinduios and ONLLNAWOD GNY 31007 ~ 91 WALAVHD oye Funes jeoutdus wounsnfpe usuedwoc) !uonoeiotut 1uouoduio-) "ua1sks Sutinioegnueus ‘s9pso puocas ‘sonojeur oypiny “yey sjoyDiN “euaqu put swresseIp isinbAN ‘asuodses Aitpiqeig “(epog pur s[0491N) stsfyeue asuodsa1 Aouonbasy ‘wesfeip pue8sy ‘asuodsas andut [epiosnuts pue dures ‘dais ‘sousuuioysod wos “suraisks J9pio s9yBiy “swlorshs s9p10 puosdg “uoouny s9jstE1 doo} pasojo ‘uonoung s2ysuen “suiarsks s9ps0 18214 “souepodut pastjesous8 ‘sanZojour tispu0 waisks, “yovoudde ‘ows ‘wiorsts ‘yowoudde swoisks 24) SISATVNV WASAS TOWLNOD ~ $1 WALAVHO ‘yuejd 01 susjjos1u09 Bunsnipe (s2ts98) yeusoixo pue ewsatuINTRODUCTION HISTORICAL Instrumentation has always been an integral part of technology. Development from simple level indicators, Bourdon tubes, moving. iron and moving coil meters, etc. has been rapid. Progress in lass end elena end sof cenenand recoding and designs and roved servicing ingly being fav- development: of interchangeable pl of electronic uni ured over an: . ‘The development of control elements in the history of man as life form itself utilises classic control principles. The ‘Watt governor (1788) was one of the first practical applications. Instability was recognised last century in hunting of steam engine speed, and ship steering gears, and much analysis followed. The ship steering gear remains as one of the first control systems and its development alongside modern bridge equipment continues. By 1939 fairly complex systems, mainly pnet id hydraulic,aWwyuooud Aanis Ting a Ee A E Ee ! bined 7 BER Ry ; : i A | é 8 2 3 ‘NOMLAGOWNI [enuosso st wwowdinbo wueye jonuoo-Buynseour Ipog Jo ATqEITEY nuos pue Suyoruow £q porosdust st Arayes soseo 1SOUr Up AVS “Asautyoew pue uejd Jo oz1s Suysea.ouy yam soseasout sores ‘q) pur yueid pajjonuco 10) uanoud |]9M st asearout ue st Jou, “ese Arox9 ut JomoduvWs peonpos puE wonesado ustouye auow ut siInsos jonUOD pus voHTeuoWNASUL AWONODA smolloy Kyse0 ‘319 “Buypuey o8se> ‘Teuonediaeu 0} uorsuarxg “sainp20oid umop {anys pue KouaBsows ‘dn unis aney 0} os[e 3nq suoRpuC® {Ye Zopun Krautyoew [oxo 01 <{uo you pouesB03d os 1 suoniouny paurusesd sey jonuos aindwoy uowdojonsp Jo o8e1s rx0u ou, “sd [as penoudunt unum Atpides aiinb podore ssoeds Aroutyoeu pouuewun pur jos1u09 28pig “uolieAoUt Suou ¥ u2aq sey Suypuey erep pasipenuoc “szeoK Aust 40} 25m ut 09 avy “xa|duioo étey 01 ajdusts wous“sdoot ostuoo yenpratpuy “Wop wail & souea sonsesd outew ut uo “yorays ‘241 ut umoys st upowawy “Ix9) sty uF soyuiny paso} ‘98esn paurea o1 spust piom ay, “[ox Uuonesiueysour pajjonuca-2ouenbas 4 ‘SWALSKS TOMLNOD GNV NOLLVINGWMISNIS.GRRY4__'_REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS as indeed should be the characteristics of the plant itself. These .d by surveying requirements for unattended machinery spaces could bbe summarised thus: 1. Bridge control of propulsion machinery. ‘The bridge watchkeeper must be able to take emergency control action. Control and instrumentation must be as simple as possible. 2. Centralised control and instruments are required in machinery space. Engineers may be called to the machinery space in emergency and controls must be easily reached and fully comprehensive, ‘5. Alarm system, A comprehensive machinery alarm system must be provided for control and accommodation areas. 6. Automatic bilge high level fluid alarms and pumping units. Sensing d ump cut in devices must be provided. 7. Automatic start emergency generator. ‘Such a generator is best connected to separate emergency bus bars. The primat ion from electrical in bilges with alarms and hand or automatic INTRODUCTION 5 8. Local hand control of essential machinery. 9. Adequate settling tank storage capacity. 10, Regular testing and maintenance of intrumentation. ‘TERMINOLOGY The detecting elem nds directly to the value of the element). The measuring unit comprises detecting element and ‘measuring element. Such a unit is used as a monitoring element (to a loud speaker an transducer may be xxample pressure t0 ‘gauge. It may also be a tems the measuring unit incorporating a transducer, then referred to as ied transducer if required. ‘The terminology involved further to the above and especially‘fadosd BuneynBas 9s v aney sd00] pas0i5 “euls Sunemoe auy *&q paniddns 10U pur *Xq parjosiuos uo st s2m0d indino “payoiays sv ‘uiisks doo pasojo e 104 “indino o1 ponds somod syosiuo9 yeu8is simp pue indur wos s1oyzp (3>eqp29) antivSou) andino posouow uay sistxa Zuo uonetAad “sanfes indino pur (195) indur uaamtaq (1018) uonieraap uodn wopuadop jeuBis © ‘a paremise st warsks doot pasoro pofrosuos Atjeanewomne ay $4007 1041NOD naisas woShas vomeranoo anos woo Kjfenuew & st sty “(YDIe¥S Uo sat Butsoj2 0s ‘ioresedo uewiny ppe ‘uroys doo} usdo ax oF MON, “sauoUstUE 2ny [ostU0D 10U saop sunreseduiar WoOS 40) 2pisino ot parejas anjen a[quosvas v 18 pou! 3@ Faljoniuos pure yoeqpaay ou sey warsKs doot ado uy S400 10%1NOD -aSenueape wuaroqut ue st 28 Jo uoneoyrtdue ésea pur sojgeuea reus0 10} renuess2 are sjoudis oe yBnowpye pausayaud ftjensn $1 uorssqusuen 2p [eusIS “parinbar st ooueusiureus payrys 481n801 pue paride 2q pinoys ‘umn Buqworsstunwes So] y “WuauUosAUa or 1erSIsOH pue 2jdUsis c NOWDAGOULN “s1qvodueysuanur ‘oiqeytor “isnqos oq ysnuw uawdinbe 9se9 £1949 Uf “sseonpsuen wuoui9[9 reuy paou uayo lde_ roan ‘uonduinsuo 190d 07] ‘s9n pur oanaoe fyuiouas ‘2Iqus ‘o¥es0U28 son2moY we ‘sumed BuIAOW ON “souy uorssrusuen ajqr‘ey deoy tain 2fqudepe pue remy sae warsAs aquongaja ue Jo saBerueape ou, nq ‘sseindwod 01 uo} se] ou -sroremioe mod jeuy 2818 01 sseonpsuen inoyin ‘uonwondde 12a “p “s8e] oun ayqejoaudde 2aty op 1nq “vorreHeA éiddns somod 01 ajqiedaoens 8807] “¢ “suaydsowe oassojdto u yes pue uoseiaue 1804 ON “Z “sisoo Ajddns anisuadso 8807 “1 are wiaiss onewinaud v yo oBeaueape ou, ave pue Suigm yo auids ut st snp sey wrsks o1nsa}2-oquon29} 248 sxoqjouiuos tuonsa1g “u qwewoy9 Jonuos 19Mod Jeuly WuOtUNNSu! ps0da4-oINSvOW D1U0N199}9 JO “oBues ainssoud s0ydiy oy “pasinbas st worsks ofesors-Kx9A0001 ¥ pul nN ‘oud9]2-2}4oN}99)9 ‘oneunoud soy 9q Kew “fonuos 10 BuLs>10 “esmdeyp jo unis Yong “oaisuaixe £qsp ee SWBISAS TOMLNOO GNV NOLLVINGWMLSNIS.GaY——*D sushin.s@gmail.com8 __REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS bly of linked components wit ood example; mechani systems within a body-ch: put and a related output that system (transfer function G). a boundary. The trical, control and = GO, ‘The boundary, represented as a’ ‘complex system which need not be systems, A system must have input, process, output, and in most systems a source of power and a means of control. system phenomena behave ice. are analogues of each other. Two examples a storage vessel and electrical charge loss from a cay Rate of change of pressure a pressure Rate of change of charge ot voltage INTRODUCTION 9 ive, Rate of change of variable x =~ kx ax Seek a A solution, where C is the x value when time is zero, is: wate Voltage (or current phenomena. The continuous represe MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCOMPUTERS First generation computers (approx. room size) were often, same capacity, replaced by up a working computer. ‘Semi-conductor and metal oxide silicon (MOS) - random ‘access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM) are utilised for both CPU and logic system uP.-twstueysou ayn o1uy paresodioout 2q we uoH oy Yur] 2111e9UI-1g v {SISNONWHL RGLSAS GTI -Azoroeysnes uayo are sadéi uorssowun pened fowmnooe mo] ffaane[as rep os pasinbas st onuasagfip asnyesoduioy ‘quo soseo Aueu! Ul “pasn st uoneoyRuBeM puE pasnojoo st piny 2p wow fjqersodso “areunose rsou ae sodA UOISsOWIU! [OL 9.961~ 0} pasm 99 wo auentiod pur (euanjor 20) 3,02 01 .08- a8ues ay ut pasn st joyooyy ‘pasinbau osye st ssep8 yeioads ‘aunssaid suaydsoune 18 3.09¢ inoge st unosaws Jo wjod BusJ10q amp se paonposiut st aunssaud uty ve se8 our ue saumesoduot 124814 24 104 “3,009 noge 01 (wuiod Burz904) si) D,8¢- wos pasn aq urs KanDioWy WSLBWOWMAHL SSYTO NI GION 5 AMLINOWAHL TWOINVHOAN 19 * seamesedury ‘swanixe 01 parejas sonbruysar jerseds Jo uonesapisuo> oy oF 40 sprepueis ainjosqe 01 poridde s1 uones9pisuos ON “AnrowouLoY Jo sioadse jeonovsd ay YrtM pousesuod si soideyo sty LNSWAUNSVAW FAN AadWaL I aalaWH ‘dort 10 sajjonuoo poweorpap v wos ‘sdiyo woddns yay ue 1 worsKs ¥ awwato 0} jfont Aq psn ag rouued ‘synas}9 [onU09 pue sio1s831 40 sas snjd sun o¢80} spounpue Jo Supsisuoo ‘af om aUAA rn ‘SWALSXS TOULNOD GNV NOLLVINGMMUSNIS.GERY OT12__ REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘A common type of liquid filled system utilises mercury in steel sich can be pressurised for high temperature duty te 600°C. Such devices are most useful for remote sensing and telometerig mentation panel. Capillary bore is ab le is generally Linear but ion must allow ‘on. Power is sufficient for pointer, pen or transducer operation, ‘Vapour pressure th "fmometers commonly use freon, alcohol or the system as liquid, and the remainder is "ment of Vapour pressure gives an indication of liquid surface temperature and ~50°C to 260°C, wi temperature of th ‘BLMETALLIC THERMOMETER Ate Principle of operation of bi-metallic devices is that of ditferential expansion of two different materials rigidly joined ipet, One onthe other as a strip ofb-metallic material, Figure al design usually employed between 40°C *C. Invar (36% Ni, 64% Fe) has a low coefficient of Sxpansion and when welded to a NicMo alloy gives a good be, s or uncoils with temperature variation one end is fixed the movement rotates shaft and pointer ‘The range of the instrument is fixed by the materials used STgPPER STEEL TUBE siaFT \ BI-HETAL com Fig. 1.1. MECHANICAL TYPE THERMOMETER (BLMETALLIC TYPE) ELECTRICAL THERMOMETRY RESISTANCE THERMOMETER ‘The electrical resistance of a metal varies with temperature and this relationship is usually expressed as py = po (1 + a8) where pg is the specific resistance at temperature @°C ois the specific resistance at temperature 0°C is a constant which depends upon the metal and is called the emperatre coeficient of renance Figure 1.2 shows dieprammaiesily a resistance typeof temperat suring unit using the well known Wheatstone 'r fy is a variable resistance used for balance balance we have: Rien | Ryer Rien Rar 1's the resistance of each of the wires and since each wie will be subjected to the same temperature variation along its length their resistances will always be equal When the temperature detect temperature alteration its resistance upset. By using the variable resistor 7, (ie-galvanometer read‘saqoad se 51 10 “suswoduene [2 42412801 posn 99 pinoo si2yseie juuzoyt Jo adeys 19ysems y 218 01 Ss8/3 yun porwoo 24 ‘Kew Aiquuasse 2104 2 yt Ur poppaque cjwuly axe ede uur ¢z-9 moge sa1iM sorstusoMp Jo plosdiyfa ue smoys p°] andi “pasisap se paonposd 9q uno sadeys saysem pue sasip “speag ‘spou IY os paijoslU0> 2q wee uonesnsJuos pue oz1s 941 “wntuPsN 10 uo4! ‘4eddo> ‘yjeqoo ‘joxotu ‘asoueSuews sv yons saprxo oyjeiow jo saumixtu sapmod (unsaid Jepun Suneoy “o1) Suuoiuis Xq pasmoeynuowt ‘ue Kays ‘s]euateur unronpuoo-tu9s Jo apewl aie suoisIUayL SOUSIUSLOVUVHO SUNLVEZAWAL-SONVISISH CL ‘Oy = 2 sunneasanaL ‘S¥o1ononoo-nas: = GS oT WISEHE TUDES (ET B1y 298) situn wrruewe3 padop pur suoysts@u woqsed axe Ks0#1e9 ‘seaioap s0ueIs|sar © J0 91 yeu! Sunonpuod-1W9s Jo apew swueWo|2 BU 91 JO $SB]9 puodds SuowR a1 (4OUSISA BALLISNAS ATIVIWHD WOLSIMWSEL “spoyrou ouiawonusiod 10 se8piq Jo[fonyy 40 utaloy “suorsiEay £q st wouraunswour :Aoeunooe J94) S94 2589 YOIYM UF gO He SWIYO OO] 4 Ajpensn quowey® wnuneld ayy, ‘sssoydsoune 0021 01 pasn axe wnyeiue puv wnuspqKiow }0Z 01 D.001- a8ues ayy us pasn ase asym, wati9|9 23m Suysuas 2]qenINs sow ox) St pesado 10 posn JerewoUNOID HOI 241 ‘9,005 a40ge ZunBIado siuoWNNSU Seas osnIBsodulai 404 pasn st so1owoIKd 491 ay, ‘weIUEIsuOD St qwowrazinbos siya sqsiny Ajzeou Yor [row y “oummesaduiay yar ‘tea 10U s2op aouersiso1 28oym [EaUI E Jo apeU aq 01 aABy pInom “soueisises Suuunseaw ainyesoduiay ays wosy sede ‘sooueysisor 2u) suontpuo aimesadwar wetquie Jo iuoWosnseou ay 404 ;pasinbas 2q pinom np Suipeas aunyesoduioy uailY Poylou 20uB]Eq {4 4 aoueisisau a1qeusea ou aseo si ‘2y1 oa18 wea so1suoueared ays * UBLIWOWUSHL IONVISISIY 7181 3mm vaio YaHWOs amva> no nn SSR tS a 1 nana ents be aT {INSWSUASVaW TUALLY ABEL SWALSAS TOWLNOO GNV NOLLVINEWMLSNIS.GaTa OT16__REED’S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FRERUBIOn waremas upenpeD SHER TBR Marea, ine! wines ABOUT OFS imm Aran peorecrve GEASS Corn Fig. 1.4 THERMISTOR BEAD Advantages of themisors: (1) Relatively small nd compat, the bead arrangement shown could have a diameter upto 25 mm witha resistance op ween 100 megohms. Sup to about (2) Low specific heat, hence the thermi much heat away, F does not take very (3) Physically strong and rugged. of resistance, it (5) They can be used for extremely low temperature ‘Measurement with great accuracy. ‘The mathematical r ship for thermistors is given by, Pe = poh (1/0 — 1/04) where: Peis the specific resistance at temperature @ ‘is the specific resistance at temperature 8 Bis a constant which depends upon the material used Construction (8 = 4000). The characteristic is shor The large negative temperature coefficient of re rmistors may be explained by considering the m trons available for carrying current. ‘trons are available at low temperatures but as the ‘emperature increases the kinetic energy of the electrons increases aerate ‘TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT n and this enables them to move from inner tightly bound orbitals to the outer conduction bands of the atom. With more free electrons available to carry current the resistance to current flow reduces. In metals, where there are many free electrons, increase in temperature leads to “traffic jams" of electrons hence the resist- ance to current flo ‘The very high se small size, high energy and rapid response makes thermistors very useful detecting devices particularly for use in computers and scanner installations. Range js 100°C to 300°C but special compositions can extend this much further, a8 high as 1600% ‘mass can lead to self ty and exponential ty must_ be carefully watched. The ly replaces the resistance element on one limb of a the measuring unit. bridge circui ‘THERMOCOUPLE ‘Whenever the junctions formed of two dissimilar homogeneous are exposed t0 a temperature difference, an emf wi -d which is dependent on that temperature difference, on the temperature level and the mat Peltier and Thomson. The two materials, usually metals, form the thermocouple. Figure 1.5 shows a thermocouple consisting of two wires, one are maintained third wire BC I. the’hot junction and B with C will form the cold junction. C wires AB and AC shown as iron and constantan respectively can1ENOOOWUSHL IINOULDTT sis 2 aaneiedua) 42410 404 X NBD 40} $1 A “DefA 10 Su inooou3 2 Ue smoys 9°1 “Big “s9pi0 SuIystUrUNIp Jo siueisuoa aue q * “g “y pur auniezaduiay ay st g 104m +:9d +10 +0a+V=9 so} ut Jo uorssaidya ue 4 uoat® Ajqensn st poresoued jwo ou 3.001 tunpows aor smd wnuneyd-winuneta Souedwioo you DofAMSOO 01 dn ajdnoa (Iv 2 IN wpe) Fou osyo © wilm pasn St ajdnoo uRIueIsuoD 19) 4409 IN HOP ® Bulag umUEIsUOD ‘Dn0SE woge 01 dn pasn st ajdnos (=) uenesuoD (+) saddoo ‘y “poduene 40 sovaw aresedas Aq e815 neworry “Anoede> yewoan 28:e] estou! 30 woo! rontvoo pauorpuos se He 8009 KIqeuoseas 2g pynom aunresodwat unesuadwio> paqiea vaya (1 pasn uzag ancy sojdn sOIstUuayt © 0} D6/AW st juia o8es94y “5, ‘wes oy Jo ae SuOVeOIpUL 2Ip 01 D pur lwouy saat ayy J! Uonounf poo eur awosaq uay? pInoD J WIS AU Pur [TeWS 2q PInom suoHoUNf pjoo PLE oy ayy usemioq souatoysip aunveredusor oyp reyp UeaUE {NOM SILL TuoUuoHTAUS 241 0} anp sunresodwion YsIY Aqoaneyos € 18 9q Kew 1 pur g uonount pjoo ey) warsAs ejdnosouayp feared © UL a INAWSUASVaW PUNLVWTANAL Spec etme owvsiant 2am wetSNoo ain oo jo opmu og pao pu san ates apr 129 iain pinom 4 atm on aotndo jo ates won spuadepaoreus “sc poe sjsu snows joa SWAISAS 10WLNOO ONY NOLLVINGNMUISNI SORRY BT com mal20_ REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS RADIATION PYROMETRY. When temper: are above the practical range of thermocouples, or the “target” is not accessible, or an average pomberature of a large surface is required then radiation lly based on black body tzmann and Planck with for variation from the ideal OPTICAL PYROMETER Referring to Fig. 1.7: Sis the source and rays enter ter passing through the lens, aperture and absorpio [amp is electric and current and voltage are measured at G Rays Jeaving L pass through a red filter, lens and aperture wo eye E, an Fig. 17 OPTICAL PYROMETER The device is often known as a disappearit Both vaeuad, and reference, the latter being the filament of a smal) the lam anb, te observed through the microscope. The power te PIs adjusted until the reference source just disappears ibrated to give a temperature reading factors apply for the filters used and the Pyrometer as only a narrow band of sed. Radiation pyrometry is 'y useful for furnace, molten metal, process control, ete n of temperature. ‘TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 21 {OTO-ELECTRIC PYROMETER There are three types of photo-electic ce emissive, the photo-conductive and the photo-volt the photo- latter is it ilicon son p-type silicon layered on tomes csp. The emf generated is measured, after nometer or se balancing potentiometer ected aos the p-type andthe backing. ‘Such pyometers are best suited to metsurng small radation soures and are stable and accurate with very quick response time which makes them very suitable for distance remove control systems “ian ofthe measuring devices for temperate considered previously, particularly electrical types, could also be cla telemetering or trans over a considerable ecording oF display station. This applies in many cases to other such devices in the following chapters. The detecting element (sensor) is inherently a transducer in operation for many instrument units s@gmail.com sushin..(3enL 9) wBLaWONVW MALY Ez "SE waa aiawsony] sees! LNAWAYNSVAW TUNSSAYd 7 WalaVHO YALAWONVI wALV A ‘aidnosowoWp v Sulcojdus worsés Suunseow sunieseduiar © oquuosap pue yoro4s. “p “98puq ouorste oy 44 24 Suneompuy oxAap & Yons 40) wINasID aM YOIONS. Aue 40 sootaop Suyydus 2919 JO sinoss9 uw) peXojdwo ase sys0mI0U UM, MOY JO UoHeULIdxs pouosea: ¥ oAID “¢ ‘wontonnsuoo ut pasn syesoreu in pu ues ammyesoduroyyeasn 249 a1eig “aouesstp stout w 3 ammyesodioy Surpeas 405 pasn wownnsuy feoursoja ue aquosop pur yorays “Z “pasn axe Kop auoym ue parenpesd are Coq moy areig “o1Aap Suunsvou simpesodusay 4J0 sodda oanp ‘soyoroys ojduns jo pre au qium ‘equusseq “T 1 SU1aWVxa Isa es ‘SWALSKS 10ULNOO GN NOLLVINGAMULSNI SG EE sushin.s@gmail.com24_REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Note: 1 m? of fresh water oan Of fresh water has a mass of 1 Mg and weighs 10° x Hence 11m offesh water exer a pressure of 10° 8 8 pressure of 10? x 981, Nin of fies water exer a pressure of 981 Nin therein ec i herefore equivalent 20381 Toe 01862 kWh, above sik ars Ove 1! iorizontal and the longer scal 1 loitgives even smaller diferent presueeathgg el MERCURY MANOMETER ‘A mercury manometer of the well ype is shown in Fig. 22 loseHeRe ge raINNs uuu Pua fepsssyne Source Fig. 22 MERCURY MANOMETER (WELL TYPE) PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 25 This instrument measures pressures of a higher order than that, measured by the water manometer, such as scavenge or super- pressure for IC engines. The uniform bore glass tube iameter so that when mercury is displiced fr ccan be neglected. Hence the pressure reading is indicted directly y the level of the mercury in the glass tube. The relative density of mercury is 13-6 hence 1 mm of mercury is equivalent to a x 13-6 N/m2, ie. 134N/m? or O-134kN/m?, ie Vacuum gauge (kenotometer) w! combined barometer and manometer with the scale on hand side calibrated in absolute pressure. MERCURY BAROMETER A sketch would be similar to Fig. 2.2 but with the top of the glass tube sealed at a vacuum and the pressure source would be the atmosphere. If we assume the atmospheric pressure is supporting a column cof mercury 760 mm in the tube, then: atmospheric pressure = 760 x 0-134 = 102 kN/m? =1-02 x 10° Nim? 02 bar For an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm the equivalent water barometer would be 760 x I The value of the atmospheric pressure vari climatic conditions hence to ascertain true absol barometer reading should be taken at the same time as a gauge pressure is taken, If for example we wish to obtain the absolute pressure in a ‘condenser and the readings were: ‘condenser gauge reading 742 mm barometer gauge reading 762 mm then, condenser pressure = (762 ~ 742) x 0-134 = 268 kNém?(9 sadeys, sn 208 sop weap aus ygnoy Baan ann Seno) me (QiaddVH9S) ZONVO TUNSSTYd ‘uu featd2}2 10 oHeuINeUd ut speUsIS indino Area 01 Ss9|[osIUOD ue sizonpsuest ut posn Ajwwonbayy st iuauoxows uopinog 24, Noaunog- 30nvo (WnnovA HO) suNSsaud yz "bY sayn0s avhge5gs yeW NOUDaS “onsejd so sseq a0 2200 ‘ano af po 2098 pan 205 om = er aad said oJ oo suns 30 oe 0404 Uneip ps ave se nyo Wononasuo au porn SHEN a {INAWGUNSVAN TUSSI “YC Bia UnoYs 5 yoHeYS oneMURTEIP Y -amssoud 2ueydsoune mojeq 10 axoge sounssaid Zunseau x0) afquiins SIL JoWwod oy 01 pannusuEn Ede st uonoW asvaisap aunssaid & 0} patsafqns mnsvatH) 2808 pur ruespenb “OBE Jeiujod ofe8 ayy os panmusuess st woniow a4 put ino owurens 40 purwun or spuot 1 aseaiout amnssaud w 03 patoofqns 51 2gm 941 UoqAA “soso aunssoxd am o} ss019 uy Teonadie-usos s1 yorym aqm siqy, “Guowiofa Bumpoorop) duouodwios Suryiom jedioutsd syn sp aq (Nocuno® sonvo munssau “seiujod waunisur ain 0} panqwsuen st uonou sepuls ‘sosvaioop aunssaid ouaydsoune J1 spremdn uonsolgop sosnt> Suuids ow pur sosvasour aunssasd ojaydsoune 31 spiemumop sioatsep J9pur{Xo pare8nis09 ays Jo aniue ayy, “11 asde}jo9 oy udsoune oy1 Jo aunssoud ain sou2y porenseAo fjaiaqdw09 K9 paresnsios ayy “(susuel2 Surmnseow) aseo pur 1uds |o1s v ‘yeuarew! JejIWHIS JayI0 10 1919 Bunsa19p) sopuryé> pareSnss09 oO “EZ “Bly UF UmoYs st JorouIONEG pioioue ayy, WaLSNOUVa GlOWaNY ¥BLBWOUVE IOUINY ©2814 Lazivaoenay wa0unis Oyo, wid SWRISAS TOWLNOD CONV NOLLVINGWNUISNI Samu ~OT28 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CELL (DP CELL) The sketch of Fig. 2.5 illustrates a differ RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS {aay Flg.2.6 PRESSURE (OR VACUUM) GAUGE — SCHAFFER Pressure recording as w. The detecting clement ofthe whos : ‘chanical movement is used icate or (OF pneumatic signal output. Low pressure - OIsPLaceMent StenatceMent Fig.2.6 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 29 ‘As an alternative to a one membrane diaphragm a sealed ‘capsule (twin membrane) can be inserted in the cell body and capsule can be ‘wide temperature such a fluid, Again mechi proportional to differential pressure. Capsule stacks are also used. ‘Another type of d/p cell utilises two separate bellows. Such a design, often called a Barton cell, is shown in Fig. 2.6. Refer now to this sketch. to flat plate springs. Equilibrium exists when spring force tial pressure. Mechanical travel is via the flexure strip, lower seal diaphragm and vertical spindles to indicator or transducer. A bi-metallic strip adjusts bellows fluid capacity to allow for volumetric expansion. This device is shown dotted hand bellows. The bellows are often made of cs and inner faces butt if excess pressure is applied, so protecting the bellows. PIEZOELECTRIC DETECTING ELEMENT (SENSOR) \n of the crystal produces equal ric charges on the opposite faces of the of the crystal can be caused by pressure and the charges produced can be measured by means of electrodes Barium titanate, a ceramic produced commercially, is also used but tourmaline is principally used because of its good electrical properties. The output voltage from tourmaline erystal, act detecting element (sensor) and transducer, the pressure applied and the charge sensi is approximately 2;paresodioout '2q uvo doo} a11m Sunesuadusos puosas e oo se yons ‘as uewsy> (SuIsues we pos 20105 ‘yp 01 Kpoemp pauoisey 2q we> 1UDUH Sor ieaap posi "67 Buy ur umoys st uBIsap fwordAa 19859 st one uresis papuogun ay, suas f[otwauIxo st pur [fous £394 99 WED {ory soronpuoo-r9s uooms padop w 10 dw st aatrewsarye soynOUy “sanbiuypor winouto paruuad 2utsn (Yop jeIoW UNI WOX} payoio st pL ‘yn ar9yy 24K) [0p aMp st BAneusarje 2uQ “paplam rods 40 paapIos ‘ae saatm "S91 Japun sovjins 941 01 pany S| Yay anseid 40 wIsas ‘aaded se yons jwuatew Suryoeq v 01 pax s} a1Nm a4 “oULIO) B UO puv sosuas aunssaid & ge JO 231m oansisas w KyyeuauTEpUNy st a8ned uN gonvo NIVIAS WOSN3S ONMLOsTIOZaId B'S [ iirig SunguiONGEIS t = 7 so50 = awtienok 7 NOUV INN }—aurre I INAWaUNSVaW gUNSSIA ‘sBurpuooas otnow 29 wee wonestaRod uw! soBueys SursneD st 'solo9]9-0439y sv Yons speHareur Jo uo 941 Jo asn soyew + SWASANO OWUOTBOZIIE ez “Oly SW SWS TWIN W EWI ee su a [=] TrSH2.1y 40 ound SOGeES Soda SAS SaaS uuno} Burs Jostas 213199]90701 8°F aunty "warshs aiqeis asour v st aouay pu sinned gonPes uswo8uesse [alresed ay: seoioym portdde aunssoud oure imo 394814 v soa juaweduesre So19s ayy,“ “aunss 3AI9 SOS L°7 ONS, i 01 UEWA SuoHTetZBa sunssaud 01 pots aso st weseduo1 poqjonuoo Jepun pasn 9q £1u0 prnoys 2H? atsisajs0u4d 811-27) aBueyo amnmesedusay 948 syouqmesp A[Uo ou “309 08 01 sse1d 405 pasn 99 we9 1 “sea/qUHo{nod yt x £01 wos Suthsea s SHALLSAS TOMLNOD GNV NOLLVINGMMMLSNIS.GEaH OE E 8 = & & .32_ RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS UTATIONAND CONTROL SYSTEMS ines 10 MEASURING ELEMENT DupHeaca with Sia eat arracnee Ue The measui ly a transducer, i. displacement-electrical.. ‘TEST EXAMPLES 2 1, Sketch and brieft device, 2. Sketch and dese Wy describe three types of pressure measuring &. Explain the operation of a foil strain gauge and describe a bridge method to achieve an output voltage proportional to the ain, CHAPTER 3 LEVEL MEASUREMENT Liquid level sensors are usually classified under two headings, i.e. direct methods and inferential methods. DIRECT METHODS FLOAT OPERATED is generally a hollow cylinder or ball working on arranged to operate a contact arm over an electrical resistance so varying current or voltage to indicator or receiver. PROBE ELEMENTS. Floatless types of level sensors can be arranged where the liquid is a conductor. 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The lower portion of the U tube contains a (Fed) coloured indicating uid which does not mix with water and has a density greater than that of water, re CAuilibrium condition for the gauge is 1 = h + px where p is the relative density of the indicating fluid. H, h and x are variables, Ifthe water level in the boiler falls, h will be reduced, x will be increased and H must therefore be increased. The lev e water in the condenser reservoir being maintained by condensing boiler rises, 4 will be increased, x will pe reduced and H must therefore be reduced. Water will therefore flow over the weir in the condenser reservoir in order to maintain d behind the gauge which increases the (red) indicating fluid, which enables the operator {0 observe at a glance, from a considerable distance, whether the gauge is full or empty, LEVEL MEASUREMENT 37 wotcaring ELuio OF ReLAINE: Bens e Fig.33 IGEMA REMOTE WATER LEVEL INDICATOR Figure 3.4 is another type of remote water leve this case the operating fluid is the boiler ifference across the causing the Stig eis oer mon fe apg transmitted by means of a linkage arrangement (see insert) to 1 shutter which in turn moves down pivoting about its hinge, ‘causing an increase in the amount of (red) colour and a decrease in the amount of (blue) colour seen at the glass gauge.‘pSso4 o8es01s amp Jo apis aysoddo 24) uo sorsatap e Xq da payoid st uoneipes eurures YoIyA ‘wouy aounos duns oansvorpes papjaiys © axey sun 21u02/amy Aq pamsvow 248 s20yoe om wey OS UE) ay2 BAoge perEoO] auB (s]¥IS4I9 aunoops-ozard Suysyin) saxrooas pue JanUIsUEN sIuosUy~N UY S2DIAaq DINOTIOAN ANY SINOSVALTA YOLVOIONI 13031 HOLVONSINNANG eS eo S sndggg . wia30 "que 2y1 ut pinbyj Jo yidap a4p 01 peuorodosd Anoaup st yoqya aunssoud ancy ym quer ogy ut adid po —-------4 € {INSWSUNSVEW TEAST ‘zaue] 241 40) pasn 94, i Wuara4)IP © se Yans “seonpsueN iwoWod"}dsIp we pue souioy aiqenins £194 9q pinom 1129 d/p y “paBueae Aypeos st sronusuen jeotns9j9 40 sneunaud Kq Bupsorowisfo Alsaneuiorly vondsoes pur uotssywisuen usemieg sourisip 94 puarxe 01 swrarsKs uolstaaqar Paso[o q pansasqo Su1oq 40 aigedvo ose axe ye pur ¢'¢ sty ur umoys s2otKap ylog, 80d st J9410q a4p 01 Kti2aNIp pany a¥ned so1Em Sse ® Jo Burpeas 241 01 uonejas uy pueg pur sonnys ax jo Suruonisod 1991109 20u94} [pe 9q 01 peo] wEeyderp 2y1 21qeU 01 poy PImoo ‘souuoysu ‘sino]00 om ai jo uonesed ounsIP v Buya18 “sannys oun WLM S9AOW Yorn a aon 9800] ¥ 8 “2oueisip alqesapisuoa v wos uoas 94 fo aanounyp 2ue yoru “sunojo0 (pau) pur (ania) a aseasout (2n/g) 249 pute paonpas i (pad) at way S98 mow Ja4aq Ja1em 241 JF et poorssapun <|sE9}9 9q {IU 1 UOLVOIONI 13/31 UBLVM 3LONSY ve 61g ‘Sanwa Sunes tL ‘SWALSKS 1OWLNOO ONY NOLLVINEMMISNI SGU «OE40_ REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS A EREATIRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘TEST EXAMPLES 3 1. Sketch and describe a distant-reading boiler water level gauge, Explain its principle of operation. oe Give two ways in which the gauge would give incorrect readings. the routine maintenance necessary to ensure maximum at all times, . 2. Sketch and describe any type of level sensor. Discuss the ‘modifications necessary to utilise the device a8 a transmitter in a telemetering system, 3. Describe, with a sketch, an instrument used to indicate the level of liquid in a tank. Can the result be used to determine pressure above a given datum an, is, stat the oer vrais ely fo be involved. ely 4. Describe the arrangement of an air purge tank contents system, CHAPTER 4 FLOW MEASUREMENT Many of the techniques utilised in flow measurement employ principles also used in pressure and level measurements. BASIC PRINCIPLES Flowmeters are generally divided into two fundamental types, ie. quantity meters and rate of flow meters, use of the word flowmeter generally implies the latter. (QUANTITY METERS, ‘These devices measure the quan fe a conventional engine wi power. Stroke length and yy delivered per cycle. Semi rotary. A form of gear pump, or eccer ccan be used which is driven by the fluid. Qu ‘number of rotations (cycles) and fluid per cycle. RATE OF FLOW METERS Measure the velocity of fluid passing a certain point at a given instant. From this rate of flow (quantity per unit time) can be determined from velocity multiplied by area of passage. They are therefore classified as inferential, i.e. volume inferred from velocity. 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Consider Fig the left-hand rotor is fully relieved from load liquid pressure acts on one side of the right-hand rotor RUE SES AEF CAP ER HAGNET peRMANeNT Maener cOuPLING Ye utgoING SHAFT OF RoronwereR Fig. 4.1. FLOWMETER (MECHANICAL) FLOW MEASUREMENT 45 in clockwise direction. Since both through gears, the left-hand rotor will . which means that itis leave the meter. avoiding any damage Although the torque 10“yonuos 40 Suproyouropan ‘3 Jaua]9 Asepuos9s au) £q pi SINSWAT ANY AYNSSAYd TWILNAASLIG-TVLLNAUSINT waLaWvLON Ev 8 ‘want ssvro- anes now soe 1 wonduasap Jo9 10U soop od siqy YaLEWVLOW (vomioa7a) waLaWMOW ZB pags ‘sounsyIp fenuaiod v Sunes2U28 proxy Joronpuod Buysous v Jo 1 wy sayaumoyf sneuSou-ous22q3 “sured Surnow ou sey poquosap ou UUBisop ayy, ‘ores Moly ut pareiqyteD sazowOYse eNISIP ¥ UO parunoD ow ‘INSNSUNSVEW MOTE SWAISAS TOWLNOO GNV NOLVINGWMLSNI Say —~OF sushin.s@gmail.com48___ RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Using the venturi flow sensor as an example th sor a8 an example the theor involved is as fol ‘ , ‘stoning 5 and energy at points 1 and 2 being the DRIFICe PLATE ENA conrraca — OO [|= a, Fig. 44 FLOW SENSORS neglecting friction and shock losses as small, then from for incompressible flow of fluid of density p: KEatl + PEatl = KE at2 + PEat2 Wve + pulp = tn + pip FLOW MEASUREMENT 49 where KE is kinetic and PE is pressure energy. ‘The equation for continuity of flow for area A is; WAr = vas where p is the pressure difference (p, — p;) and k is a meter constant in terms of areas and density which includes a discharge coefficient factor. Frictional losses are greater for orifice than for venturi meters. Seal pots protect sensor leads. .d, When manometers are used various ‘compensations can be used. The simple manometer can utilise a curved measuring limb and the well type manometer can be arranged with a shaped chamber or may include a parallel tube and. 1 shaped displacer. Other direct measuring devices utilise a cam incorporated in the mechanism, an example is the ring balance. In the electrical resistive sensor described in Chapter 3 (Fig. 3.2), when used for flow measurement, the electrode tips immersed in mercury are arranged in a parabolic curve with each other which gives the compensation. Three flow sensor square root extraction devices are now considered in more detail. ‘SQUARE ROOT EXTRACTORS Figure 4.5 is one type of square root extractor using a parabola which can be connected through linkage to |, pneumatic or electrical display and control systems.1941p 244, “(9 JerdeYD ur paquiosap se) souvjeq 20u04 [BOUL 19 Buisn anbiuyoor uonsesx9 100s areNbs v SMOYS Lp “Bt ‘2|]onuos 40 (19p10991) (OLYWNaNd) YOLOVELXS LOON 3UNDS 9¥ "61d penseaes PARANA 4 pais |. wana gig ony SNSASS ab U30u03S8 obatw nano ;outsd aoueyeq 0198419 100), jloue Jo yoroys oneuUURABeIp & St gp aNd “(9 sardeup ut paquosep Snswaroeseyo amp ‘ores mols ste/wreas BuN|jor1U0D 405 pk ue wears Suumnseaus Jo pasn st ao1sap v Yong “faq ay YIM ast 1 parsouuoo $1 s90/dsip ay “Joquieyo ayesedas © wt paBuesse $1 spoeidsip padeys v “padeys Sutoq (IVOINVHOaW) NOLDWULXa LOOU 3EYNDS SY Bis ance | cor ong] anssget a is INENGUNSVEW MOTE ‘SWALSKS 1OWLNOO GNV NOLLVINGWMUSNIS.CZY OF$2, REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FLOW MEASUREMENT 33 pressure, in electrical signal form represented as variable x input, is applied tothe lft hand side. With the force balance bears re rue rium the output signal is variable Vx: Variation input eet. signal, causing unbalance, can i —- | ie adjustment to ouput sg \ }, one method could be to conn T to difeential capacitor inthe Ou is closed loop but without elect detected signal and output measured sig system isa simple analogue computer ~ output canals be eas arranged for squaring, summing, etc, by suitable wiring combinations . ¢ FORCE BALANCE BEAM puereneaa, tities ps a sures 1 pe rs [} {7} —+ireur T wagner Fig. 47 SQUARE ROOT EXTRACTOR (ELECTRICAL) Figure 4.8 shows «wo arran, Units, each with square root ext the valves marked A, B and transmitter out of operation. This valve sequence w« to the electric system, With steam flow measurement, the pressure tappings from the flow sensor are led to cooling reservoirs wherein the steam condenses. Water only then acts on the square root el recorder thus preventing damage. ‘The pneumatic system would utilise square root shown in Fig. 4.6 (the technique shown in Fig. 4.5 cot used). ‘The electrical system can utilise mechanical movement (from a device such as Fig. 4.5) as shown to give square root extraction. ‘Variation of the position of the soft iron core of the inductor unit + orepenna peer eaten cota, Vases EE w0 / voce Sy SoHr SUPPLY Fig. 48 FLOW SENSORS/TRANSDUCERSjaua804oe ay) WOH) 28erI04 se pasn panouduu js indino wounxew Suiai3 os paods un 1 uns 01 poiwod sag st oyoer auy, ‘paads 01 jeuomodosd Aoaup 1 a8eyjon inding “pasinbas st poads jeuonieios asoym weys 240 Teuonusiuos ¥ uo pasnsvou st indino ay swiss Suunseaus ut s272woy201 q wanup soresoua8 uorstoaud jfewss & st sovesouoZOyDEI 2p 2ALL ‘MOLY WBNZDOHOVL-G33dS oso ‘sualjiduwe “sroy204 pue posn ul s1uos}291g “siveuodWOD fanbau) 248 1o}woLuatod wworuisa7s uauiaunseau aid mou axe sequin dB any soyqeisea sioideyo Surpaoaid SLNAWAYNS WAN YAHLO § WaLaVHO {qeuoruodoud ayer Moy aun ue wioned moy aup Burmoys wey of ‘uoneHeA ainssoud wrRys > “yeu84s indino josjuos 40 aunseaut 01 snsys1sesey> ou] 2101824 0} do1A2p ¥ aqQUOsap pu sonstoloEIEYO asap ssTOSIC] ‘SONSUDIDEIEYD JeOUI-UOU IqIyXS BuIsUas Ai}D0[9% 40} sonbyUyDOH ainssaid jenuasoyjip Sujsn soo1Aap so}owmMOLs JeNUDLa;UT “E wous 2341p Keus smesedde siyp Sutsn poureigo synsas Kya ‘adid e ysnomp Moy weais Suyznseous yo poyrous ay aquosop pue snrexedde ay ys194s “1 » SATAWVXS LSA ‘sunsvau 2jdwes oy 403 pauinbas st uorveipes Bursiuot asureBe uoroai0sd [eUON “s9ps0905 © ue s3019219p Om Kq ‘siuiod oma uaam9q ‘2uunjoa UAOUY v 405 ‘aun MOY 241 aUNsEDLE OY 22081 2annovorpes v Kojdute sodét 40zjanyy mnbax $1 uonesqHTE) yied jexouerp NIJ B41 Jo ArID0[9A 9y1 OF peUONOdosd SF YoIUN “pinyy ou ur Au1s0f9A punos waxedde sunseous 0} souNN J9A19991 pur somuisueN s018]11950 Ue asyINIA sIDIOWMOY) 21UOSD.I1/) SINOaTONN ANY SINOSVYLTA ‘hy UF UMOYs sootAap [eotIZa[2 WOIs WayEL 99 uED J9YHIdUIE oy 01 sqoudis oonp Ajoanewonty “sayridure ox on jeusts dino wWoA08 SWAISAS TOMINOD GNV NOLLVINEWMISNIS.CaR PS56_REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (OTHER MEASUREMENTS, 0 ‘As the (ferrous) toothed wheel rotates each tooth alters the air gap and flux in a pick up coil (P) whose output pulses are amplified (A). Pulses pass through a timing gate (G), say one second opening period, and are counted on a digital counter (D) which scales (elated to teeth number per revolution) and displays as revolutions per second. Alternatively rev/min readings can be | arranged with different gate or scale, settings. ‘TORQUE-POWER Indicated power can be measured by a conventional mechanical indicator although modern practice is tending towards oscilloscope display with integration for power. Shaft power of 4 engines is measured by a torsionmeter in conjunction with a tachometer (power proportional to product of torque and output cutting of flux of supply winding so giving a signal proportional rotational speed; frequency and phase being that of input signal. The device can be used for rate of rotational speed). Specific fuel consumption is readily achieved change detection. With de supply at constant speed no emf is from these readings with a flowmeter ca induced in the output coils but angular acceleration or ' consumption. Various types of torsionmet decelerat induces a voltage proportional to this change in the ferentiation (rate a pyre UR w 51 U 3:99 a LE 3 s a “TeIp 240 01 wo 4 Buroq s9mod ay uous “5 poods & 0} parurew wou st [2U% dure Kue inoqiem 6 SINGWTUNSVaN WEHLO60__ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS SEARGUMP MGW PressuRe Low eressune Soetion SEE ohaection / CAPILLARY etc, detection as described later in Photo-emissive cells rely on the light energy providing energy ic cathode. caesium — electrons required has threshold wavelength in the ultra violet region so that visible light does not cause electron emission, Light energy comes in packages called photons and the energy of the photons is used in doing work to remove the electrons and {0 give the electrons kinetic energy after escape from the metal Figure 5.4 shows a simple photocel ‘metal cathode from which electrons OTHER MEASUREMENTS 61 caTHooe ELECTRONS. ANooe ok Fig.84 PHOTOCELL the anode and in this way create a potential V which can then be amplified and used for alarm and control, etc Tn the vacuum cell all current is carried by photo electrons 10 the positive anode. In the gé the gas, producing furt Fig.55 PHOTO-TRANSISTOR sushin.s@gmail.comYOLDaL30 ISIN WO aSvVOINVUD CS "BLd shun saa nnn i ce wos ‘Shoe supa anevisnray 1piod94 1eyD snonunuoD or par2ouU09 2q uesse 2q ueD Kusuep WOLDaL3O ALISNIG3NONS 9S "BLN ‘Hon 108 ine vauna o1 Song Shots 139 SESDONS. auuostg land vanuve asve os can NaN -oroyd © uoNeorput se# asneyxa pue SumUEM aly 10 YOLDALSG ALISNaG 3NOWS “soeyranut sosne> yorym di ean we wosy pus]oarm Buoj 01 pasodxe s: yBnonp Suyssed pint “(et pue ¢ suaidey ur paquosop poyrous aut 01 aanteusoyye UE se) 2ouyraIUt ‘souay “tuaLms aseq ay) SosearoUI o8vq 241 01 UO YB! WepIOU! fg UL UMOYS SF 991A9p SIU, “AnoWOYDE o ‘SINaETUASVAW WAHLLO SWGISAS TOWLNOO GNV NOLVINGWMUSNISGaTY 7964__ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ection points. density region has a pH SENSOR ‘The pH value of a sol the hydrogen ion conc cell consisting of two electrodes and a temperature sensor, pH value varies with temperature hence it is important that t d by means of a sensor/compensator. One is a reference electrode which has a between the buffer solution and the solution whose pH has to be measured (across the membrane). In this way the potential difference between the glass measuring electrode and reference electrode is a measure of the pH value of the solution. Electrodes, -nsor/compensator, are inserted in the fluid flow path, 5.8 shows the two types of electrode used in the HEAT GFIRE) DETECTOR Detector heads are generally one of three types. At a set heat increased alarm. A typical fie detection-alarm circuit is shown in Fig. 59. (OTHER MEASUREMENTS 65 \———scneenep cABLe INSULATING MATERIAL PLATINUM WIRE. =| nercury Lass POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION (SATURATED) Rae da PoRous PLUGS: tTiri?e 1 REFERENCE ELECTRODE Glass Stem SyER|SUVER CHLORIDE ELgEthooe. LBUEFER SOLUTION OF CONSTANT pH (ear on Kel THIN WALLED GLASS BULB (MEMBRANE) MEASURING ELECT Fig. 6.8 pH SENSOR-zascyeur 9plxolp uoqieo w pu 10s4feue UoBKO tue fjoweu pasapisuoo aq uxo sojduexe oanveruasasdos Om. ‘papioges Xtsnonuruos 2q 01 auinbet siuoulaunseaus Jo saquinu Janomoy] “pasn st snyeredde 1esi9 ue sisTeuE SEB POIIEOp JO SISATYNY S¥O sueyp sareanoe yotyes — soquieyp ajdures a4 tw aSueyo aBexjon pue aouersisas J0yBIy Ut syMsed STUY, “PastfennaU Apipeas age Aayp os s9jnoofour se [euou vey? pur AyInq afou axe pastuo! uoyM sajsnued uosnqWoD “sasn0s Surstuol aangeorpes © Suureru0d yoed “ojdutes Joqio au pue (218) ‘ouasajas uo ‘SJOqUIBYD BuIsIUOE Oma SEY UBISAP 941 “SBD Jo UO! ‘antsodxa Jo UL] s0mOT JO 4%,, PEBY OF POEL St [eos ayN ICH eg sqimisip stq “aunieraduar ur asvosou! o1 wuaureyy jasaad st sv antsojdxe 40 91qeUUeY fg yontms ayy “qing aq) Sunesado apy soeds Se ivadsns a1 wosy pafaeys mou st wownnsu 24, pauado mou st £5 yaiins Joays ayn q (g) Ksoneq wos 2iqeisnipe si aHexo, “0192 3 re 08 parsn{pe aq MoU WED dua Suppor arers Kpe YaUs YO-UD ise saqgn4 ata Buisn ssoydsoune a1p wos} 3TE YSOI} oseyo isity st [1°S “Big Ul pavexsnys wownasur yy WAISW NOLDALIC-NOISOTAXA SVD ‘snout lupe pue z0881n “(pouied poutuusorop-aid e Joy wesaid 9q 07 set ‘uty ‘Suurye asfej Jo souaprout astuutuU 03) uN Kejap aw e O1Ut uuayp "ZH Gz 08 pauM Sf YDIYM “JoyETdwE eanoaj—s amp Oru S08 {190 a1 wo4s [buts ayy, “1199 ax wodn pasno0} ag pue ssed 03 s&s in saULy/SUD| JOIIaIep oy Saye ue 498812 0} 1903 Siu jo 9peus st asn pu 2H Sz inoge Jo Kouenbaxs sayDHI onstOIDEITYD sey owe “soraap jo adAi pax eayur amp sarenisnqtt O1'S “Bt yoLDaLad nV a Do ‘SUNSWEUNSVAN WAHLO vOLDaL30 3WVIs OFS Bld Nt a7 aoe of ta ase owed rw Lingwio wavy ~ Nou9a130 3uld SovaH 90193130 N02 v wo una [araens SaKOUMS “ag JSuo.vgiou1 Onan gS weave ‘SWALSKS 1OWLNOD GN NOLLVINGWALSNI SCHR ‘BNE 9968 __REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS cygen analyser shown in Fig. 5.12, Fig. 6.12 OXYGEN ANALYSER Two platinum wire resistances are heated by ct centers the resi sushin.s@gmCT YBLAW ALiund UBLM OINOIO ¥L'S Sd _BN.VO3N OL 93123NN0D “Suisvo Win ND Lanuisod ons 3am Sou nee 36n1 ONLYIASN ‘ant onuvinsw ani onuvansnt -3AUv93N OL 93193409 ‘Suis Sein NAS sans 234-18 wolvenaen) auniveaen 9,07 01 parsa1i09 Ways jorw pue wun 28se] (yy, “uo] wo | puE Base [e ‘uo | Aanozow Jo ‘uuinjoo ® Jo oueianpuos 24) st eluojoyu! Aijanonpuod o1st20ds ajau und s210m 210014, who panjossip pue wawssasse pos paafossip Joy sa.aus Ajarranpuod Teownnsaja “2"1 *pasinbos fjuouuoD axe siuowiosnseous 40y10 fom, “Atsnoraid pazepisuoo uvaq sey Hd Jo quauramseau ou, SISATVNY YALVIS WaqUODRH ‘00 3dAL ALIAUINGNOD TWWUSHL €1'8:01d anandeeoy. Out 2199 onuvsnaano3 “gunvaanat WaIBROUNGION > OF of onuesnagid 0 -youonuatod oy9 £q, paunseau! s} quauino yeour9a}9 2ouBpEquN ax pUue UBIO OD UO uapuadap st 2oueyequn [wo1sDI> aBpuuq auorsteaY A 3UN STL, 3 ‘om: asoun pure ‘se pasaisiBat 24 1 auasaid axe osotp yeay, 0} [euOH jonpucD aUES yp Sey I] SE PEALE A sioiuo ofdunes oy oo ‘01 pausenuoo 2q ue yottie *20U05 ‘quowanour se2ut npuod yeuatp ayeusrxouddy + apinoud pu Kupruuny jo soBuey> auowo|9 seu ¥ €1°S “Bly on BusayO ‘ALUGINNH SALTS saskpour ‘OQ, ra ‘SINSNETUASVEN WSHLLO ‘SGISKS TOWLNOD GNV NOLLVINGWMISNISCaEY OL s@gmail.com72_ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (OTHER MEASUREMENTS. B r two water columns in paral rings and negative gunmetal operated by bi-metallic stri INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION. TESTING AND ADIUSTMENT. Generally a specialist subject. Pneumatic instruments would be tested by master gauge, standard manometer or deadweight Electrical instruments are tested by standard potentiometers, capacitors, etc. n (magnification) adjustment alters the slope ‘without changing base point or shape. This is effected by altering the drive linkage length ratios between primary element and indicator pointer. Hy BORPSENEERER pa’ cet SARMBER® Fig.5.15 DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER Fig. 5:16 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION AND ADJUSTMENT“anuso Jonuod 40 Buypuooas aun 18 pare20] soarooed oy Wats JoNIWSUEN w po|jes UaYJO UaIp st “seoNpsuEN fe Aifensn ‘Wujod aunseow ayy 18 29149 24, “29UEISIP 2IqBI2pISUO9 f sono vossrussuen JeusTs se pauLjap o4 Kew Suusroursfag dure pur ss0ye|1!250 21u03132q2 syesodsoouy usijo sisonpsueN Usspou! 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The flapper-nozzle is the basis ‘of many pneumatic mechanisms and the position (motion) balance is essentially a balance of positions (see Fig. 6.1). Lemans, eon race seme fee weut output ee SiRAL SiNAL Fig. 6.1. POSITION BALANCE TRANSDUCER (PNEUMATIC) ly equal increments of flapper e pressure range is ye near the nozzle of . Output signal pressure is proportional to ink travel and the device is adjustable by varying the TELEMETERING 1 Sd advantage of the flapper lever, i.e. altering the x dimension to the right or the left. A typical output pressure- flapper travel characteristic is included in Fig. 6.1. The device is obviously a displacement-air pressure transducer, displacement ‘variation from flow, level, etc. variables. A pneumatic relay can be fitted om the air input. bser 1 t Fig. 62 FORCE BALANCE TRANSOUCER (PNEUMATIC) FORCE-BALANCE TRANSDUCER (PNEUMATIC) equal and opposite forces fs of the position-balance , the flapper is a constrained bar pivoted advantage and thus changes proportion of input to output change). Bellows have equal effective area. With the device in equilibrium assume an increase in measured signal pressure which produce a net up force and clockwise torque on the b: flapper movement towards the nozzle wi increased output pressure in the feedback bellows produce anti-clockwise torque, to balance the actuating torque, and at thisBOMOSNYLL ZONVISISIY LOVINOD TTBVIEVA ¥9°Skd , S04, Soo WBONOSNYYL OUWWNINEOULISTS 8S inant e i \_f— I t i I 1 I I ibaa nanan | onan ae 8 "nous 9a ‘sa}awones [09-omu & st sty, JoNIWSuEN ay: jo sounsisas oF <[uo jeuoriodosd st usew wauewiod Du UIA Ja1au By Jo WoRDAyOp 1 q parsoyap ssou9 @ pur (2% Aqddns wos) pasta ‘jddns 30 1u2puada Suint8 ayzzou ox uo tou e S| afoy) 0s s91B048 $1 90105 aod § 2y1 Jo WUE TUSWOW ay, “MoWou 2s1m00]2-nue Ue Suonposd UMP aAOw IIIa is YOatd aq Inoge WoWOW asimyD0J9 & donpoId jod oyun se dn aAow {11m 9]0d g uy, “A/BuIps0098 sainssaud aoeydsia Wea Aue or anp aq Ae od b s} sane] a4 ‘2I0WIaL 40 K1]8001 uowainseau yt au 19 “Big ul UMOUS faze sadki omy “Atddns 2881104 pasi|iqeis wersuoo v 40} pou ‘yp pte 2oueysisou uooauUOD 2uLK ut SuONEITEA ‘swa;qoud 19EIU09 ‘01 anp asn ut parouseu st aotAap au, “soueIstsOH uINOstD [eOLNDaI9 Sol8A UORIauUOD UOUI9|2 SulsNseoW oY Jo 1U9UIOAOU queyoou ay ABonpsuBs Jo wo} Ajse2 pue ajduns sty UT ‘WBONASNVL GONVASIST TTEVPEVA 2seaiout [IJ sajod aimreuue 241 Jo yiSuans omy ‘tuaLINS azmeULTE ‘ut aseas0U! ue Jopisuod “IuaLIND 9p e Aq parfoxe uoym aimeUuE luv sv Sio 19uSew juuEULZed oy) Jo sojod ay UBeMI9q pur inbo 1e (g) 2010} sMoyjaq snewnoud ‘ypiya (q) 20403 ajqeuiea © sonposd spjnouto st 309 ou, “WH spegpee} 2yn £q paouryeq (03 so1ou! anbio1 e sasneo w “(jonsn $1 9p Yu OS-O1) 1aLIND Jo oIquLsEA 2ourjeq 20103 241 UO paseg st ¢°9 “BI UI UMoYS >YWAONGSNVAL DLLVNNSNG OWLIETE “souryoedeo pus aouvionput “soueistsas ojqeisea Xoureu sianaAuoD ‘ourjeq (uonow) uontsod Jo sojdurexe sastp 1814 J9pIstoy ‘9q Kew Kejau y “toonpsuen amssaxd ‘ueSy -pasossay sj umugytmnbo rod SYALLINSNVYL TVORLOATE o ONRESLAWETEL ‘SHAISKS 10WLNOO GNV NOLLVINANAMISNI SCHL BL80 _ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (OTHER RESISTANCE SYSTEMS ‘The Wheatstone bridge principle is used in many cases, both de . The bridge together flux path between coils. The primary ac voltage uges and as the two secondary windings are in ‘magnitude and ‘Soureerentat, PRANGFORMER AMPLIFIER ToT oureut Fig. 6.5. VARIABLE INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCER ‘TELEMETERIN 6 81 ‘VARIABLE CAPACITANCE TRANSDUCER ‘The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given byWONOSNYULINSHUNT-BOVIIOA 93H Eee) | 3 nue . thax aor waiunany 1a 240897223 50 faunsnfpe 0182 “uon2aui09 2m -eiaduar mo} jquisnipy “indino on soyydwe au dure at jo dooy Bu un or poppe Aijoreqadye 8) jeu8!s stay “(an pose ot) lomau Zr HARON passed pu PSPPE fadpuq pue xed somod apoip 19402 wos Quoe pavipiepueis © pub all Indu! usomiag Uo #98 bong “sinduy sjoutouuoyy ounstsa4 10 thu dureap ua souontion YA! 838801 KJeS909U 1210 33 ‘aoNdSNVAL INTUAN-BOWLTON WALSAS 30NVIvA 300s INDLOTTS 9 "BH “eowatany pe ae song aungyan Wows "Buda ina TwoIanONT 190193130 i ‘ONRLEWETTEL soonpsuen yg ©5801 pauo}es 5 91699 2, “UHRNETIP vo age vopmog, wot} 29 seu! anda "suouoas Sz 0Ge ES rete ae ry aas0y uma seman 3040} wip wo ruotzna yoeqpany ayy [Hun > ‘tug, “59882290 jue 10181950 (oro “ruaureaetdS1P pu paquosap u20q ApeouTe sey 2349400: WaISAS SONVTVE-SOUOS DINOBIDSTA saynsas sontoo0s oy aLsno andino ws 2BUEHD -zayqydure-s0r8q1980 Gjoo ui adueyo © saad soqno oy) woss ADne sareyd s2In0 aU “22! edeo tenuasass1P ag) Jo avetd Ie anaino, ‘wouvay9 ana yw spaquiosop MoU st PUB ‘UOISIAAUOD yuosano-wwawperdsp 40) past 2 ue a1dtoulit soyrsedeo Feuovayep ® sroaqveuzonty “pase 2q Ueo Noo aueuosad 1 popesed « yuowamnseaus Tuawooedsip 203 (E saideyp) soqoud eon soueLojos mum Aisnorasad pavapisue> Weed synout9 Sapuq 28 ue ip worounfUod wt WORST pountsedeo Jo 28U2UD oweredas ated p pue Atamiuusd s4mjosge 2 "Fe amidst ¥ “FRRISAS TORINOD NV NOLLVANAAMSN SEN 884 __ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS measured value, A de amplifier can be used. If an ac amplifier is preferred a chopper input and synchro-rectifier output is needed, output and feedback isolated by a transformer. RECEIVERS ‘The variation of receiver types is very large ranging from direct measuring meters, recorders, display controllers and analysing units. In many cases if a transducer is used form of converter device as already deseribed in this chapter. to sensibly separate transmitter and With these provisos in mind a selection of units not pre subsequently, described are now presented. Fig. 6.9 RECEIVER INTEGRATOR RECEIVER INTEGRATOR Refer to Fig. 63: This receiver is for flow recording. Down force on bellows (B) from increased (above datum) input signal (proportional to square of flow measurement) and about fulcrum (X) closes force bar (F) ‘TELEMETERING 85 into (F) into nozzle (N). Increased pressure from relay (R) acts on 60 “tooth” turbine wheel (T) to cause rotation and equilibrium is obtained when up force due to centrifugal force (proportional to square of turbine wheel speed) through thrust pin (P) on bar balances down force. Adjustme ia spring (S) causing movement of weights (W) (up increases feedback force and Turbine wheel speed is ‘gear reduction to the counte \y proportional to flow, and by ion is of total flow POTENTIOMETRIC PEN RECORDER ‘The potentiometer is used a great deal in instrument systems pen drive motor. Figure 6.10 is a simplified sketch of a continuous balance system, {ERMOCOUPLE jain goMtavous Sates oh aw] Fig.6.10 POTENTIOMETER CIRCUIT Input de voltage, from say a thermocouple, is measured against wire voltage at B with a constant voltage bridge source, rence between A and B is ampli balance unit so energising the balancing motor to move pen arm and B until the voltage difference is zero. Similar arrangements utilise conductivity, ratio, bridge, ete, circuits. The balancing id at the continuousue 20uejeq ssovwis 19419901 pur s9q|UIsUEN! WOM} sywe uontsod sejnSue owes yr ur sio10s Yuta “SEIS UL paxUN| 210 sioweis pue ooios 2e sues ayt wosy pariddns axe sio1or og W3LSAS OUHONAS Z19 "Sid ‘uaisKs osyouAs w Jo 9810003 pue san|WUSUEH® SiMOYS Z1'9 ‘2nBty “uCsjas ‘siamod 4838] 40) pue disBeus “rosjosau “osyouss se yons soureu open q umouy pu gq >UN UF (J) stuaLIND qenbo ipyw wngybs uy wowofueue oy sMoYs 11°9 aunSig, a i i (Havu03TAL 91419373) HOLVOIONI NOLISOd 11°95 “(ydes89[21 2119919) JoveoIpur Uontsod aun Ur pas ‘uugsaql & $e 01 pasiajay ‘Suisojous Surpurn P) SHOLOW NOLLISOd ipuadiad asneo “A pur X 01 parejas janes sinduy “wey> 24 uo uonysod ware Aue 0} 2Aou! oF uadiad ‘swaishs OAJOS OM, “OUI JO Bou st x atoym "x yon Burdawa “Z Anuenb v aunseous 01 pas, ‘waquoogd AX ‘pany uoyo sf 2o}0ur soueyEq a4 WON} UaALIP sorerouadoyse) y2eqp995 Zu\durep y “Jo10Ut parwo8 paads 1ue1su0o yey BY, ‘vonae TuUOIso1 1991409 a4) 2A13 OF 3s ‘yo}ou! SuIauETEA au Jo BuIpuL jos1uoo ‘ays ot pay pur payyidwe st aBeyJ0a se Arepuosag “souLoysuEN ‘yp Jo J1y Yo" YSnoy Ajareusarye ssed 01 UALEND smoI[e “sioeruos om) usomiaq SuIAOU Ut ‘so1sEAUOD pods HA OL, ‘souuojsuen indut ue Jo de anuao pus seyeAuoo ¥ saresodsoou! in aouejeq 242 oF Indu] “UN ooUEyEG oy wos} SUIpULA Jonuos © pue Burpuyn soussajos ¥ ym oseyd Om: S} JOOW a ONDIGLAWSTEL SWAISAS TOMLNOD ONY NOLLVINIWMUSNISGATE 9888__ RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS and is used for both fine control and data processing systems. An intermediate synchro (follow through, hunter differential, be arranged, with three phase rotor and stator connections, summing or differential control outputs are possible. ‘TEST EXAMPLES 6 1. Ina pneumatic telemetering system explain how the air flow through a nozzle in il on a suitable unit and the connections 3. Describe a remote te diagram both the indicator and recei between, 4, Describe, with a suitable sketch, an electro-pneumatic input. State two applications of such a device. (CHAPTER 7 ELECTRONIC DEVICES Electronics has developed greatly in this century and especially 6 includes integrated ive. concerned usually with squi whether current or voltage is present or n computers, etc . logic devi ‘SEMI-CONDUCTORS ATOMIC THEORY ‘The basic theory of el negatively charged electrons to atomic phy‘SU 1gWvxa ‘SNOUONAT ALIS ANOS Ve "b God aamnanW UID WOES SWS SEUSASH WSN S¥IG GHWNNOS ‘nz- ye oe 3 se 194/72 ee ee ra ‘wine ] 7 CAoA Sv OnMARS sae sey Tne INSTWATOS {Jo Moy ata sjonuoa aseq ayn pue ‘suosId9I9 $1991}0 yuo ayy udu 404 “sIstxe yolmpues 2 spea} uoRerapIsuoS say sio4te9 juauina ou Ayjenusta yum s9Ke] vorra|dep & SuLAe9] wonount j2 pue sojoy aip paseig asi0Ae7 se ajdurexo resBrur Joqpsny sdoxs yorum worouint ayy ss0s9e souaseysIp tenuaiod » BuIA snip ‘oddi-u 9 Ut 38:80 anisod v pue odAa-d ap uy ssyx0 aseyD aameBait¥ Sunoco addi-d ayy ur sojoy aut 0: Moy UosDa|9 vonount Duytoads @ owut ape ave jouateus adKi-u ue pur addi-d © USHA “syontuoo 40} pasn st wt ota aA0ge) JesL inode paxty ce) ampesoduisi aL, “(SuOOOP jou 40 sotploue serearo sytp “2foY up TH 1 “9[oy ean Buraq ‘somiey 24) YBHoIy! 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Sum! trays Aouayea any © ancy Kuowue pur UsSTy ~ ne sad suonnafo (BuIpuia) 20u9feA sno} Jo Y>ee "YONEUUO [puoweip ¥ oxey Woy aund uf GOOTIS PUY WNTTETTED ouontanuod ain on ausoddo s} Mo 24 18H) yuu aanisod ay) 0} Joronpuoo ayy ysnosyp ‘Y) Woss 998[d Soe Yor “IUOWEAOU YP fapisuoo UayA “2Attesau 1 9Anisod st MOY 1U9LIND uonaxuo-) sote|asui UE se walut pu JoranpUeD ood e se Jadoo Siduexa 20} *Airanionpuoa sepisop Sutpuog “snojanu pa8seys 16 ‘SS1AaC INOW 'SHISKS TOULNOO GNV NOLLVINAWNULSNI S.C 06 sushin.s@gmail.com]-92 _REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS the charge concentration in the base region. For pap reversed and the flow is as shown on Fig. 7.1. A tor current can be controlled by a and voltage. tor to base current ratio) can easily be in the to 200. Power gain may be as high as 50 000. icon planar technique (diffusion) is the basic process used in bipolar (two carriers e and h) solid state and integrated circuit chip technology for resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors in circuit. RECTIFIERS Metal rectifiers, dependent on barrier ‘ide and selenium are in gene! properties, such as fe. In the heavy ts are employed. de (pn junc f) and the thyristor More complex devices such as tunnel, rowave and four layer diodes are not ‘The bridge rectifier is shown in Fig. 7.2. Ako Fig.7.2. BRIDGE RECTIFIER ‘When A is positive with respect to B current flows through D, to the load and retums through D; to B. When B is positive with respect to A flow is through D, and retums through Dy. “The centre tap transformer rectifier is shown in Fig. 7.3 ELECTRONIC DEVICES 93 Fig. 7.3. CENTRE TAP TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER When E is pe the load and Je with respect to F current flows through D, to turns to G, D; is reverse biased. When F is positive 9: 0 the load, returning to G, D, APPLICATIONS Low frequency (audio) signals cannot be efficiently radiated. A high frequency (radio) carrier has a low frequency signal impressed on it ransmitter by varying or modulating the amplitude of the c: the low frequency signal. At the receiver the signal information is recovered from the ‘carrier wave by a process known as demodulation or detect ‘The wave at the receiver is first rectified (detected) and information recovered by passive n ince-inductance). These networks are usu Fig. 7.4 DEMODULATION CIRCUIT‘paypear st aBeyjon, pequosaad uyeuso & jun a4ty OU fT pue PIO aq ITM Aejas aH, ‘01aap Ar9qes 308 nsnql! weiBeIp puoses ou, ‘SNOUVoNdav 30010 ¥INIZ 9° Bld tuonejnifa1 apoip axa ssoioe 27 "2 24 yBnosyp auaLin9 ss9j 10 2x0 ue, TueIsuOD £[geUOswAL SUIeUID! >poIp 241 ss0I9" aBEI}OA dino ang sn00 {14m sso19e dosp 1JOa Jo8se] Y “saseasout JOUR 2poip ay2 YBnostp Wo1sn> pue sasvas09p souEIsIse2 aporp au) nq 2poip 2 pur y Ylog YBNosA sasvasoU! yuoLIND Uayp 28eas0Ut adeijox indus 404 “Iuasino peo] pue aporp Jo wns ayy st éiddns ‘ay wos} qu21in9 pur aferjoa uMopyeaiq aaoge st a¥e1[0n indut {J sionpuoa apolp 42492 parsouiuos asi94ai oy) (asitsqeas) s01e]nBos ‘aeijon e sy “Sapoip s9u92 Jo suonvoidde om smoys g°L 25n31, ‘gqo1a waNaZ, uordar umopyeaiq jouino J9U9 10 OYSUETEAL SE UMOUY St SIM PUE oe quaLIno 9819401 9M) “9BeyjOr UMOpyE—IG 'e puokaq paseasout $1 seq 2ss0N23 241 JT ‘OUSIWRLOVEVHD NOWLONAT ud SLB ad omc. ‘eyg00n 31¥9 via obvnwos SL Tig ur umoys onsuaroeseys om Kq pawustzuod st StH, sayo Cue ayy] 198 2p pue paseig asionos woym ‘woLsnaxo>-was posn, jon (22492) aporp pue anasto Sumyioows ‘1914991 idk, “tuausdinbs pasuorsisuen Jo} pauinbat woiso uv soriddns Be] mor] “919 “JosiU0 “Buixjyduse “Buisues Jo Ainp sejnonsed & 0p wavodusoo 1599 ot iuosi99}2 2p Ul pasn Apiuenbayy axe uoRe]npoUs Jue uoneinpowlop ‘uoHeNpoW “surDIsKs JosTUOD-1USUINIISUt \Jo st 9p pur 2e U2amiaq UoISs9AUOD [e10U9 jurpasax £q paureydxa oq oste Kou. =ruias £q uonsevep-u' 6 ‘S8DIAaG DINOMLOTTE ‘SWALSKS TOULNOD GNV NOLLVINGWMULSNI S.C96 __REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS wamous vatues, PONE Cote FRansistor already forward biased the device is tured on. ‘exceeds about 10 mA an avalanche (zener) effect occurs and gate ‘current is not required to maintain flow. Operation is similar to the grid thyratron except that itis fired by current and not voltage. To stop conduction, voltage has to be reduced to zero and the device requires another signal to fire. Applications include inversion, regulation. High currents can be controlled and the can switch a large load current or gate contro rectifier. A tiac has two SCRs back to back controlling conduction in either direction. A diac (no gat up voltage to trigger pulse the trac gate current. An appl the thyristor is given in Chapter 14 ‘end of this chapter. Devices are power source — as distinct from passi ROTATING ELECTRICAL AMPLIFIERS The separately excited generator is often used in control jon and description are given in Chapter 14. For higher the cross-field de generator, such as amplidyne and ‘metadyne, can be used. A pair of brushes at 90° to the main brushes provides output and the main brushes are short circuited. ‘A small input signal current to the control winding gives a large ‘change of current in the short circuit and hence the load circuit. MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER ier of in wut TRANSFORMER Fig.78 MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER,suey “Moy iuauins aseq Apeais sonpoud 01 poser st dur ay “oIsIsuEN aut Jo rIMastD soMUUa-a8Hq yp UL MOLY SBop 1ua4un9 Ing OATEA ayp Jo tINDI1> apoyreD oF PUB a4) UL SMOL, tuazimo ou yp ida0xe ‘anyea apou ¥ 9¥!] S198 L0H ssuodsex Kouanbasy pur Jo epmiusew) ‘(@amod jo) a3 saydure sty, “2ounos Jamod feusarxo we wosy ing “wuaLina aseq *2") uno indur zayyjdwe at Wry W109 10U $90p 1UaLIND 104991109 ang “1°, “Bly Ur UMoUs st OLSISNVALL NOLLONNE ‘91 sardeyy wr pur saideys (Buyseig asioay) e248 pue Kouotoyyo sousty 24g anny put JJo 1n9 130d aseig are suoyyduse 3 ssej5 “indino pauoispun soai8 Jouuogsuen BIA Woy soyrdure yind-ysnd v se poypiew aq uo sxoyt|dUE Yons omy “2Aem Jtey UaxJ0 — indino pouorsip cfoxoA98 1nq ou2jyj 1omod pood WB JO 2AIND onsuaresEY: sod aun uo spuadap uoisarts0 JOA pouorsipun anid sodki a8er]0,, 2q 01 1uawdinbs 241 uo spuadap wor: so4aIUl JO 948 OM IS3Ly at KI1BsDUSD “(ZHI 006) JUN O1 ja “jd “(oxpne) 31 yBnoup (s21jt[dute op ~ Kouanbayy o192) J2 wos st a8ues 24 wouaiL aya st Kouanbayy 41 “Aanp uo spuadap st NOWWOIEISSY TD ‘uowsaows £q 2ousionput © UY pasn 9q ose ues smeoag sutoiqoxd 1mm st yoeqpa9y fawn 01 2109 s0suas ystm szonpsu ov i Bug ut unos oyun eo au a mn aaoge payndure Aiqetsaidde pue paxoiyyy st yotym ap 01 payjiges aq wea indino: 8 pue Aa sje are supurm youqpoo} pue seig “qui are8 amp ul Moy 1uaLIND 98 souDy pur UoHEMES Jo saiBop oy} “S>LIwA pu “inogE sBuLIq ‘5409 241 Jo qui 2uo Uo ZinpuLm josIU0D pas}8s9U9 op Y “3N990 ued swasino uy soseasouy a8se] pus JoIovad payeinyes “2+ “sOWSISed & sv ouRIDeat ayy Uo 9309 yp SazEMMES xny ONoUREUL un uaLino Jo sesvasou! sasoddo soueronpu! 214L 66 ‘SaDIAS DINOWLIITE ‘SWAISKS 1OWLNOO GNV NOLLVINGNOMISNIS.CER 86100 _ RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS current cause much larger changes in output current, i. current amplifier. Iti a bipolar (utilises both charge carriers) device. Circuit Configurations Means to connect input, supply power, and to make use of ‘output are necessary. There are three ways to connect, differing in the way input and output are connected to the transistor, and each gives different characteristics which will depend on duty. Power ‘must be consumed in the external circuit (load), usually by resistors, and the collector current passes through the transistor and load resistor. COMMON coLLECTOR PS Fig. 7.9 CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS Configurations are as shown in Fig. 7.9. These are common ‘base, common emitter and common collector. This depends on the electrode which is common to the input and output signal; common emitter is the most often used. From Fig. 7.9, for the common base connection, assuming an ac input of say 45mV and 1kQ resistor in the collector circuit, then 990 mV will be developed across the resistor, ¢ gain 20. For the common emitter connection the input circuit has a much lower current, ELECTRONIC DEVICES 101 therefore the input resistance is about 100 times higher and without the resistor the current Dn has similar characteristics to the latter. Currents shown in in mA are illustrative. in (B) compares output and input currents, its value depends on the circuit configuration and is obtained by applying Kirchof's law to the base junction and expressing the terms of c Current gain is less than unity for common base and typically between 10 and 200 for the other two current changes are compared. Transfer characteristic is preferably linear. Equivalent circuits and “h parameters are used in transfer analysis is shown in Fig. arthed, output ), bias battery not battery, Fig.7.10 TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT (COMMON EMITTER)(WOLYTHOSO) HOLSISNYELNOUONNTINA Z1L"8Hd un $9824 uaB asind 103 AIseyn unt saw 24) Jf om yp UDBMIIq ut ad4i d @ sey “pus yee we &q pur yeusrew adi uw padop Ansty Jo seq Y WOLSISNVAL NOLLONC 'g suonsauuos aseq 28eq uouos) 4oog oy2 Jo pu ay 18 gi sequiNU jwexa ususivads 3U9 S$e1) AALODS - dd u! 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This is therefore a simple ion oscillator but is described here in the general context of the transistor. ‘SMALL SIGNAL JUNCTION TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER lar principle is required. A suitable bias poi with temperature variation is essential. Several ways, all dependant on feedback can be used. In Fig. 7.13 a resistor Re in the emitter lead maintains a constant base voltage and any undue rise in the leakage (temperature induced) current causes the Fig. 7.12 TRANSISTOR 2 STAGE AMPLIFIER (SMALL SIGNAL) emitter voltage to fall. The r-base junction approaches reverse bias so reducing current through the unit. The potential r R, + R, keeps base voltage constant when there is no input tor Ce-acts as a bypass for ac components of emitter plifier design is es a high input this needs increased easily arrange impedance to t | } f ELECTRONIC DEVICES 105 complexity. For one stage it Ce and take output across R,, connect | collector directly (no resistance) to the ~6V power supply. | POWER AMPLIFIER (driver) stage is us classified as AB (li Fig 7.14, combination being mode). A typical arrangement is shown in ORWER STAGE Fig. 7.14 PUSH/PULL POWER AMPLIFIER STAGE ANO ORIVER The driver transistor feeds to the transformer phase sj Inputs to the power stage are of equal amplitude and 180° phase. Each power transistor conducts for period and the complete waveform is restored in the output transformer. This transformer has its primary ends connected to the transistor collector leads and centre tap connected to the more negative lead. Signal flux is in the output transformer core throughout the whole Period, with the complete waveform in the secondary winding Power supplies are commonly + 6V, as an order of magnitude,So|qeua a4 se uDyE) ase soBeIjoA “Y>eq pay indino Jo 1} pavoiuout atp pue D uted pueauoy Jo soyrduie yoeqp29} 1u09 2u0j2q stskyeuE payreiop azour e s9pIsuoD oF Ase ing Ajsnoyssud pouonuaut uaoq sey roodse SILL SISATYNY NOVEaaa [2184p pue uoveindwos anojeue ut pas ParesBaiu ue se — oF uted ‘uuoy Bet 10 1 pany 2q pinom anasto Hun 9p pue panowies aie suoniod Sutod axneSau wey os “y 18 se La soqioue yim q 18 pauioys Aijeotpouiod 2q uv> indino ayy, sayLidwe ‘ndino puv (30405) induy uons9[9 yuu (padop Anusi1) 109 adfi w ue st Laur 20, seq 249 J0 opis {oq UO “spus LUNdUID WaddOHO 134. Ste By ‘adAi uonejdep 40 wowsousyus soynte “youueys (LAASOW) Uoo!|!s apixo jerows istry sjouuey d 40 u ‘Aion v Jo a8eiueape oqueyoow Xq ‘parduse Auisea pue ynBuans eusis 01 jeuonsodosd 14194 ‘sanem axenbs ‘ons induy épeais suisauoo pue soddoyo v pojteo st soLoNu ay, “aovesSoqur yo0qp993 pasuorsisuen © 40 “FL “Bid Jo unos uoneinpowsp ayp ut paquosep se “N19 JaHAUO ay “8 Wor lume 08 Yooup ‘op wioyy 20 ‘aap oF indut souoaut ue asn 01 st pardope usyo UORNIOS = Korda yun op YALA joedeo Sunjdnoo om sroydure 9e YA, ‘suonsisuen ur uoneurea ammyesoduar Kq 1A YUP SE 2BuELIE Op wo SHDIASG SINOIIETA ‘SWALSKS 1OWLNOO GN NOLLVINAWMUISNIS.G3R8 901108 REED’S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Fig.7.16 CLOSED LOOP (FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER BLOCK DIAGRAM) | Vo = G(Vi— F¥0) Boel) ; i U+GF)=6 Vi TFG Now if the “ope high value of amy op" gain FG is high compared to I (i.e. for a fier gain G): Overall Gain = 1 F This is independent of G, which can vary, and only dependent on F which is fixed by accurate stable resistors. The resistive input impedance is increased by a factor of 1 + FG. The marked improvement in performance over the open loop amplifier is atthe expense of additional amplifier stages made necessary by increasing G to make FG much greater than unity. Consider an amplifier with a gain of 10' and negative feedback fraction F one-hundredth, ie. 107, Overall Gain = =9 10! T+ 107 x10" ELECTRONIC DEVICES 109 ‘Assume a change in G due to say variation of supply voltage, ageing of transistors, etc. of as much as 50% reduction. 5x10 9g T+ 107x 5x10 ic. fall of $0% amplifier gain results in about 1% fall in overall gives stability and accurate control. now the case of posi Vo=Ge e=Vi+FVy this, for electrical, is feedback voltage in phase with input voltage. ‘Again there is increase of overall gain compared to “open loop” gain. However there is a marked disadvantage in that a small change in G causes a much greater change in overall gain and also jn increases rapidly as FG increases so that when FG = 1 available with no input, ie fe feedback use therefore jon, Oscillators are very useful in instrumentation electronics but oscillatory situations in control, systems must be avoided. Instability and oscillation shows as ical hunting or cycling on the control system which is most OSCILLATORS ‘An oscillator is an instrument for producing voltages that vary from high frequency but apart from basic pr‘patvadau st 21949 j104 ‘2su9s ut pasto4ou Inq uauino ‘sou st a8eyjon y “Ife 01 siIs 14aLIND J0129I]09 puP | 01 9AUsp 28eq {so sino Yorym sasde}joo aBeijon pue saresnies 3 Jo 2109 a pur dn Spuing Aipides | wouy wauino 101991109 “Yo st Z pue Uo |Ing T sunt ‘yoeqpea} oarisod ays wey os paseig asionas Z PUR pUBAIOS 8 ue 4J0 | puR WO paseig MoU st z ss0i08 padojensp st aBe1joa e reU) os uonanpuos ueN OUInSsE (y 2oUeIsIsas SUNIENS YBIY) UO POYorAs YOLVTHIOSO SNOT TINdMSNd_Bt'e "BH aio9 Jowoysuen ay -B1°L “Bld Ul UMOYS sv pasn 2q WED JorW}I1980 ‘Buryoo|q jInd-ysnd v ssovwsoUDF uosoavm s0]nZUeI995 40-1 wooines 104 “pafuene 25 01 Jo wo4y ssoIsISUEN Jo BUIYSHAS prides aroy™ apous Jeouyy-uou ayy ul pasn ave siowj}os0 yng SHOLVTIIDSO NOLLWXY 1a ‘dounos 2ouepadust yBty w st Yor qwaLIn9 wWeIsuOS “posn Aqsejnar sy ‘om a4 UD9MI9q L S1 orsisuen ¥ uy aBexjon so129I}00 & se pue YIYs aseyd ORT SOAIE and egpaa) 241 Inq oAOgE YA OF LeHUMIS $1 yom Kouanbaiy 19mo] Jog 3 0} stuowouyjar oldky, sovesoued anemouss aund v st [ews st Yoeqpo0y amp Jt pUE SHOLVTHISO INOUVHL OLVTIOSO HOLSISNYEL c1'C "Bud roaui0d sv pariddns st ABsoua sity 360 oun sos80] dn aye oF JO ANOSHLDISVE SHDIASCOINOIIETA SWALSAS TOXLNOD GNV NOLVLNGWMULSNIS.G5% LT £ 9° % rs E bo & % ie re o 3 a112 _ REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘Two state circuits, with abrupt transition from one state to the other, can be arranged fone transistor connected to the input of another and vice versa. Such devices are cal instead of two unstable states. o called a monostable triggered multivibrator or univibra flop). The effect of a pulse is to flip the circ lows flop back into A flip-flop circuit is described in Chapter 16. Another method is to “clip” sinusoidal waves using zener diodes. Power supplies often + 6V, ie. of this order of magnitude. OTHER DEVICES ers. In addition a relaxation vibrator saw tooth generator) is required. 9 the electron beam from the gun is focussed on to @ sereen and the glass tube is under high vacuum (pressure 10 mm Hg). Input signals represented as voltages are connected to the Y plates and deflections produced are shown on the vertical axis of the screen. The timebase ci s and the beam is deflected horizontally from the left to right with uniform speed and then retumed in almost zero time. * energy as infra red radiat sean somgen Ade aon EieSnon ens T Be an fxgcmon ean pee Same nA rules ules acca fea Fig. 7.19 CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE ns in analysis are numerous. A rel application of the CRO is display of a pressure vi from an IC engine, Screen scales can be calibrated direct required units and the application of integration gives power and torque characteristic on display, LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) Emits light when forward biased. Gallium arsenide gives out : Phosphides and indium give green and yellow. LEDs are useful on-off or fault indicators and can be used in arrays, ete. RADIO COMMUNICATION ‘The production, transmission and detection of sound or picture information is by electromagnetic waves ~ the range and spectrum of such radiation is given in Fig. 7.20 (see also Fig. 7.4). Lae uvoer} Ly. visLe Fig. 7.20 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SPECTRUM, FIBRE oPtics Modulated emitted light (diode/aser) is pulsed at high frequency through optical glass fibre cable then converted to electical signal. ‘Advantages ~ easy multiplexing, no interference or hazards.twonse aszano4 sey uoroayjep-2010} jqp ware 1uersuos o8.e] jeTBYD aos1s-ounssasd yssod s1 uoreinas remdn £q pasoddo 4o dor uo stoe aunssaud sry uauij2 1010; sovenise-s010u axes pouty Y “onsua ‘pateouiqny wayo ‘pasn are Suypresg [oy wnuruinye 30 urpuog auaudoayy ‘uoyjay, Jo syeos punya 8 (1 2iqeouidde st ing ajqeua yong v 01 siayar (1°g aU, “Jouomsod pus 24fe4 ‘so1ou Afoureu sued aay vondussag “pareiedo Ayjeonewnaud st |NTVA TOWINOD caLvasdo WOVHAvIG fe 01 a1Qeo4Idde s1 so.0us prom 242 pue UOHeUIqUIOD v 40 paresado weupy “Ayjeoneusneud 2q ews s2otaep YoNS SLINN ONILDAWYOD ‘wonow! reauyyn903 10 yomioe uy “swarsks fouuod ss9001d noaui09 pue 2010uN) wun BuN921405 peo] ay) uratup pue indino s9yj1}duwe Buratooa1 *Aswr04 40 seautjn9au‘Jo10U!-OA19s f } SIM) WISIUEYDOW-OAIDS & UI “ouIYDEUL JO ssaooid *Xpoq paftanuos ayn uo Kpooup S198 Yor wDUIOTD 24 SLNAWATA ONITIOULNOD TYNE 8 UaLAVHO Ut ase ue wey UoRZoISIp Jo asne> DUO Jo s{reI0p antD “s Aiddns oip pue aoysisuen Jo ad4i om aieoxpuy “sayjidure sorsisten Jamul Youd aFeIs 21uIs ¥ Jo wesBeIp YNDsI9 ¥ MEIG “> ‘2AeM [Inf OAIB 01 Auwsso90u axe st eo] aansisas Ayaund 2m) ssoroe sonoedeo HMO} ovBM indino ay YoIeAS “oKNI—I aABAYTEY E BqLOKAq “E “se0laap pasuoysisuen 40} wawuos}AuD Bupesodo pue Suipuey ‘are Surpsefas waxes 2q Pinoys Yory suonneoaid oy) urejdxg “so1yt1dwe a8eyjoa udu ue 105 wiesSerp wnout9 otf YoIayg “ssorsisues pur ‘jeuBts indur woy pareiedo Avjos jours v £q sunssaud ut pazjosiuos ‘4p JO Wong oy uo ste urqwoD tA ave kiddns) 1 St (2010) waop) wor 340U P aavy UaYjo yotym pasn aq UED sonfer pareas (05 Buluontsod areaoe pur 2yons Guo} ‘s2940) 241 soremise ad uorsid 24 JonamoH “owemoe siya Jo sotisto1oesey9 au) Jo asneoeq soajea jones wEeiydeip yitm pasiinin Aigeuwauy are sas10} aayea p2oueyeq yum soafea poivas aIqnogq SNTVA TOWNOD GaLVwadO NOLSIA suiaisAs 1uejo00 aurua uo swoweBuee ssedcq pue Suyxn Kem aan are (aniu20 1e r2pino “spua yBnosyp stofUt O¥ “{E1 s2ideyD) jonuos 2Bues yds “27 ‘warsks e ut sanyea Jo uoHeIedo fanb9s Ut pasn ayo A19n aze ss9uo;|sod aAjeA “S104 dey ul paquiosap se) Azjas pue souontsod Aqdde 01 Kejar onewnaud 3009 paads sayying nisod som aq) oF saddey qi emyderp ou uo ainssaud sasvasour 24 pu fous indut uonysod anyen pasisop ayn usaAmIoq UORIAaP ‘Sasuas oIpurds oajen ays wosy 901A9p Yoeqpo0j UoHOW Y on ‘SINGS ONITIOWINOD TNH SWALSKS 1O8LNOO GNV NOLLVINGWMULSNI SRY BIT s@gmail.com120 _REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS WAX ELEMENT TEMPERATURE CONTROL VALVE ‘This type has a copper capsule containing wax whose expansion varies with temperature. Movement is transmitted via a diaphrag plunger and linkage to vary the positon of a shutter which rotates ted t0 mixing or bypass ge of temperature the sel in the valve body. The Fig. 8.4 WAX ELEMENT ACTUATED VALVE FINAL CONTROLLING ELEMENTS 121 SERVO-MOTORS May be rectilinear or rotary; operated by air, fluid or electricity; applied in either process or kinetic control systems. de ELECTRIC MOTORS Essentially the servo-motor is a conventional motor, series, shunt cor compound, with control of field current or armature voltage by the controlling device, High torque and low inertia is required so that armatures in diameter and lengthened. Good satisfactory. although split field motors can be used. fac ELECTRIC MOTORS FFor servo use the torque characte ce rotors which unfortunately tors are available but try offers the most low power systems position control. Applications include instrument idges and pen recorders. Such a motor has two is proportional to the voltage of the is connected to represent the amplitude of the especially with a high resistance imited range. 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(Symbol y,.) she controle SET VALUE (Set ‘The command signal to a process system. DESIRED VALUE ‘The value of the controlled condition whit oe which the operator desires INPUT ELEMENT The element which ided, when neces 1, when necessary, actual command si converted command perating the comparing element. 0 there is no input element as the command taken, without conversion, direct to the comparing element, CONVERTED COMMAND SIGNAL. ted only to the command signal, and Proportional to it, but of a different physical kind suitable 'g the comparing element or the coordinating element. Note. In definitions where there is no ambiguity the term “command signa” il be used to mpl) the comme or the converted command signal. Visor ‘COMPARING ELEMENT ‘The element which accepts, in physi ‘command signal and the controlled condition, ir equivalents, nd determines the deviation or the converted deviation, Devia The condi nN ference between the measured value of the contro and the command signal. (Symbol y=%-—.) PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 129 ‘CONVERTED DEVIATION ‘A physical quantity related only to the deviation, and normally proportional to it, but of a different physical kind suitable for ‘operating the amplifier element. It may also be used for operating other elements in the system. (Symbol @ = 8 ~ 8.) (Authors note: often written @ = @,—0,,7= 1-0): SIGNAL PROCESSING ‘The processing of the information contained in a signal by ‘modulating, demodulating, mixing, gating, computing or filtering. (CORRECTING UNIT Of a process control system. The single unit containing the ‘motor element and correcting element in a process con MOTOR ELEMENT “The element which adjusts the correcting element in response to signal from an automatic controler. (CORRECTING ELEMENT ‘The final controlling element in a process control system. or condition of the controlled body, it is the purpose of the system to control. DETECTING ELEMENT The element which responds directly to the value of the controlled condition. MEASURING ELEMENT clement and gives a signal representing the controlled condit‘voneiaap ain Suuasaudas [Ruts © wu 1 yous pueunwos oxy Sunuasoudas TwuBts w YIM Uosteduioo 40} ‘asodind ye 10} papraoud yred ayeredas v 8u0ye ‘uompuoo porrosuca ayy Sunuasaidas fouB's v Jo APeqpRa} aU YOVadgEE ONRIOLINON Hi ‘yasnzedsos nowaye F——Aumneaos ay pun mowoye Sudo ay ‘sued arsodes ows (4 smo payin s2o12p Kuo wt 240 ‘wouDwap 241 wo 1wapuedep (ousis suo) ays 2101228 01 pup uoyoIsap 241 aul2I0p 01 Kjouou “so1yn824 40 .a]013u09 2trowomo uo fo suoNzunf OM BYE "210N “uoneiaap ay) sonpal 01 se Kea ¥ YS Ut sareado yous pure jeuSts puewsiuod ain Sunuasoudas jeusis © WIM paredwoo s1 uompuoo pojjonuos ay Sunuososdas jeudis © YIU Nouwina oStusangs wos oNMAO} aaa sucang3| rte 39045) Senos ONY anavanal Nranisva Bie com Luonpuod pajjouuod pariaauod 24140 f.2sit uompuog payyosuor 2yp Kyduay 01 pasn 2g je uompuod pajjosuod c aai ayy KamnSiquiy ow s1 24241 2124a suo! yop uy °210N (% yoquiks) 1p10-09 4p 40 w9WH9q> 8 (OUINOD UYWOLNY owionoo ina Sunsvah gna 1. 01 ri ouwin3a) sian: (§38530004) 230809 NOLLIGNOD GETIOWLNOD GaLYaANOD in.s@gmail. aS ROUND, % Canane2 MONON! SANaW3T3 40 SNOLYNIGWOD 3) WeLSAS 1 ‘uarsks josu0 aH 7 ows now owas sush L ar oS |LINN ONPIASYaW f CS “(uasstsjoauos onaupy » fo) wais6s 249 30 uorerado a 130pf Hp 20149 patfosIu0D ap Jo (Uonouy ‘ensout $2) sanadoud = 7 “2orAap pattonu0s (uatsts Buyoynies 40 yostuo> ss9204d D uo) wed 24 “wos, Poxowos 40 ‘owut po} st ABxoUa 10 yeoWeW YoWWAN 38 ove OM, avor axed} losnoun Pi owns ‘oanOuINeD SWAISAS TOWLNOD GNV NOLLVINGWMUSNISTY OFT132__REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS PROCESS The act of physically or chemically changing, including ‘combining, matter or of converting energy. OFFSET (Droop) Sustained deviation, oveRsHooT ‘The difference between the maximum instantaneous value of the step function response and its steady state value, DEAD TIME ‘The time interval between a change in a signal and the of a perceptible response to that change (a dead band regi exist on a controller), ‘CASCADE CONTROL SYSTEM A control system in which one controller provides the command signal to one or more other controllers. SETTLING TIME ‘The time taken to approach a final steady state within specified limits. Note, The settling time depends on the limits specified and is ‘meaningless unless these limits are specified. Example. In the particular case of a series LR circuit subject to a step function of ve settling time of the current jin 1 per cent of its final value is approximately five times the time constant L/R. RESPONSE OF DETECTION ELEMENTS Time lags obviously occur in a plant due to the individual lags of ‘components and transmission of signal lags. The luated before the control design can be estat tion the lag of a temperature detector element can be considered: PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 133 Consider a detector element which is directly inserted in a pipeline. The fluid flowing increases in temperature at a uniform rate of say 10°C in one minute. VALUE OF SIGNALS *¢ TIME , minotes = 12. LINEAR RESPONSE OF DETECTOR ELEMENT fering to Fig. 9.2: ete frst indication of temperature change atthe detector clement may be after about say 2 minutes and there may be @ constant lag ata given reading of about 6 minutes (ramp input). 1f Geis the fluid temperature and 8g isthe element temperature: 0¢— Bear CeRe Ces thermal capacity of element (mass times specific heat) Re is liquid to element thermal resistance to heat flow Bp — Oe = kCeRe 1“Aumugersur area19 we sup inq wre wiaisds asvasour o1 sf aaqreusoye ] (2p 40s) %9 —#9 184) Surnseayy “jursuoo wt atau SWAISAS TOXINOD CNV NOLLVINGWNMISNI Samu PET136 _ REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘TYPES OF CONTROL ACTION Can be illustrated by any variable; level is ease y level is selected for this ‘TWO STEP CONTROLLER ACTION (Basic action. 1.) ‘The action of a controller whose output predetermined value to another s is often used (see Fig. 9.4), especial systems (Chapter 16). CONTROLLED CONDITION % Sionat ¥ conrgouteR oureur THe Fig. 94 THE ACTION OF A TWO STEP CONTROLLER WITH OVERLAP PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 137 A typical example of two step controller action would be liquid level control in a tank with a varying supply and a required allows working between predetermined overlap) and gives less irregular action, this would be st another example, for refrigeration motor cut in and out control by refinement such as integral a covered later, should only be applied where the re ‘process control definitely require these modifications. irements of the PROPORTIONAL CONTROL ACTIN (P) (Basie ation. 2.) signal V (or ®) is roport {isthe diference between the measured value of the controlled condition @ and the command signal 6, Vva-@ Va-KO “The negative sign denotes that the correction signal is opposite in direction to the deviation. K,, a constant depending on the controller characteristic, is called the proportional action factor. Potential correction © (change of actual controlled condition ‘) is proportional to the movement of the correcting unit (which depends on V). av o=cv |jonuod Jana] UBAIT ay 10j a[duexa ay) Jog 1 Ce Dg edn (31V9S 01 LON) GNVa TYNOUWOdOUd 9'6 OHH Bayan 1m TIN % Yod 39S TINd aBLNOS ‘Ba ND 24 008 vandal Ah ns aod 31v08 Tina We4 alod Ba IND wad OF “Taavaly AIA ‘Ting BOs 39S TiN WalNod ‘Ba INSD ¥Bd OOL NWR 1OMLNOD Jy TaAVA aKTA toy Sno Or aNSreishl Ww aaaved wainid°in33 daa st Gnva WHOUOsONS amos] apa _\Vrg “He Qinus™ ae (L'6 pur 9°6 'sBig 225) aznsvaut 01 pouBtsop st 19}}011U09 94 Jo nun Suynseow ayp Y>ty YORPUOD pajjonuoD a42 Jo sanjeA Jo eBuei amp jo ofeuasiod e se passaidxa 2q Jo sonjea jo o8uer ey, pueq jeuonsodosd ey ut assaead o4p Yon "3124 lupe sofjoniuos ou st axoyy, “Teas ay Woy WU ¢-9 $1 UORsod 2ajeA sx9u 04°27 “UHL GO: = (OI ~ 11) $O-0 St UL YS oY wauFEAOUL 2AJEA Er ‘ANOSHE TOUINOD SSDOUE 01 soevatous y J uot *(oRRraAd] 4 papioop) wy sop lox 51 aaTea ayn ouunsse ‘ws QT 103 398 ‘ue 9m uoYt (ate passazdiuo sado s98 st sup sy souea uBio pst umurew ol pa SI] “Sonstuaioeseys seaury Surunsse_ Pur 66 “Sty oF Susy SATIOULNOD ONULYUBdO S135 AB TOUINOD T3AZTOINON s6-y wus 0— aa ae Br = fours wfeso0 = $y. t——4 ot-=@ e'o'v-=0 OW-= A ‘mon ‘usuaiz020y9 81 '9 o1oym. ‘SWAISKS 1081NOO GNV NOLLVINGWAMISNI SGEGW Ber yun 3uN1994409 9y) Uo BuIpuadep iUeisu0s v = 9° 8 rg & bo & 4 & ‘a o 3 a140 _REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS RATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Proprionl and = !9 100 = 50, alternatively: os osx If the proportional bandwidth is narrow then a big cont ‘movement is required for a small deviatior i.e, high value of K, and a small offset ‘narrow a proportional bandwidth can however cause instat hunting. The practical result is a compromise, the set val course be within the band. Proportional band = x 100 = soy 20% prordationat % CONTROLLER OUTPUT RaNce 20 3006 0 “% MEASURING UNIT RANGE: Fig. 87 PROPORTIONAL BAND sents Note: PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 141 For good control the following are essential: quick return to set value after a disturbance. ‘A high deviation reduction factor (hence high 1), -e. small jon from set value after a disturbance. High #, means high K,, ive, narrow proportional band, etc. ‘These are achieved by plant analysis. Widening a proportional band causes an increase of offset, of damping and of period of oscillation. is large, dependent on the proportio o Consider the following analogy (as shown in Fig. 10.4) SUBSIDENCE Ratio = °/> (FOR OaMPED Osc ATION Tae for a given de‘0127 0} 198}40 aonpas 01s! uoNSeE jonuod rwsBaIUt Jo 199/40 ALL 210N ‘uorTeLA9p 24 01 jeuortiodoud s1 Yor ‘ated v re soBtueyp [wuts indino asoym so]jonuGD v Jo UoRDe ay, (¢-wonae ajseg) (/) NOLLD¥ TOMINOD TYYORLNT (2atoat42p) a104 wo paseg Surdwop v (ddo ‘2-1 ‘paysvoidde sem anyer oAot oun Sunsoure sae 2anjen pastsop 241 0} y>0q [949] 941 Sug pinom Joresedo uEWINY au, =8uey> peo| 2M 01 aNp anfea 195 jeUIBLO ay) 12450 oe] nas oe ~er09 Feat ae conn we | Ch emonlaBE 4007 TOWLNOO NOLDY TWNOLLHOJOUd 314WIS 66 “Big = EBsss0 ws 138330 Wniowo 1woLojs1p om alm a8uEyD pueWap & Joye puE "1 “Jonuod Janay Suisn Aojeue s2qioue son ‘atdioud fo riod awyf0 uo apow 1 of pasn Po 8 240 “912 “tod 128 40 anos 128 ‘anyon pousap /H95]2 Pu yoo siys wi uonds2sep Joon2e4d 2ouaph 83n200 peo] uaaid & 18 (waisAs jonuod ssea0ud 318) anyea 228 & aiayA “jonuos jeuonsodoud yp ‘suonisod 219 uBemi9q souRLapP am 9q Im 196 “4 wm sod mou vor wsmios 1m 1nq_X 01 wANIas JOW anqwa poutsop ay, (uonossIp uta Ieuonsodoxd 81 22103 Supoysas But Jo apdurexo we st stu of wamvas Ajpe oseajax put uaop poi st sseu a 9 1 3 29 Tl seBul off puE ojsuenx9 UIEIoD ¥ axey [Im “puD atp 10 84 01 Aes Jo sseuv yum ‘uoddns v wou Susuey Suis y Te ed NORMAL ie 7 Ten NOTA er ‘AUOSHLL TOWINOD SSaD0UE ‘SWALSKS 1OWLNOO GNV NOLLVINENAMISNI SEEN CPT s@gmail.com144 _ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 145 av Gee by the definition given above peso VALUE w mn Ganka V=— Kod K, is called the integral action factor. o=C¥ = —Cikifodi =~ phot pis called the integral control factor. Thus the potential correction @ ata given time ¢ is propor the area between the desired and recorded values "8 dt ‘mathematical way of writing that area). Rate of change of poter correction with respect By ler having proportional gral actios in which the part of the output signal due to integral action by an amount equal to the part of the output signal due to proportional action, when the devis At equals 2V,, Note that $ = yu ler output change integral action reduces controller the less the contribution from in- tegral action to the potential correction. S. is increased by increasing resistance. Fig. 9.11 is given assuming an instantaneous deviation ‘This change is referred to as step function input. Devi proportional action alone would co , but the addition of integral ler gain 4 and introduces. should not be used unless the use of a wide proportional band gi too big offsets. See Fig. 9.12. {@ a gu-=o Peyig— = Bron =o A0=0 -soxsey wonoe aaryeatsop amp ames st oy Be. Bry ay ay ne a sxogeuonuyep hq 2 — 04 ‘Suidusep jonuo> euoruodosd syenbopeut wowajddns pue asuods a8 soypinb 9af oF St uonae josIuoD aATeALAp Jo 199190 OL S10N woes “swiaisks dooy ado J2ps0 vod “EI ‘9q uv9 war om (J + g) fesBaru snpd jeuonsodorg 10N -ayqyssod ‘9q s0AaU || 1250 “2HTBA paLlsap a4N 1 St TUIAOU! 10U S| OAfEA ot if i if i JOWLNOO 13A37 GINON NO NOY TWHOaINI E16 Oty t nase on lSitay aun Suo 2uy,"y uod ynonp winies pue uod wonog ayp we UL MOY, 01 jo sosne> faxaj ut [ep £Y9si9Au0> “uonerAap a4) 01 yeuorIodosd St ypiys Buvado wod dor ayp Jo eaxe oy) uo spuadap Janes Jo 21es ‘3q1 pue sistxa uoneInap & st Buoj se anuuod sere [Io WawaROU SI “mou! ay) eanpor or anjea ayy sasojo xuI{ ayp eta Hone siut ‘q wod ayn yBnomp suumias pue uod dor ayi yBnonp smoy pinyy amssaid ySiy pue dn soaou uorsid tyes ays ‘sases faAoq 9Mf J 2€1°6 “Big 01 Burayoy SWLLNOUDY TWuORINI zV6 "Oly sera 32.00 oe anoanvooLaw anu S300 IONE A ‘owovy Se 13630 ‘eyo noUsauN0OD 124A NOD, WORM FLIT OO waqyoogy 13437 so SSS ae rs A pan ft | Nunn 4001430 nad] © © oO ier “AHOBHLL TOULNOD SSAD0d ‘SWALSKS TOMLNOD GNV NOLLVANGWAUISNI SaaaY OPT148__ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 149 148 __REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROLSYSTEMS nis called the derivative control factor. In Fig. 9.14 the derivative action is assumed instantaneous. After time T then Vp =Vp and Now 2Vp. Use of derivative w= CK which are desirable, but T is 1= Ck ray cause instability and hunting. Note that T = KyK,, the larger iF the T seting the greater the derivative oMetel potential correction (increased by increasing resistance). Bar Referring o Fig. 9. Derivative action time T OT respect to time is vel resistance is proportional form of damping device in this rate response action. Derivative control is not used alone, it is a transient condition which must be combined with proportional control. By defini In a cont having proportional plus derivative action, the which the part of the output signal due to the part of the jon, when the deviation is changing at a change is referred to as ramp function ADWsTING Sean Fig. 9.15 DERIVATIVE ACTION ON LIQUID LEVEL CONTROL, Fig. 8.14 PROPORTIONAL AND DERIVATIVE CONTROLLER ACTION28} 2fvas ajgeuins v 01 pure fe “yotoys 1s1y ayp UO 1UEISUY yp 24) uo qUEISUI KuE Te tri suo of Bou scene aH = a Fats ye aes nto a Se AO Toy sooy sno opdey in on “ONe3 Jot 9g pine sueiterp om foop surat SNOLLDV TOMINOD 4O SHAVED BWLL FONVISIO ‘SNOUOV TOLLNOD JO SHaVED SWIL-BONVISIO 416 “Sis = am ORT 916 Ba ‘ur Josnuoo Jona] 40) porensnytt axe ‘pourquioo ‘suonse G+) + WATIOWLNOD W¥aL TaMHLL WATIOWINOD WL 33NHL 91'6 814 onenaa} tans wanousog 4. ae 7 SJ i sgonoswra [woes TENS \ waMowiNos wat aba 10198} [os1U09 [Te Jo anyea a42 129438 01 panout 39 eo g 10AId “aapea 41 25019 01 pIERUMOP YONIDIIP aUeS 24) 10d 195 anoge ‘umoys wwowiadueue aun Yum (/ + q+ d) 204 ‘ponop ureyo umoys uy] 249 puE paniop UMOYs Ponidde 2q ues wus oom (7+ 7+ g) [esBanit jeuoruodoud ‘panop umoys yur] ay Bu 64 pouidde 2q ueo wo own (7 + d) aaneauip snjd jeuonsodc 310N BOY tpi JAaUOYM “20105 UMOP 01 jeUONOdosd aaqeA “Buuds v Xq parsisor sy uonow sepuryo 1 18 UMop serous ‘SWISS TOULNOD GNV NOLLYINGWNRISNI SGHRY OST sushin.s@gmail.com152_ REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS of the signal on the fourth sketch is the change of slope opposite side of axis, i.e. slope only changes at four points on sketch one and at such points the derivative effect is acting almost instantaneously. ‘CASCADE CONTROL, Consider a multiple capacity system for level example 8 two capacitor tank system illustrated in Fig. ‘apacitor systems respond quickly o load changes and are easy 10 cont ing correct proportional band and reset action but with multiple systems. Tank A acts as a lag effect. rocess from tank B so the combination is less ‘o supply variations, this is an inherent prob- (mass, heat capacity, etc.) systems as for eownouteo TEVEL ; wanyoe ; 4 ‘eNno ' ’ { ! Jt eves 1 seve, ‘ BhouceR EBiFhowen 1 | stae jeasren LAT Tsing ——-T C= sas pout GaRIABLE) xen) ‘CASCADE CONTROL (LEVEL) Consider Fig. 9.18: There are two variables, supply and output demand, affecting the level in tank B. The slave controller to the set point and is ‘oop for tank A. The master controller with level sensing from tank PROCESS CONTROL THEORY 153 ‘controls the set point of the slave controller. A two cag te has therefore been simplified to two single capacitor systems which are more easily controlled. Alternatively sensing for the slave could ipply rather than tank A level. The process can be ystems with control of any desired range conti ice, for example exhaust range pressure control (Chapter 13). EXAMPLE—LEVEL CONTROL so that ‘Assuming that the system has been adjusted so is at the desired value of 16 cm ("half glass") when the Steam flow load (kg/min) 500 0 Level (em) 16 32 Controller input ENT) 60. 100 ‘Range change (kN/m*) e oe (N/m?) 70, 20 inge (kN/m*) 50 1d 50%. Unless stated to the y is assumed between the anges in such cases. A similar Control Range ie, offsetusuiseds (QEALOOS P OGLE) ONH 29S ba we £q OMLNOD THAST—a1EWYXa 61's Ou mora 33s aun Oo — oe ‘ne ours ‘408 onve :4o¥s a omy 3 ais ae ostte30 vwaukwsnval 73a if nwa wav0d ‘wu 84 008— 9 (avor! mots vals <—==— Ss “ABOSHL TOXINOD SSOOWE SWAISAS TOLNOD NV NOLLVINGWMLSNI SOR156 _ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS OL RETIUMENTATIONAND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘TEST EXAMPLES 9 |. Explain the meaning of the following terms relating to process ‘control ) desired value, (b) error signal, () detecting element, Explain the meaning of the following terms, using suitable diagrams where appropriate: 3. Draw element plc diagrams showing the response of a detecting fering from a distance velocity lag equivalent to $s and transfer lag, when subjected to disturbances in the form of: astep, aramp, strate, on two simple diagrams, the effect of an increase in frequency on "phase lag" and “attenuation” for a detecting element suffering from transfer lag, 4. A temperature measuring dev Of 15s and also exhibits a simp! 40s. Ifthe temper suffers a distance-velocity lag fer lag with a time constant of step change? (33-16°C.) CHAPTER 10 PNEUMATIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES te a Note bar is used as the unit of pressure in this section. | bar = 10° pascal (Pa) = 10° Nim* PNEUMATIC TWO STEP CONTROL TECHNIQUE Referring to Fig. 10.1: be about 0-2 mm bore and the nozzle izes are largely fixed by air rot TV senosenene rent RESTING. NT. = SR RENO arma To ensure ‘Gonnou salve! ro Fig. 10.1 TWO STEP PNEUMATIC CONTROL win he Maggs, ote, moved ay fm he ae al op oceur, pressure p ay be 2 ror ween wat the appr ing the nozzle, pressure p may be ccan be arranged, which will depend on the flapper position, which‘(uoetaap p990x9 s9K0U ED oeqP2A| aap st vonse ones ays, (212200 stu, “Gaue9 Zot ‘wnuapeeus “onyea pauisop 2m \apureg ou S2pI09P (5 svau [paen saddey) ABoyeue Sursds ‘pt yueaus peo} Surcse) ‘unnia ajgeis suonipuoo sdaoy soqfonuos aq sueow prot BuLArE A ‘QYONS OAIEA 40S tureyujeu op aresado pinoys jonuoo ‘9 ‘oxo ane It 2g pauisop siyp 2anpas 02 S} uonoe au pue sisol|9q yi 01 anp peqpeaj (aaneFau) 2IQr 1 s0y1280) of 305 2TB95 JO OS Kuy “indino "INDINHDAL TOMLNOD TNOLLWOIOWd OLVANINA BATWA AVIBY JO NOIS3G 3ALYNYALTY COL “Sis now—+ wanoursos aunssaue Inaino 0% 9] 1ossau wine Faas OF Tatar “ufisap jou sayuiny compost pynoo andino 0} feuomuodosd 1m indino Kejor 943 0} paivouuoo smoriog & “atdurexe 10) ‘poppe aq ueo siuouousas pur soanrewsaye snow, ostredwoo 103 €701 “Bg ut won sy Aejau uy “aus aunssaid swojtoq seq 0-0 JO 2qnos 5140 wt feudis indino oF ‘uoejes wo2u © Ae Staweunxosdde st yonen seddeiy -10q z 01 7°] woup indino 2at8 09 289 $0-0 J0 Smo 24p Uo d yo aBuRyo & Butsned WW 199 j0 Tpaent Jade v ojdusexa 405 ‘pa8ueise aq Ase9 UPD 9] Jo Uoton!y ® £q uonvoyrdwy “sino00 aseydso soseoio0p d 31 Kjoss9AU09 “sassed 1 2ip 280)9 0 ‘Aiddns pue 10d pooiq 1 Smog 24) LONI (Z-OT “Big 298) sosvatout dy] (03318 SNOANUNOD) BATA AVISU TOL “644 oaxis smonaa unks) wo a338 ey (3401 nn onmowios Gi dn ye ‘ayridure squonsajo we Pur “iwowerour teuorodosd “uo Teainbg “Be] aun paonpas jure omewnoud sapraoug AVIS HL TaAen WW $o-9 UI WIM E¢-0 PUP S100 Uaamieg seout “27 “s00u) Kqouosoa4 8} uonE|a1 3IN “%OL 01 OF Kes “faxen Jo aBuvs oprm AutRy v s0n0 Inq ‘d aunssaad tou op Janta saddey Jo swuswtasout 1 d ainssaid pus jaxen saddey uaamteq parinbos 20104 jeuais aunseou ui 01 Joddey oy sazwau ayp ‘us 69.9 Om uaamt0q oaws saddey aBera4y soinssoud om asayy ‘im pasttnin 3q ueo ‘uoneiado 1e-ySiy pue a1e1-mo} 10 ‘uowesedo O-uo wy “twoutsnowr jeus}s aunseou ayy £q popizap wim) ut st et ssa} uayo st ‘SION TOMLNOD DULYINAN SWALSAS TOWLNOD GNV NOLLVINAWAMISNIS.0agH ast160 RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS T b=pe ‘Sra L Prtows 13 F0Ke0 z Pa Fie Fig, 104 PNEUMATIC PROPOR ONAL NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL wT Practice necessat the proportional x= m0-np where x is movement of fa 7 sPPEF Next to the nozzle, m and m are Proportionality constants (including the adjustments a and b) for the deviation @ and the negative feet i feareeee tive feedback pressure p (which also + is negligible compared to other movements. “mp = mo ape a ® =-y0 PNEUMATIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES 161 Negative sign to ‘STACK TYPE CONTROLLER PRINCIPLE (P ACTION) Referring to Fig. 10.5: ‘The construction is of air chambers stacked on top of each other separated by diaphragms and incorporating relay valves, nozzles and restrictor control valves. | e ~ wozzle RELAY ’ t Fig. 10.5 STACK TYPE CONTROLLER PRINCIPLE (P ACTION) ‘The measured value (controlled condition) enters at chamber C and the set value (command signal) set up at the the diaphragm arrangement to move up or down vertically so that air flow through the nozzle to the chamber D controls cancellation of the deviation caused by the pressure variation.“aanssaud jo aouasayip au) 01 youoruodosd st ‘d unssaid Jo aBuey> Jo a1es 9) =x 3upe1 Sd 01 anp yoeqp224 2antsod puv d o1 anp y2eqp295 aaneFou 3 (Cd-du-gu=* smojjaq teuorodosd 9 aBueyo JeuLTu0 Jo wunows aq) sends ‘ayy 01 aunssoud indino ut Bucy a eae smoyoq (Bupeoy 40 yesBovu asad ayy uy ounssaud ae wt oBue4> jo aunowe ay U2yie paystidwooe st iwedou y “anyeA pasisap aanisod suaxe ¢g smojjoq J2n2moH, : ‘oqeaid swo20q pinom “2uo|e uoNde [euonsodoxd s9pun OvaO334 SALVOSN HLM, , JOWLNOD TWHOSINISMd TYNOWLUOdOUd UYWNNG 9°04 S14 wnadns 8 uf worasae, “Tessin! aevistioy (oie award Reuonodoud 091 suvour stun ‘poSueys ‘unssaid q{ sv asijenbo pjnom qf pu > atom X aATEA JosIwoD J} fenbs aq pInom g{ pue y re saunssaxy ‘wonse jeuoruodod any pue pueg teuoruodoud Japtm Surat ‘Auanssuss soonpos 'g swot19q 01 yooqpeaf aanvSon y Uo sou vote Con 0) re a (oa no mn suotpe sh Joon stay) 10] Jo Jo nau OI“ mois nous neuen’ Mt A wana’ WOR IwIaUy ‘suseuSep snotAaid woss s89]9 99 prnoys uonde ayp “s9[|onUOD arewnaud punodwon ayi smoys 8°01 “Bid Jo YOIOAS SUL wwasannins (Zi+effte)¥- =o wma (22 pe) —= yw-=4 wolayte gt 107 +) wsdl om 10 (0 1+ dial amu . (+ 1 + d) ¥ITIOBLNOD GNNOdNOD DLLWWNANd ram (Bsren auin ayy st ah yw 4 von aaa) DB “won” ajoym soy gH aig sAtsnowsaid se 9 = x Suryey “"d 01 amp yoeqp225 uoHtoe aatteatap oansou ‘du ~gu = y antWo se s luis 40) ‘Kjuo uonse yeuonsodon los1u09 punoduios 1 astyd se safeiueapesip 199 4910 241 UO st uoHoe 40U aie smojiaq ajgnoq ‘Sues 24n 403 s2U008 soresado. Sauo2 au Su¥aW siyy “(doxp aunssaid ou) sio}12q s2uur cour speg inb? Sottoq so1n0 ayn ut aunssad pu ‘soseag wo 'd kq uonse °83ex9 Yong “aunssaid MWS OW UO KIUO d kq uy 241 01 &es) N990 WONDE aaneatiap ay o OW9BUELIE SI <]U0 $m PaneAUOP o41 Ajowns ‘pastjun sie, mn ainseaW! tN WOM) @BUEYD Jo are, Uo 8 Yi aut ut parnfpe s1 yoeqp3oy on Auvanysuas qt sueaur siqy 24 94 S80198 Kejau ayy Wonoe anneaLiop ayn sont SNBISKS TOMLNOD GAY NOLLWiNEWTULSNIS Gaaw 991 sushin.s@gmail.comPNEUMATIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES 169 168 RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS delivering output of one cubic metre (referred to standard dent adjustmen ive and integral actions should be eee generated separately based on proportional action and combined ig ) for up to 10 inst should have a gradient of ‘relay (see also Chapter 15), es should have a gt capaci tan tc 0 MEASURE oe 108 COMPOUND i + 1 + 0) PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER AIR SUPPLIES ‘An adequate supply of clean, dry with well designed. i impressed air is required } led and maintained air line systems. ler standard intake conditions, ie. 15° C te size, capacity and consumption Nn removes solid particles, oil and reduced at high temperature, below any perature of tem, the installation can be terstage and after cooling is effective especially when ry ret under Pressure. Absorber filters such as silica gel or activeicy level system points to act as reauasute traps ~ such traps should also be fitted adjacent to reducing valves, (Compressors are either arranged to run continuously. fitted with rallng devices o allow running light when pressure supply ir Mactieds of have pre-set cut in and cut out pressure switches Machine capacity should be such that 50% required; a 3 kW uni18 yovqpaa) aanieSau ayy pue pasinbas Kem" st 124m oF ‘sonpal 6} oeqpa2j aaneou asn veo saxyyiduse ured YatY HL, 19 anissed B wOsJ 10UNSIP se 1usUOdWHOS us puR SUIDAUI J ren Aue Jo quapusdaput pue a1esn29e Luo &uo spuadap iinosio Jo wep “saders sayjiidwe Jo oquinu jppo we sauinbas yoryis ‘aseyd Jo ino s9a18op OBI "2" ‘stussIna jod aBeijon B 94 ISM 242K, “SLOMID ‘up ut stuasino jena “27 ‘uauino 2[qiSt|dau Soyer Jouyicue 2 os adeijon indino sisnfpe say{dure ay pue stomiau x9eqp=5} Pur uass ‘stone [oiU09 a18s0Ue8 0} siusuodi0D @Sunoe-sss9001 01 Bunse-12011p wous poBueys 9q s9}jonu09 oy) ueD MoH “anjea painseaus ui aan 01 asuodsas doo} uado ayn “yde: ue ‘paonpas smoy[e Y9eqp29} Yons JO YOISNIOU] “OUNLUOS ‘om ‘aun wioss oeqpaay aaniedou IOWIN * JO pre amp uaLm ‘oquoseq indut oy indino jo o1es “2) ‘ures souriduuy “ssotyiduse ‘9sn Si} Wouy ynsax Kew swyouoq srojfonuoo ssoa0id Kueu us Teuonippe rey pur Azessooou st anyea Kojau Aum ured, idwe ‘pauiea aq Ket ainseayy "suOReIEA a8E1]0% 01 2n} '2q Keui worse aaneatsop jo smi8ep oun yout aids Busn ap ueIp 3 2p oy Pur paresous8 st uonoe a eo so se soy panatype ctpeas st “9Beyjon Kjpesoue® “uoneotduy jesB21Ut Jo 29189 ‘aLAIaWY TYNOLLV 340 3HL 4) oy pur poresoue’ s1 uonoe jean an mod aquoseq (0) ‘poliea 9q Kou ured ot ‘mou pu paresoue8 st uontse jeuomodosd ou moy uted (q) s[eBis gb panseau pus syen pousap aneuinoud Autnane 10} wolsteoid sey data pot saddey 9j2z0u wus) 22sy9 & Jo yoroys sTeMUEABEIp v ayeYy (araymasje pasn Soul sop 219 * 40 1 xUgns *8e1 uy -teudis indino 9 40 g 2anreU joquids esouad v se pasn st 4 saidey: 109 40} oqUiAs ay Se AIsnoLsasd pasn AyureUs Usag st a areaQz9 2q pno> wwounsnfpe pug feuoriodosd 21 moy Ayatiq aquiosop wresBeIp axp or aouasajas yuLaL (2) “Buluorssiuusos a10j09 128 2q pines J9}}011U00 2M moy Ayatq aquosap wiesBeIp ay or souazajas WEA (Q) “uonezado sit ‘squdsep Ayauq pue adhi saddey-ojzz0u e Jo sofjonuoo stewnoud (1+ g) wisr ome Jo yorays sirewuresseIp v oxeyy (e) +z SATdIONIYd TOULNOD SINOWLOATA 11 WaldVHO “wnuqyinbs ut waisks sejnonied & 109 2) MOY YoIeys 2]duNs w Jo sueous om un mmnaud Jo a!ouud funesado ay sao 01 SHTaWVxa ISL eS SWALSAS TOWLNOD CNY NOLLVINANMMISNI S.CaaH outRED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL s¥sTEMs ELECTRONIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES 15 Yon Re (4 (ate nals can be th n. For Fi regarded as measured value and desired value input and proportional to deviation ‘on, bandwidth adjustment at Ry. Ampli Supplies and earth lines are omitted for simy power ‘TEGRAL, (RESET) CONTROL TECHNIQUE the circuit of Fig. 11.3 By pacing a capacitor Cy inthe Feedback cre placed on the amplifier response ae fo change of ga Foracapacitor C= jv hat and = R ne~ ggfra rma wey Fig. 11.3. ELECTRONIC INTEGRAL (RESET) CONTROL representing measured and di voltage corresponds to error voltage, i.e. output voltage is the integral of error input voltage. A feedback resistor Ry is necessary to give proportional a th a fixed capacit smatively potentiometer adjustment could be provided. Integral the feedback the circuit by capacitance. R- and R, additions shown ion is very rarely applied on its own. ELECTRONIC DERIVATIVE (RATE) CONTROL TECHNIQUE ‘Consider the circuit of Fig. 11.4 in which it is necessary to consider P + D combinations: ‘A capacitor Co is in the input circuit, together with a resistor Ry, to produce a rate of change component. In the steady state there is no current through Cp. h=-h vo=-Rev, RiWBTIOWLNOD DINOWLDIS (0 + / +a) GNNOAWOD StL St vy Bary ei —asio > anny, aaunsvan BOWNT WOLINAG TORLNOT jt suonenbs pue éjsnosnaid uoats ‘sno1ago are g'9t “St 013 suoruodosd ay yl wore|as au. 10198) annieatsap pur jes8a (q+ 1+ d) ¥FTIOWLNOD aNNOaWOD dINOWLIT ouLNoo BALLVAINIO Sd WNOLUOSOWS INOMLIITA WEL “Big i 1 1 om 4oysisax anqea pastsap ty ayy, lure ayy 1e ueS poseaiour y wonesuadwo> sazinbei yoy 11nDu19 YD ay) ssoise uoHEn soa18 sayjtidue 241 jo peoye yuomrau souvape aseyd ayy ‘W9UH9,> JOnUOD jeu OF jeUsIS st aBk lwoneisap st aBeyon ind uot ‘n[ea pautsap pue onyea painseaws ‘aiojaq se omppe feuoniodoid 9418 01 Ksessa0au st 10} andur Jo ®8uByo jo uoruodod pur 21 “sitauodwon posisep ow) sey aojazau) 2801 a andino ayy, (Pay + Bay 6 (p02 +f) ar = (r+ u)4y ~=%4 Beno 4y xy =7+y q-eyey bo =», po =F ‘oes (BurSueys) waysues ayn uy un STIONPd TOWINOD SINOMLITTS SWBLSAS TOWINOO CNY NOLLVINANAISNI 6.034 9L1178 RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS the complete electronic liagram given Jater in Chapter 12. " [COMBINED | ' =. tHe Fla. 118 Response To smusor COMPOUND #0750) SIGNAL ELECTRONIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES 119 ROM eur 80 RIDE Fee0e wut F f. Blase 2; 3 (OECIDES 5) ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER CIRCUIT (COMPOUND P +/+ 0} lectric-electronic contr 1. For output voltage to be proportional to input voltage necessary to add a resistor amplifier (i.e. in series) an feedback path (ce. in paral 2. If output volts are to be proportional to deviation, represented by error input volts (e), then error signal is applied as input to the circuit of 1. to include a capacitor (C,) in the feedback circuit in series with resistor Ry. 5. If P-+1+D action is required to combine 2, 3, 4, above, then rm ae Be let+ Reco) Re von (Bet(sinduy ov se) z/'y = 4 =P Fy = ty S94 BIA Yue 01 Po St YOTYAA iur'A sowing SumsoAu YON, “9 “Aun wey sso] s} yoiyas “y/1 = 7 ones Susdder “g 01 4y yBnosyp doo} youqp29) ‘ayy aye 01 peat Zulddei v yt “yw pue °4 sso1se paIseUUOD (q 2ouristsai) soyowonusred indino Inq J219AU! 10) Sv YlA- =A J0sIAIC JUPAUT “S ‘sun Budden “y # 8y + 'y'ysty = 2 Suydder © ym “yee pur ‘A ss0u98 wou ssoj st ytum “y/d = 01 Uath paroouuos (yj ue +(sayoioys snoyaasd 998) a ay ey # yyy = 4 lypty = @ Inq sums Jauonu! 405 SY Ag+ '4o}-= "A saunung souanuy setP9s “¢ ystysty aed ut t4 pu 1 JOU9AUL 305 SY (pouie> ‘umoys—indur SumsaAu! wou sy 01 ped] J9mo] “indur SunzeAU! sty 01 peat seddn * a8eyjoa inding “ty = ty y sorsisos e yBnosp poyuee 2 jeu Sq jourwuay o1 ty sorsisar e ySnomp "4 jeuSis aBerjon induy t= "A soUDAUT “1 8°11 ‘Sg 01 patidde suonesn81ju0 snowen mou sepIsoc) 181 SETIONRd TOMINOD SINOWLITTS 1 SIM) pue “asyjo Suyurewox Aue souvyeq oY, jollesed UE suinasto re Yoeqp293 Jo sounisisas U9} _ ex are esau 1eyI TeNbe Por us KIq¢Byf8ou pownsse s1 304 YM “984Jo INU Jo 1430} SBojouru9y, “S00 Te anaes Amel ‘ J01919 01 patopisuos ave “(wan zesyo naw 1 (a9 #) htddns (a9~) Kiddns (@) induy Sunzonur-uou sayyduwe > (C)indur Sunsoaur seyydwe g sonsote sant 1-2 ang aFWor 0 sUOIIPOOD pus ya ospusdoppasn eyo enon pueda Bungee par 1 somod zd (oy seen) aaebou ain ys ad spnou org) Saar eum ou pr stoner uses pouoouns “Yooidde sieeve se Bu tele 514 UL Hom Supzaid ajo ouos asueutans orion apn SISATVNY XO@ OVI SWLSAS TOWLNOD GNV NOLLVINSWMRLSNTS. Ca ost182 REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 7. Subtractor_V,=V,-V, Vi through R, to C, earthed via resistor Ry. V, through to B, a ier Vo=c¥, 1 through Ry % = pyacnouth Ri 10 CB earthed through Ry. Ry = Re. c= (Ry + 9. Integrator ‘The circuit has already been sketched in Fi lifter C terminal could be earthed through Re an H connected. hunt) stabiliser utilising @ zener diode iously (Fig. 7.6). Voltage (or series) ted circu tage (V) are compared and error voltage (e) is fed to the transistor base through a difference ampl vy L. ry + & 1. Fig. 11.8 TRANSISTOR STABILISATION CONTROL ELECTRONIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES 183 INTEGRATED CIRCUTTS ‘These were originally developed for non-linear or digital (logic) circuitry but are increasingly used for linear amplifiers, including operational amplifiers. The circuit components are produced by oxidising, etching and diffusion on a silicon chip (see Page 92) as 10. A MOSFET (see Page 106) is often utilised printed circuit boards. A microprocessor is @ very large integrated chip cire Fig. 11.10 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT COMPONENTS.YSTIOULNOD WOINVHOAW Ez “d betty Paljipowi 2q 29 Uo} Stuos199I9 Ue MoI ‘81e] © Aq paonpoud siaqjosiuos Jo susio) snosaUiNU axe 94, JO sasn ou wo quau0D pur Ssnosiq “soyridure teuoweiado ont sushin.s@gmail.com SAdAL YATIOULNOD TWNLOV tI WALAVHO +01 anp andino sa]jostuo9 uy UoHETEA 24 lueideIp ¥ uo Moyg “o}[onUOD otuaHD9fo MMO aamKp B aq4IDSIq “1 11 SaTaWvxa Lsa ee ‘SWALSAS TOWLNOD GNV NOLLVINSWMLSNI §. 437% vet186 RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS MECHANICAL CONTROLLER Uuilses a lever principle extended to a mechanical differential, A drives (1) anticlockwise and B drives (2) clockwi ‘same speed then C revolves but the shaft If A tends to speed up then C follows (1) and the sheft inearl the supply and increase the revolutions of ‘on exists, synchronism reduces movement to int characteristic exists (see Fig, 12.1). MECHANICAL-HYDRAULIC CONTROLLER (GOVERNOR) ‘The device is illustrated in Fig. 12.2. ou, Zale: Z RAIN Fla, 12.2 MECHANICAL-HYDRAULIC CONTROLLER (GOVERNOR) For say an increase in engine load the fly valve ¥ moves down so ights move radially [ACTUAL CONTROLLER TYPES 187 simple proportional pi = {CD removed: The conical form sping gives linearity to the speed sno PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER The contol shown in Fg 123i comes sg ac rent 9 fr moved by the vale spit fom he position feedback andthe input measure signa is a contact M. ay ¥ i Fa t23 GLECTROPREUMATE:CONTOLLER M+ VO he ly i energie and spy a ows the diaphragm top to move the spindle down, IfVy + V, <0 relay the iaphragn top is vented, #0 rergised and ar from the dap towing tbe valve spindle o move up; Movement cesta oon |‘4y sorstsas ssosoe doup “1g aousede> ssosse dosp iq 1ndino wo 2Be10n st 3 (oaneausp) Foeoe +47 =F z g+sg=3 poe sy (enw) perf eeg=9 og+4g=7 ‘mous 01 poonpenit 9 prnoa SoneWoueHY 10N, ‘2aoge Sv aurns ayn yon s} qdioutid ayy nq (ssoisisuen 40) saajes s1uon99[9 pur s]f29 o1oud sasiqan adAi stp Jo ulis9p japous asus Y "YDIaYS AIR UF UMOYS se 'y “!D “2y “25 SuNIEIUOD unaita panop ayy &q 29nydas pue y nwo (q +/+ d) 2AI8 OL 3 &yddns indui jo a8ueyo 30 a1e1 241 01 enba ares v we pa8seyo '9q isnt so1t9ede> ay), “2 souerseded Jo sasuapuo & pur Oy sorsisat aiqeisnipe ue ppp pur Yy UIP/21 UONIDE AAHIeALDP Pe OL, voU qua4in9 JoyLN sISIsax UDK yorum soviaede ayy sa8rey> moy wound “yoeqp2ay Jo wounsnipe snonutquoo Ps} 249 SnY, 19 aoueNsedeD Jo JasuapuoD & pur !y sorsisou ajqeisnipe ue Xq y 200/do1 uonse yesBo1ut ppe OL, on-=@ euonodord wrsooys pur af6yU Sujonponuy pur “pueg 1eU soays ajguisn{pe au) nfpe st #9 s¥ 30 *9~ = 47 "91 “uon2auip ut asoddo st mb sifon yougpoa} ‘saz yenbo 01nd Jo ruodosd vs} asap uonisod ¥ Ye Jo} 2H0s5.54, aude an ssouve ero a a8puq indut ay ss0r0e doy 108 ap uatA ue Moy waLInD Bussoddo 04 paxif a," pue Y UaeMIeq TUoLIND soddo oq 0} podueize s} oun stu. “A pur ssuo1oey ea SEAL WATIOWLNOD WHIDY X woamieg smoy suojas2y) !auun9 ‘paoueyequn st a8puq indino u out ‘oWdure ayy 0) sMoLy juatin> “anfea pastsap oy) wosj apmuruBeur (UonerA9p) Jou9 ayn JO uonwoppur ue sy Yoru a8syjon indur ue ssonposd iwaLuno sig NBTIOUINOD (7 +/+ A INOULOITA 24 “Bey fsstananr] sisoain Peg “a pur Y uo0mioq Sol) s1oj041 watano “poouerequn s1 ana119 a8puuq aUoNtoyae nduy oy} “2° ‘20u910341p 98er]04 ¥ oavy mou g pur y Ie H alqeisnipe ayn Jo awowsonour sasne9 (1sonpsuelt 9P 2111 “one reuonsodoud ays isnf 1811) Sutopie ‘Bed 01 yOeq 32404 osTe pur) HZ1 “BIg O1 uUIOFoy (0 wsTiowtNoo otNowDaTE . “dW aiquisnipe St “souonsod eajea yi 40) ‘pueg teuosuodosg “smoyy tu2iin9 ‘U put pasojo axe sojzzou 0g way. or9z o1 aenbo 54 pue M4 se ‘SWALSAS 1O4LNOO GN NOLLVINAMMSNI GBH 881190 REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Possibly a more simplified sketch arr ‘ype of electronic cont jement of an alternative is shown in Fig. 12.5. ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER (2) Referring to Fig. 12.5, a) ang panne frorred seared fecrnerl far] mie Sema! Fig. 125 ELECTRONIC + /+ 0) CONTROLLER (2) \tansmits a de signal (measured value) ren be in the range 0-40 V, fom a fixed resistor is ‘The two signals are tained by passing Pposite directions through a common resistor, thus voltage across the Proportional to deviation. The Control potentiometer in that the ied by varying the ratio between the the variation is 2 to 200% range, or obtained with direct action tive feedback from the desired ‘more. Thus pure proportion from the measured value an value, The signal is then passed th (capacity modulator) to give ac amy igh a transistorised chopper ich is then amplified in an ac and (if necessary) rectified for use atthe actuator Ths ACTUAL CONTROLLER TYPES 191 flr ae subject ait cedure is usally necessary as de ampli Sicha eo te ip woud afc he devon an hee eam eetuce nena ete eta provide the most a @ and feedback action shunted via Cp, If R, is made infi ted, CoRp and C, are in series. ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER (3) erall gain about 10, and introduces a signal to the bridge network ‘measurement. Sep:Jo suorrewea pue (1943) wieaq 2xp uo I9e swmottaq snog atdrouud ona] ajdusts ayy Buysn aouezeq-20405 Jo rey yssod so sauuou 0 2}duuss 80 ut su01229 hupxa joapt up S} 42[]041109 SI4L indwios BujSesane pur (UOIstAIp uppe sopraoud osje pur SuOL id) “(d) S2ai wun StL (1) WaTIOMINOD OLLYANANE soddoyo indino sorsisuen © pue ‘ anduy soysisuen ¥ Jo sistsuo> jus 0} 2ouejequn 28] 10} ‘way ssouoe aBueyo aderjon 2p 0} jeuonsodosd jeyp 0$ poSuesze (g) S9pOIP Om) HL. “0002 moqe UES ‘oe esSorur “217 Surod 198 yitm aptoutod 01 yuowlounseoUt ‘1 (youqpa9y 20uey) sofueyo indino ye ayes otf SUTUaIaP aaptaq al ssos9e 1o11oedeo pur Jowsisaz aiquisnipe ou, bo yun (jf) Jayyiduse urews oyp uo steudts 40% ‘SEAAL WETIOWINOD THIDY yowngso {€) YITIOMINOD (0 +/+ <1 INOWLOIS zt “ts woveoads SAlisog ‘SWALSKS TOULNOD GNV NOLLVLNGAMAISNI ,G3194 RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 4 A er we pegaae dane bo : pe ae pues 4 8p Ser vatue 2 tesa schon | AVERAGING t 4 es, a2 eave samme queust t wage i t t peteo Fig. 12.7 PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER (1) ACTUAL CONTROLLER TYPES 195 bellows forces or level fulcrum ratio (a : b) will affect the ‘magnitude of the output signal. (pe— pda = (pi — pdb 5 pe EPim pad + Ps variations of a, b, py, p2 OF ps obviously affect the value of pe (output). When used for proport al action: pea 2ips— po) withpo=0 i.e. difference between set value and measure value yields @ which is adjustable by the a: 5 For averaging ‘Taking a = b then as p:= Pe pete + Pd) For addition: Taking a = b then as p: =O Pe=PL=Ds ‘Subtraction can be arranged utilising the other bellows p, in place of bellows ps. with ps = p,=0 pib= pa pomp998 a4 aAoge aunssaid jo oseaiouy Aaepuooas ayi 2aoge aunssaid 11 mojje pue uado 01 aajea ayn Buisnes wiSeryderp Arewud ay 1 ‘saseasout aanssaud lonuo> ayp 212z0u 241 soysvosdde sade om voy ‘uoHE 22[9-uoU uontsod [au ¥ Fey waoYs KIquIEsse aaqeA 10Ed Copa sino ay) oF wBesydeIp ‘ainssaid Suryjnses ays pesvasoap oe aanssoid ou pue paren Bursuas ay, “pappe vo! sun 241 s9qp0 1nq 29 reuomsodosd 671 Sty 0 SuuIa;Oy (© waTIOMLNOD SULWHNaNA sun p inoge pue simotiaq reuonsodosd aq wosy wun | inoge s9A01 pe au Jo aun anueo aun Miia “CW 298) pug feuonsodosd quadied 0192 BuIAI# os WnU}xEW eS} SMOTI9q OMI J9410 24 pue s049] unsnfpe ai Jo uit anuad 241 usa%teq 20uRISIP ap pue 199439 4>eqp39} OU s}ataIA Smoq]aq 18a4 pue feuonIodoxd 219 4940 SUMAN OY IAN ony 24 SaUILLIap $92105 smo1t9q Jo siuatous Jo wuerynsos ayn “seddey ) WETIOMLNOD OULVNENA :p) ones atp Suryeus £q paSuenw 2q veo vorstAr. 9B} UONeDHH|NUL Sapt9ap (q : v) ones pue (¥sTIOWLNOD SUYWNANE Bz “Big fo) ooo) ‘SMOM28 IV) AE vo i inarunsvan Bin enronany tor ‘SHAAL WETIOWINOD WOIDY ‘SWALSAS TOULNOD GNV NOLLVINGWMISNI S.C 961198 REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS oNTROL 7 PRESSURE cavoe Paes serine AolUsttent ty SPeRAINS ae Fig. 12.9 PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER (3) ACTUAL CONTROLLER TYPES 199 fn the control valve. For apper travel away from the nozzle then Pressure above the secondary diaphragm will vent until balance is restored PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER (4) Fig. 1210 PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER (4)“Aiuo yonuod reuonodosd sesiynn ‘Polou 9q Pinoys smoyjaq yoeqp20) oxneou Puv puvg jeuonsodosd ajquismipe ayy ‘siovemioe saduep st¢ ‘oym dejar SuIBEIOAE 81 smof}9q y>eqp225 zou aB:eyosiq“payoear UIeBe tueaq 2ourjeq up Uo UoHDe BuLoIsas v SOAs 12} B41 UL aunssaad ate Jo dn pling smorTe sO1pUr 409 wnLgHTINbS eee wa1eyIP saa18 “woHDs wou ys Jo 1wswos0u 9y1 umns9Ing s9]J0r afqeAoi ty UsoMIOg, “wars ureoq axp 03 poridde ways uontsoddo m8} SSL, “SMOTT9G AO JOITEUIS ayp 01 pay st “aanssoLd ) wonseuuos aunssaid uty a4, “eg Ata) pnd paqsep von oe onto Ksoen 3, ws) (ALISODSIA) (9) ¥ATIOULNOD DLLVINNNE nquioo ut oBuEy Coutva arv-tana (9) ¥zTIOWLNOD SLLVIKMANA *sBe] Aypojan-20uesip asrututw 03 uonouny Jonuoo 249 01 250[0 pans uayo axe Aaxn se Sounawos ore Kou, “(Kjuo out] au0 1p pue 4J0 98m rnowym uayo) ad4i yous pajte> Aiensn ueus Jo 94 24) Jo aanoedsaun paurewurews 2q ue> ones ste-fany 10au109 au, (OULvY wiv-T3nd) (9) YBTIONINOD SIYWNANd LEE Bld ‘poloouuoD 10u axe q pu > ‘Butuado 2010 aajen yp uo ruapuadep Kejap [eu3ts 5 amp ‘pourquioa are sioayo oma sy, s@gmail.com Bega Sumaouy oan Yanan aro Burpeor -indino wu ‘a nat Sets Suryer “27 *Kepas BurBesove 3 tog wnuqiinba ye ‘anyea 19s udArs & sureUTeUE Suuds: = 2u4,“vonusod poumbor mau ayn ie Suoniodor pus seoeene snore 01 Jaquieys y saioisex ance We tae wines Buyom £q 919 1wapuadap ores ye 1nq 1uak © SurajS os ‘aunssaid somo] ve $1.9 st BIA O 01 sins90 os[e mold “smorfoq ay WON} ywoWaAOW weag, Aq osneo saayea auf Jo Suuomisodas owp 01 anp q{ saquieyo uy aBueyS 7 Fait aa rans WT ‘SWALSKS 104LNOD GNV NOLLVINGWMMISNI S.caau 02.REED’S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 12.12 PNEUMATIC CONTROLLER (6) (VISCOSITY) virtually closed which reduces air wastage. Zero adjustment and range adjustment at R. The proportional action extended to include integral action by adjustat the feedback bellows. Sensor and controller are described as control circuit, see Fig. 13.19, ‘TEST EXAMPLES 12 |. Sketch and describe an instrument to maintain the vis fuel at a constant value. Explain hi the viscosity from the desired value. 2. Explain why load sensing governors are usual engines driving alternators, Sketch a governor for t explain its action 3. Describe, with the aid of a sketch, a specific type of three term Pneumatic controller. Discuss how the separate control actions are ‘enerated and adjusted. ‘onic controller incorporates an integrating and twork, Sketch each circuit. A square wave input ircuit and then to the other with display on the input and output (2) wave forms on a ‘common time base diagram, (CHAPTER 13 TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS ed is large. ‘The number of different control loops ich of steam, Applications for each engineering knowledge sect 1ow be cor jon using electri ‘next chapter. STEAM PLANT on used for .:o-combustion and fed system contol have Been us yeu sated sub-systems for temperature, inked ino boiler and thine te and arse conion. pressure, ‘overall control systems suitable EXHAUST RANGE PRESSURE CONTROL, a ‘This utilises sequence operation with valve positioners, see Fig, areas sssure signal by the transducer. This sigr ee es eee eoeie EE ee naLyptyn “uorsuedxe smottaq Surat ‘ounssoud Suypeoy sre a1p asvaso9p e ‘TOWINOD BUNSS3ud WVSLS ONVTO ANIEUL ZL “BL dans wvais onyio xg eas Raps] _wawvan 20, onv79 ot Livi} “asgnaaNos OF Pa oa (ae lusnoursoa orem uit paads duind rueisuoo sas woisks anna “JOENGD A.V ERANL WALVAK DNLY TROD HASNONOD (¥) is | i ear ssans av 1 Burmoygw sons pu yoo 240 Aq 1838 40 asjndut youg “(BurBsey>51p) on ee -paduunp 40 paseasout as080 824 Jo aes BuIUYSIP ;adwunp 40 pareaso soypte Kiddns puw pasuas st ainssaid wears pueid wey poiou 29 {1H 31 Yorn wos Z-E] “Big UF UDATE st yuoWBUEE te Yon OUINOD YaMOTELOOS fet “SHS “TOWINOD aUNSsad WVALS GNYTO ANIL (Z) auanasoniv 3 Ganon] —— pue 8u/22ey9 24) uo 1uapuadap yeiado asoya onfen a ra a 7a EE | fees} £ 9° % ‘s E bo & % ie = o 3 fd was a0 vais ore 9. ema 1q pure fon uoD YI0q 10} ste Sost{N waIsAs JaMmO]qIOOS AKL BONVE_RVEIS ISTVAXS i “TOMINOD ¥EIKOTALOOS (E) \ soz SUIADUID TOULNOD WOAL ‘SWALSKS 1OW1NOD GNV NOLLVINGWNISNI SERN FO206 _REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS THERMAL ELEMENT Fig. 18.4 CONDENSER CIRCULATING WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL, through the positioner allows air to the top of the servo piston so Fe of the scoop into the discharge pipe and giving more Refering tig 13 Supehest contol is based hereon the amount of steam flow tough the steer. Te sensing clement pot silt he ansmiter (I) is directed fo the recorder ten tee term. utp signa rom this relay (A) with the ignal Rely output signal pases andesite) to oper the valve esto varyatemperair flowrate ws more effective operation during wansiens Increased steam low would ede temperate Without the second element action which would be reducing low though the atemperstor. Split range contol (wo valves and postiones) TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS 207 a coy geo +E secowoaey ‘SUPeRHEATER, SEAM FLOW Fig. 135 STEAM TEMPERATURE CONTROL could be used in place of two linked valves from one positioner. Note. ‘Three term usually means P + 1 + D and three element usually three variable combination in a controller e.g. pressure, (6) STEAM FLOW/AIR FLOW RATE CONTROL. Refer to Fig. 13.6: ‘Steam flow rate is sensed at the orifice plate with tapping steam flow transducer consisting of a d with condensed water. The sensed. Outputs from both relay whose output signal is related to required air low sured steam demand. A tapping can be arranged to the ‘bumer fuel supply controller. The computing relay output ‘enters a three term electronic controller. The electrical signal output from the controller operates the final control element. This element{s3NIUNL) TOLNOD 39GIE Let Sls Foupauos oneuneud-onsaja UY “ionp ste ¥ IY Pur VoHEUSWNSUL (A¥aNIHOVW aNIEWAD TOMLNOD aoanE (2) ~opuooas uad 18 s2jqettea sno} u3}S 1984p SION “pasinbas axe ‘ut zodurep v st TOMLNOO SLU MOTE UIV/MOTS WWELS orEL “Bid THe a aan aoe houinigs vcr z ‘Sheu it ‘SUINDUID TOXINOS TWOKEAL ‘SWALSAS TOULNOO GNV NOLLVINGNMMISNI SCIEN BO210 _ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Suggested alarms could be: low level. For direct instruments opi but no more than say another six indications should be necessary. Engine console and id obviously provide fi ed system is given 1. Ieis assumed that al ‘control are provided, e..g low water level in boil Consider now the individual aspects relating to Fig, 13.7: Selector Bridge or engine room control can be arranged the engine room. When one is selected the other isi ission control systems are normally identical and Of the one selected gives slave movement of the other. blocks are necessary such a no valve opening wi turning gear in, etc. " “ Ne opening with Programme Relays The correct sequence operation is actions for example, man ‘moving on to say valve opening sequences, ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS 21 ‘Timing Relays To prevent excessive speed changes, by too rapid signals, which astern allow astern at say etc. (manoeuvring, valves now usually cam operated sequ Essential Safety Locks ‘Override on timing by such elements as low boiler water drum level, low turbine inlet steam pressure, etc. Emergency Control Direct hand control of manoeuvring valves camshaft. Local Controt Independent power control at the actuators themselves. feedback gives accurate tor. Speed feedback is ce of speed between measured and desired values causes an addtional trimming signal to the controller. This may be necessary as pressure and speed are not well correlated at low speeds, Outline Description ack 0 the de ampl command signal to the actuator reversing starter. The two control levers are independent and do not follow each other, an engine room override of bridge control is supplied. The rate of valve opening is controlled by the actuators so that too rapid valve4007 DNNOOD INAWSTFOML SEL Sis prsoao---- «-------. 5 f “cavoguano t bg 3M, aw wormnioy 7 HNO TS! s3un0 nS 31000 30 auBUD UIPLE Se []9M SB ("249 “fanat Aseyjyene uo punos saunawos are sdooy pan “ove ‘soup aanssaid out pu anjea ‘aes MOY WUMWIUTU ayes MOY tumupreur ‘aimesoduin pur ainssaid winustxeyy “yuewodws 3s0w st ‘vons9[as 2a7eA “(Hatem Ysad}) a[qeurea z4po 2p sfonuoD (sem 29s) ayquurea auo se warsks ayy ur Be Ayoeded Big & seai8 sty 29]000 ‘tn 404 Ayddns so4eA vas ayn pros o% st waueBuELe oanewsayfe 221000 of 01 Ans 10 woweqnauo-os ayn souea (1x9 | pu Kaus 2) 2aTea 4em € ou, “9st yoeD 305 SofUeApE UTELIDD ae alin “Uae 21) 01 Sut was 40 Aiddns oy uo 9q deus wuowero Busuas a4, ANaWaTa sons ~ TOWLNOD SunLYHBAWaL (NOLSI4 HO) 13,.0¥" get By ~~ MS Mong ox sass wiv HSU 31009 awona ous NonISa: Siw wsaaa t t Cis sodans aw - ‘wa TIOuNo9| C1 ty o1 Susy INSISTS TIONIS - TORINO aUNLVASAWAL (NOLSIA YO) LBVOVE (1) “uonesado Jo Koustouyo 01 siuswenosdust 2A18 [INS ued Josuos-orne 9 SUL “S21A9p parBap Airey por Suyanzouew pue iusrxe 1e2i8 uoyi Klurew) jexsua8 sasyrin mou ued ANVd SNIONG OT ‘319 “Burypop 28019 405 no ano apuss9A0 tue sey su - paddors oui Jo yi8u9] uteuiao v sae pouiad yoys 40} oayea Suuanaoueus 2MN 01 siajou 1seiq-omny “sistxa eau seu y “dois yBnomp Jo 0} anoge 01 peonpar 94 uo stun “armas anoge wy suna20 “EsJ2A 2014 40 “todo ot ats Uwoneiedo onfen reuuoU [Inj “Aejop aun © Xq powwanaid 5) Sutuado ei SLINDUID TOULNOD TWOAL ‘SWALSAS 1OWLNOD GNV NOLLVINENMISNI Same CI s@gmail.com214 _ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS In the latter case a two element type may be advantageous as heat ransfer rates are high and sea water ine load and sea water temperature. considered to be at a fixed load then by reference seen that the water inlet temperature is fixed by the set value ofthe controller A which accounts for water temperature changes (controller A is “slave” Now if the engine load changes the inlet water temperature should change, ie. the lower the load the higher the water temperature. This is achieved by changing the desired value of A according to the engine load variations. Controller B “master) provides an indication of engine load by measuring the retum . + B signal changes the set Value of controller A (cascade control). A fresh water heater may be placed in the engine s (3) OVERALL COOLANT SYSTEM CONTROL ‘The sketch given previous! coolant temperature control is typical. Similar systems ‘almost exactly for lubricating oil, turbo blowers, scavenge valve, etc., coolants. Each system is separately controlled so that adjustment can be made to individual systems without affecting the others, ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS 215 7 + rernibraon oneltions @) @ @ ‘spaRe AND BRRER Stuces— ‘AiR CONOMTIONNG J. foisriter ere ’AUX" CONDENSER HaRsour EEE Rion Fig. 13.10 OVERALL COOLANT SYSTEM CONTROL (RING MAIN) constant speed and two controllable speed to allow flexibilty, harbour circulation is best arranged by a feed into the main from say the ballast pump. The individual control is shown on the jacket cooler only for illustration. The control here is direct control of the ssea water quantity utilising two-way diaphragm control valves, all ‘main engine circuits shown in the diagram are so controlled, any auxiliary circuits can be similarly controlled if required. Certain discharges, where convenient, can be combined to reduce the number of shipside valves. way valves with direct supply, the latter arrangement requires a8upsoaze sonqea 9 so1em ayejnas 0 sjjonuoo aun sorte reusis 249 pure (4) s2onpsuen Josua * s suas aunssaud auf UOYAS ‘ug £q panowas pure s21804, uapuon St yore 1o8ueYOXe aneaodeaa 1ue}009 (uorsid 30) expel saiem yselg “Tenuatod (81au9 pod e sey wej00D 2utTuD wos} ‘yeay apes moj 40 ‘aise “EI"EL “Bly Ul UMOYS St wOIsKs SIL “OUINOD HOLVYOIVAT HSV.LVBH aLSVAN (S) NION3 01 YO WALSAS TOWINOD NOLLWOIsIUNE TIO HIIOR zee sane 110 ¥arioe Aiwa owltlsa0 OXY 2418 on pa ureur 241 uo pay J21w9y Jong [Ho ay oyLNd 8 SUL “2u18u9 ureus atp 8 ureiurew 01 paudisap st UL UMoYs woisks sry INIONG OI YOM WELLSAS TOULNOD NOLLYLATANd HO WaTIOM (>) 19 “uoneotidnp oN “suonesepisuoo aunieseduai pur Moly uo adap paBuene 2q wed si 2 2 1000 2tp Jo Buidnoi wos} Moy fonUOD se Y 9 aunssaad warsks K1or08)sHes (aTwuva 9 sans) YOULNOD WBLSAS INVIOOD TWH3AO LE-eL By ouvoeasn0 ue ‘SLINDWD TOMLNOD WOIAAL SINALSAS TOULNOO ONY NOLLVINAWAULSNI S;aaae 91e i218 __REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS 219 ex [corre [conrron| [sevecton| le 5 area |e |_tael EES" [Bee ie ano 1 1 | ! | t ie 3th | | | | ! ' | l 1 | | 1 | 1 | Fig. 13.13 WASTE HEAT FLASH EVAPORATOR CONTROL sourreo| apr) Spee0 eoer (6) BRIDGE CONTROL (DIRECT REVERSING IC ENGINE) is suggested should be read AduirreD| jm as there are many obvious simi L ENGRE NRE AR OFF nue Least Seanees "| [apove Sieesiion | [finns acne Genceaton ——— E—__— ——-e-covernon Fig. 13.14 BRIDGE CONTROL (DIRECT REVERSING IC ENGINE)‘wars(s auf OU! 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Figure 13.14 and description are fairly general and it is now appropriate to extend this to a more detailed arrangement. ‘maximum speed; Programme motor drive; 15. speed cam ‘cam ahead-astern; room telegraph for bridge control passes through B, and clears the starting routine at X and Z via 24 (fror Operation of 1 selects either control room or bri from 6 loads either U or V accordingly. Ahead lines ‘and one as appropriate feeds top ahead relay valve ani line G to position the reversing servo at the engine (aster U and top astern relay valve to other line G). 1m 2, 9 leads to W (directly loaded from control ‘or from bridge via 17, 5, 11, 20) thence to X and line ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS Fig. 13.15 PNEUMATIC REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM verse, start and gradually reach ‘The engine will for example reverse, start selected speed in an automatically programmed sequence. Two fine“soqjonuos WaLsAs ‘TOUINOD HOLVUsEWALLY GNY NOUSNEWOD-OLNY ster "Old - Soe pera Dl a 1 ae Bie Bi voveonas} mors Se no WaLLSAS TOMINOD YOLVUBAWALLY ANY NOLLSNEWOD-OLNY (1) "UDAI8 mou st swaisks jeorda Jo womoajas 'y owono8 ne/4 pure aajea Xiazes oxp papnjauy swusuodiuod jon1uos Aqseg “ajdurexo aissejo v sdeyzod ANV1d TaaNaO ‘| we “SUINDWID TOMINOD TWOLdAL sushin.s@gmail.com226 _ REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Attemperation also has anticipatory control in that the load change signal acts before the temperature change signal. The function attemperator boiler loads, there is a coi Command signal choice bet flow/steam flow etc. show characteristics and research st (2) AUXILIARY BOILER AUTOMATIC FUEL AND CONTROL SYSTEM Refer to Fig, 13.17 for the lighting sequence. ----—. 5 I Sharer BoueR 1 waren Lever “TRAE cootaoeas | [ifhecen ium reco var, ee [amaste 1 feenmmeuaar) NWN Pore ae jiio SeeeStonl + [FED ne ae Fig. 13.17 AUXILIARY AUTOMATIC BOILER CONTROL SYSTEM, ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS 21 1, The pressure switch switch is often arranged to c1 es the start of the cycle. The about | bar below the working. pressure and cut out at about 1/5 bar above the working pressure (this differential is adj . The air delay t0 3. The master now allows the relay. The "arc made" feedback sigr delay to proceed. 4, The master now all ‘The solenoid valve allo\ be struck by the electrode lows a 3 second time (ing signal to proceed. the cycle is complete, if not then fuel is shut off rings and the cycle is repeated. Refer to Fig. 13.17 for emergency devices: weir in the feed box. (3) DRUM LEVEL CONTROLLER (FEED REGULATOR) Robot feed regulators are proportional controllers (single term) ‘al band. Due to drum changes, the action is temporari tion is very severe due to the narrow bandwi of feed checks was often necessary. Proportional act sushin.s@gmail.comTOUINOD ALISODSIA s1'EL O14 SOLvIneaN 33s et'et “Buy a SAT saiusnyas mors oss ayer ¥ aaiancosid [FRY | LST waqyooay Ry Tansy OM £ oe 5 8 os rts zed gup ensuen vs pans 009 = 3 ‘ov ns SB LUsWeas, bo ure & end psp so & Jno v ss0108 passed st 10 jo 61'Et Hd 0129504 AOUINOD ALISODSIA (F) ae usitbithes % ‘aun he “AMIOUBW LOY SUOHTEHIEA Moly pady 219498 ‘OU wears ¥ Sunesodioour £q poureigo 1o94pe 01 10U se 0s pus: 198 pnom jwudts Janay aif, “sWIsAs jomuod [Te UI IqesISap Ajensn if 20} wn ons f Jan909 om 27 31 Yorym ‘uonse Aiored!onue ue oar pinom yeusts sty “Buy ain in Jo ps 08 Hongo aeege eo we ‘SHINDWID TOXINOD TWOKAL ‘SWLSAS TOWLNOO GNV NOLLVINGWMMISNI SGaaN 87230_REED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS |conrrower FER Deuvery ovct REVERSED ‘suction oucr Fig. 13.20 REFRIGERATION CONTROL, ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS. 21 to operate a diaphragm control valve. This valve controls steam input to an oil fuel heater. P control is generally adequate, rate and/or reset are easily added. The sensor has been described previously (Fig. 5.3) and so has the controller (Fig. 12.12). (5) REFRIGERATION CONTROL ning (upper sketch) 1d recirculated) is control sprayed is heated (steam grid) or cooled (brine gri steam (oF brine) quantity controlled by temperature. Th now passed to the various zones where sub-units adj e zone. This is achieved chamber, (6) ALTERNATOR CONTROL Consider the sketch of Fig. 13.21 and regard this as a main system (A-J) and sub system (K-M). ‘Main system (load sharing) One alternator is shown (A) of say a four set installation. Current, voltage, power factor sensors give power computation at relay (B) which is amplified (C). Total el at relay (E), fractioned off to enter relay ( are compared for load shari power is fed to relay (0) whic to start another alternator at say 75% maximum: rat those altemators in operation. The signal is also fed to stop relay () which is arranged to shut down an altemator when computed load is say 60%, 40% and 20% of maximum rated load for the four alternator unit.91904 mnoud 2q ue waisAs YJ, "UMOYS SE palfomUOD St JORat aies TOWINOD ONILYBH HLNOMUaLLNG Zh “Els | aaonyHoxa wae BON WHOKS Wah -uapuoz ‘aunjtey &|ddns s9re% 1sureBe uonsoioud saprsosd StL '¥ 1 uo passed st anjea sao] a4 pur ty sa1ue sosuas aunssasd-sarem ‘aun pur !y Woy s[eudig “apli-sos0 aunssoud yim oumresaduiay uo Kjwussoyut $1 [osu09 “y 02 uo passed ainssaid 17 Hojtonuoo sunyeradusar £7 pur sosuas aumesaduias ainssasd fy ‘siosuas aunssoid axe fy pue 'y ‘Z'EI “TOULNOD ONILVEH HINOMWALLAS (L) “sa990 peo} {IN} 401 18 Buyuado soyRaN9 Nox pur aoeid sox) Surpeoy sJo soreusorye yenprarpur yotya uF posInbas st “W-¥ OF spynuys “urarsKs-qns ywowedueuze umop inys © fjsnorAgo “warshs an sai, “219 “Buuddin yenuarayaid “dun pur (—gcot) wuzeye peowiano “sd 1amod aszona4‘ajdurexa 405 ‘pazinbas st uonsarosd eouoaj9 [ewi0N “paptaoad Puepueig “sioveus 2Ipuey or paSuesre 2q amis pur * pInom stu “Cy) Apjas aurnos an i Joveusorye pauinbad Jeyioue Joy reus]s wrers w Aisno1AgQ, ITE “Big Uo panop umoys st worsés-qns sojnored siqy (11018 sopousayyD) warsks-qng TOWLNOD HOLVNUBLIV IZEL Bi ‘sinam— sinaino ez “SUINDWID TOMINOD WOIAAL ‘SWEISAS TOMINOD GNV NOLLVINGNITMLSNI SCENE ee s@gmail.com234 _REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS controlling one variable by means of another variable. The system shown has utilised cascade control principles, effectively temperature master reset to pressure slave, the latter being a Pressure control system. (8) OILY- WATER SEPARATOR INTERFACE LEVEL CONTROL ‘The level sensor has been described in Chapter 3. The control system of Fig. 13.23 utilises two probes with the lower probe (shown) giving a balanced electrical bridge in water and the upper probe (not shown) giving balance in oil or air. Siscuance | Inreneace Fig. 18.23 OILY-WATER SEPARATOR INTERFACE LEVEL CONTROL With the pump started and supplying water to the separator to tise to the lower probe level, the bridge is balanced an solenoid de-energised. When water rises to the upper probe its bridge is unbalanced and the output signal is amplified which cenergises the "right (as shown) and water lischarge valve (through 3) and the water soa ‘TYPICAL CONTROL CIRCUITS 235 discharge valve closes. Each probe and valve has a signal indicator lamp and an alarm bell operates when the lower probe bridge is unbalanced. A third probe at a low level can be arranged to cut out the pump if ol falls to that point. (9) CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER ‘Use of these propellers has increased with the greater use of iesel drives and bridge room (or bridge) signal is fed to a torque-speed sel ixes engine speed and propeller pitch - feedbacks apply from each. Consider Fig. 13.26. eur SoMa BLADE. : Rotation anes AstERN waar TaRust BEARING RING, ANNULUS Fig. 18.26 CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER ‘The input fluid signal acts on the diaphragm in the valve housing and directs pressure oil via one piston valve through the tube to one side (left) of the servo piston or via the other piston valve outside the tube (in the annulus) to the other side (right) of the servo piston, Movement of the servo piston, through a crank pin ring and sliding blocks rotates blades and varies pitch. ‘The feedback restoring si restore piston valves to the position, is dependent on spring(s) ) which acts to vary the orifice (o) jing feedback pressure loading on theNOUWuWa3S 110 T3N4 AAVRH, S7'EL “Bla wai vaya 300s ee 1 QS 1 1 1 x, 0 wel ea} ———vovas 1 ' T 1 ' 1 it ' It i L__feosszooua]__ _ fuousamoo]._ | Ea nog pauado st aaj sore oun way stp Guued & e1A sorem oBseyostp or zoytind & se os[e SOM Ing sovesedos v se Ajenusssa “onfea so1em qn YBnomIN pa8sEyos!p Burueoyo ses OU rg) payoiays se noua amp s9pysue) NOLLWaivaas TO TaN AVA. (11) (wyusvia x0078) ONIIBELS OLNY Sz'EL “Old fama) fessumsea}fervonne] 1008 Sunoars diys ou, {VHOVIC NOOR) ONNEIS OLAV (01) aaa youd pue Suyjdnoo ayeys e nueD oy, “BuIsnoy aaqva ay w Le SLINDWID TOUINOD WOIMAL ‘SWISAS TOINOD GNV NOLLVINGNNULSNI SEL —_9ET238 __ REED’ INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 238 _REEDS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ‘TEST EXAMPLES 13 1. Sketch and describe a fully automatic, oil fired, packaged steam boiler. Explain how it operate, ‘State what attention is needed to ensure safe operation. Give two advantages possessed over conventional boiler installations. 2. Sketch and describe a system of control for manoeuvring a main ‘engine from the bridge. Explain how control is transferred to the engine or control room ‘upon failure of bridge control |. Describe iagram, an automatic combustion the methods of 4. Define the terms: (a) cascade contro, CHAPTER 14 KINETIC CONTROL SYSTEMS KINETIC CONTROL SYSTEM ‘A control system, the purpose of which is to control the dis- placement, or the v jon, or any higher time derivative of the position of the controlled device. (It should be noted that forces and torques are involved in the above definition). SERVO-MECHANISM tem which includes includes continuous, POSITION SYSTEMS ‘The control of position (displacement) in a system (linear or angular). POSITION CONTROL SERVO-MECHANIS Consider the electrical example servo-motor shaft is required to fol there is a difference of angular po:> y s01003 Burdurep) 3u e asuodsas (“o Kouant stuasaidaz suo aaino “ig andur dais aya 10} maw aRva BSNOdSBUNBLSAS EL Old A “Tp Bid Jo wisueypou-ons9s “pont “one ‘yeotueysour oy pue Aur iphIOUt J9}SuBN KBI2UD JO sIeIJo oy, nant sais inba iskjoue aandussoq, BSNOdSTU WALSAS & (WowIsod WyaL 3NO) WwHOVIG X0078 Zt “Bi ¥o10N 0 75 ORS ae ie »OvBORSI ONOLINON 98 Woy} Jaynd94 40 (9p) s0rs1sa1 isejfeq SOLOS v Bul oy) ‘ssamod 34 01 paueue 09 ueo quaLin> S} s010W-oa19s ay Jo euoUL 99 tjeuonippe wes play sayses ‘SWLSAS TOWLNOD SULANEX SWALSAS TOMLNOD CONV NOLLVINGWNWISNI §. 4354 ove242 [RED'S INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS and speed response. ep response Qo ram input 8 termed a velocity yy). A ramp input of ‘oveRsHOOT This occurs with proportional control and is due to inertia effects. It can be reduced by any of three methods: load torque as veloci employing viscous f .dvantages: increased response time to achieve increased losses, increased energy input with a larger dforward or feedback is to minimise any te. In principle the object is to decrease servo- que as speed increases by tachogenerator is preferable to viscous fr before the shafts are aligned due to the tachogenerator feedback voltage reduction. Inertia will move the output shaft and reverse - ; a a KINETIC CONTROL SYSTEMS 243 ‘stanuice Fetonacx | Fig. 14.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM (THREE TERM, POSITION) Rate network From the above it is obvious that a voltage proportional t0 deviation plus a voltage proportional to rate of change of de is required, which is P + D action. 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Po Vin— [2Re where P is output power. Obviously speed control can be effected by varying Voltage or field flux, the former being shown on Fig. 14.6. Fig. 148 SPEED CONTROL SERVO-MECHANISM (de) KINETIC CONTROL SYSTEMS 247 ‘A speed set voltage from the input potentiometer has an input volts signal V;. Monitored feedback from the tachogenerator gives 9 proponionl wo output shaft speed. The or signal ¢ . as discussed previously and de .. However the servi rque-speed characte and synchronous xcept for low power ion systems and ac amplifier control units, the all ac system is used as yet. However @ mixed ac-dc arrangement for from ac supply is an import (thermionic) are limited to very sm nd fie field controllers in a motor generator set. The motor generator set of the Ward-Leonard type is often used for very high powers but is a large unit, subject to time delays in operation. \WARD-LEONARD SPEED CONTROL Consider the arranger Terminology and ld. 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