An-Najah National University

Engineering college
Civil engineering department

Environmental Engineering II

Homework : # 1

Prepared by:

Adel Saadeh Abdul-Aziz Sabbah (11212144)

Section: 2
Instructor : Dr. Abdelfattah Hasan

P(3-4):
 Given : Ci = 20000 mg/L , Cf = 350000 mg/L , Vi = 100 m3
Assumptions : Sludges density is constant , There is no sludge in the liquid
removed from the sludge.
Required : Vf = ???

Solution :
dM d (CAV )
dt = mi mf dt = CA inQin - CA outQout
d (CA)
V
dt = CA inQin - CA outQout
For steady state conditions:
CA inQin = CA outQout
CA iVi = CA fVf
(20000)*(100) = (350000)*Vf
Vf = 5.714, or Vf = 5.7 m3

P(3-5):
Given : Cn. in plating solution = 85 g/L , Qplating solution with parts into rinse tank = 0.05 L/min. ,
Qrinse water into rinse tank = 150 L/min. ,
Assumptions : The rinse tank is completely mixed , No reactions take place in
the rinse tank.
Required : - Write the general mass-balance equation for the rinse tank ???
- Estimate the concentration of nickel in the wastewater stream that
must be treated ???

Solution :
dM dM
- - dt = mi mf dt = Cn inQin Cn outQout
- For steady state conditions:
 Cn inQin = Cn outQout
(85)*(0.05) + (0)*(150) = (0.05)*(Cn) + (150)*(Cn)
Cn = 28.3, or 28 mg/L

P(3-7):
Given : Ci = 8 mg/L , Period = 5 days ,
K = 0.35 d-1
Assumptions : Closed Bottle , Batch reactor , There First order reaction.
Required : - Write the general mass-balance equation for the bottle ???
- Using a computer spreadsheet program you have written, calculate
and then plot the concentration of oxygen each day ???

Solution :
dM d () d (out) d (C )
V
- - dt = dt dt + dt

Because no mass exchange occurs ( Closed bottle ) d(in) and d(out) = 0 :

dM d (C )
V
- dt =00+ dt

- For first order decay reaction :

d (C )
V
- dt = -kCV
- Ct = (Ci)*e-k
Concentration
Time ( day )
( mg/L )
1 5.64
2 3.97
3 2.80
4 1.97
5 1.39
 9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00
Concentration, Ct 4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time

P(3-9):
Given : Starting with the mass balance equation.
Assumptions : Batch reactor.
Required : Develop an expression that describes the half-life (t1/2) of a
substance in terms of the reaction rate constant, k ???

Solution :
A batch reaction is unsteady. Because there is no flow into or out of a batch
reactor:
d () d (out)
dt = dt =0
For a batch reactor:
dM
- dt = -kCV
dM d (CV ) d (C )
= = V
dt dt dt
 d (C )
V = -kCV
dt
d (C)
dt = -kC (Integrate)
C
ln( C0 ) = -kt
C = C0*e-kt

P(3-14):
Given : Vwater tower = 1900 m3 , Cchlorine = 15 mg/m3 , Callowable = 0.0015 mg/L ,
Qclean air = 2.35 m3/s
Assumptions : The vapors of chlorine in the tower exceed allowable
concentrations for the work crew to enter and finish repairs.
Required : tvent the tank = ???

Solution :
This is a case of flushing a nonreactive contaminant from a CMFR. The
theoretical detention time is:
V 1900
= Q = 2.35 = 808.51, or 808.5 s = 13.475, or 13.5 min.
The required time is:
C allowable 1.5
C chlorine = e-t/ 15 = e-t/13.5 tvent the tank = 31 min.

P(3-15):
Given : Vrailroad tank car = 380 m3 , VMud Lake = 40000 m3 , uwater in the creek = 0.01 m/s ,
Lfrom the spill site to the pond = 20 Km , Qpesticide = 0.1 m3/s
Assumptions : The spill is short enough to treat the injection of the pesticide as
a pulse , that the pond behaves as a flow balanced CMFR , and
that the pesticide is nonreactive.
Required : tpulse to reach the pond = ??? , tflush 99% of the pesticide from the pond = ???
Solution :
L 20000
Time to reach the pond = u = 0.01 = 200000 s = 2.3 days
The required time to flush:
Cf
Ci = e-t/
The theoretical detention time is:
V Mud Lake 40000
= Q pesticide = 0.1 = 400000 s = 4.63 days
Cf
Ci = e-t/
0.01 = e-t/4.63
Time to flush = 21.3, or 21 days

P(3-16):
Given : Ldistribution pipe = 5 Km, Qinto the rapid tank = 0.44 m3/s , Vtank = 2.5 m3 ,
uin the pipe = 0.17 m/s , Cfluoride in the tank = 1 mg/L , Cfluoride reduced = 0.01 mg/L
Assumptions : The fluoride may be considered as nonreactive chemical.
Required : tuntil the concentration of the fluoride is reduced = ???
Solution :
L 5 000
Time to reach the end of the distribution pipe = u = 0.17 = 29411.8 s = 0.34
days
The required time to reduce the concentration of the flouride:
Cf
Ci = e-t/
0.01 = e-t/0.34
Time reduce the concentration of the flouride = 1.6 days

P(3-17):
Given : Vsewage lagoon = 100000 m3 , Qinto sewage lagoon = 8640 m3/d ,
Ccontaminant = 100 mg/L , Cmax. eff. contaminant = 20 mg/L
Assumptions : Steady state , The lagoon is well mixed , There are no losses or
gains of water in the lagoon other than the sewage input ,
first order reaction.
Required : k = ???
Solution :
The theoretical detention time is:
V sewage lagoon 10 0000
= Q into sewage lagoon = 8640 = 11.57, or 11.5 days
Cf
Ci = e-k/

k=
( CfCi )1

k=
( 100
20 )
1
= 0.3478, or 0.35 d-1
11. 5

P(3-18):
Given : Vsewage lagoon(1) = 50000 m3 , Vsewage lagoon(2) = 50000 m3 ,
Qinto sewage lagoon = 8640 m3/d , Ccontaminant = 100 mg/L ,
Cmax. eff. contaminant = 20 mg/L
Assumptions : Steady state , The two lagoon is well mixed , There are no
losses or gains of water in the lagoon other than the sewage
input , first order reaction , the two lagoons are on series.
Required : k = ???
Solution :
The theoretical detention time for each lagoon is:
V sewage lagoon(1) 50000
1 = Q into sewage lagoon = 8640 = 5.78, or 5.7 days = 2
Cf
Ci = e-k/
 k1 =
( CfCi )1
1

k1 =
( 100
20 )
1
= 0.7 d-1 = k2
5.7
20.7
k= = 1.4 d-1

P(3-21):
Given : Vreactor = 280 m3 , Q = 14 m3/d , k = 0.05 d-1
Assumptions : Steady state conditions , First order reaction.
Required : Which one of CMFR or PFR is more efficient ???
Solution:
The theoretical detention time is:
V reactor 280
= Q = 14 = 20 days
From Table (3.1) page (111):
For first order, CMFR:

=
( CfCi )1 Cf =
Ci
1+ k
k
Ci 1
CiCf Ci 1 1
1+k 1+ k 1
= Ci = = 1+(0.0520) = 50%
Ci 1

For first order, PFR:

=
ln ( CfCi ) Cf = Ci*e-k
k

CiCf Ci(Ciek ) 1( ek )
= = = =1- ek =1- e0.0520 = 63%
Ci Ci 1

So the PFR is more efficient in removing a reactive compound from the waste
stream.

P(3-22):
Given : = 95% , Q = 14 m3/d , k = 0.05 d-1
Assumptions : Steady state conditions , First order reaction.
Required : Compare the reactor volume for CMFR or PFR???
Solution:
From Table (3.1) page (111):
For first order, CMFR:

=
( CfCi )1 Cf =
Ci
1+ k
k
Ci 1
CiCf Ci 1 1
1+k 1+(0.05)
= Ci = = = 0.95 0.05 = 1+(0.05)
Ci 1

= 380 days
V reactor V reactor
= Q 14 = 380 Vreactor = 5320 m3

For first order, PFR:

Ci
=
ln ( )
Cf
Cf = Ci*e-k
k
k k
CiCf Ci(Cie ) 1( e )
e0.05
= Ci = Ci = 1 1- = 0.95 = 59.9

days
V reactor V reactor
= Q 14 = 59.9 Vreactor = 838.6 m3