Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
As we all know that a 1 watt LED consumes about 350 mA of current and is capable of generating intense
blinding white point lights. If this little high bright light source is enclosed within a reflector cabinet consisting
of mirror finish lens, the light from it can be enhanced to great levels.
However a 1 watt type of LED would require a suitable constant voltage power supply for illuminating safely
with the specified outputs.
Though there are a number of suitable drivers which are available in the market, a cell phone charger can be
ideally used for this purpose.
If we look at the diagram given below, we see that the whole thing can be configured using just a single current
limiting resistor.
Let's learn regarding the involved making procedures with the following points:
Procedure:
Since the LED would be generating considerable amount heat, a neatly fabricated aluminum heatsink would be
required to be integrated with it so that the life and the efficiency of the device is maintained for many many
years. Please see the below given diagram to know the basic heatsink design, the holes must be drilled just as
soecified in the diagram and the LED leads should not touch the heatsink while it is passed through the holes
and soldered over the underside PCB pads.
A small 1 mm square piece of aluminum cut into 1/2 by 1/2 inch would just suffice.
Drill the holes into the above metal, as shown in the below given diagram and fix the heatsink over the PCB
using small 1/8 x1/4 screw nuts.
Next fix the LED over the heatsink in between the two center holes, and solder it leads with supporting copper
wires such that it becomes locked with the underneath PCB pads. Be careful not to short the leads with the
heatsink metal.
Connect the 22 Ohm resistor with one of the leads of the LED, preferably with the positive lead.
Finally, connect the cell phone charger wires to the resistor end and the other free LED end.
Make sure the polarity is correct while connecting the wires t the LED, identify them using a digital multimeter
before doing the connections.
Your cell phone charger powered 1 watt LED lamp is ready, place it neatly over some corner of the room, plug
it in and experience the awesome illumination, dazzling the entire premise.
Optionally the unit can be fixed inside a halogen lamp reflector for enhancing the light intensity many folds.
As suggested by Mr.Amit (see comment) the above concept can be very simply converted into a nice little
emergency light circuit, let's see how it is done:
Referring to the figure below, assuming the voltage from the mains operated charger input to be present, and the
switch in the closed position, T1 is held reverse biased so that it is unable to conduct and the LED remains
switched OFF. At this position the batteries are trickle charged through R2, R3 and D2.
In case the mains fails, T1 instantly conducts and switches ON the LED automatically and vice versa.
Now suppose during the presence of mains the switch is turned of, T1 instantly switches ON, however now the
LED lights up through the charger voltage (mains) while the batteries still continue to get trickle charged
without getting drained through the LED.
Parts List
D1,D2 = 1N4007
We have seen quite many power supply and driver circuits in this blog using the IC LM338, that's because this
particular device is so versatile with power regulation and control functions.
The same IC yet again takes the center stage in this application too. Here the IC LM338 has been configured in
its standard mode and it perfectly executes the expected current as well as voltage regulations for driving a 3
watt or a 5 watt LED.
As shown in the circuit diagram below, in its standard mode the resistor 240 ohms is a regular placement, and
the next resistor connected to it is the one which decides the voltage at the output of the IC. Here it has been
calculated and set for producing around 3.3V at the output, which is the optimal voltage value for driving all
types of white LEDs.
However the IC itself cannot control the current and normally would allow about 5 amp at the output.
We can see that the IC is associated with an additional active component which is the transistor connected to its
ADJ pin.
The transistor here is employed solely for controlling the current at the output to the specified limits.
The resistor across ground and base decides how much current would be allowed to the output.
As indicated in the diagram, 0.6 ohms will pass about 1 amp maximum current which becomes suitable for
driving a 3 watt led safely, and if a 5 watt LED needs to be driven safely, this resistor must be replaced with a
0.3 Ohms, which will allow a maximum of 2 amps of current.
The input to the IC can be derived from a standard transformer bridge capacitor power supply or from a
suitably rated battery supply.
In fact, the transistor and the associated base/emitter resistors are absolutely not required, because once the
voltage is set to precise 3.3V, the current would automatically get adjusted as per the LEDs specs.
Posted by hitman
The article describes a very simple homemade emergency light circuit that can be used during power failures
and outdoors where any other source of power might be unavailable. The circuit uses LEDs instead of
incandescent lamp, thus making the unit very power efficient and brighter with its light output. Moreover, the
circuit employs a very innovative concept especially devised by me which further enhances the economical
feature of the unit.
The concept:
We know that LEDs require a certain fixed forward voltage drop to become illuminated and it is at this rating
when the LED is at its best, that is voltages which is around its forward voltage drop facilitates the device to
operate in the most efficient way.
As this voltage is increased, the LED starts drawing more current, rather dissipating extra current by getting
heated up itself and also through the resistor which also gets heated up in the process of limiting the extra
current.
If we could maintain a voltage around an LED near to its rated forward voltage, we could use it more
efficiently. Thats exactly what I have tried to fix in the circuit.
Since the battery used here is a 6 volt battery, means this source is a bit higher than the forward voltage of the
LEDs used here, which amounts to 3.5 volts. The extra 2.5 volts rise can cause considerable dissipation and loss
of power through heat generation.
Therefore I employed a few diodes in series with the supply and made sure that initially when the battery is
fully charged; three diodes are effectively switched so as to drop the excess 2.5 volts across the white LEDs
(because each diode drop 0.6 volts across itself).
Now as the voltage of the battery drops, the diodes series are reduced to two and subsequently to one making
sure only the desired amount of voltage reaches the LED bank.
In this way the proposed simple emergency lamp circuit is made highly efficient with its current consumption,
and it provides backup for a much longer period of time than what it would do with ordinary connections.
Efficient, Automatic, White LED Emergency Light Circuit Description:
Referring the shown simple LED emergency light circuit, we see that the circuit is actually very easy to
understand, lets evaluate it with the following points:
The transformer, bridge and the capacitor forms a standard Power supply for the circuit. The circuit is basically
made up of a single PNP transistor, which is used as a switch here.
We know that PNP devices are referenced to positive potentials and it acts like ground to them. So connecting a
positive supply to the base of a PNP device would mean grounding of its base. Here, as long as mains power is
ON, the positive from the supply reaches the base of the transistor, keeping it switched off. Therefore the
voltage from the battery is not able to reach the LED bank, keeping it switched off.
In the meantime the battery is charged by the power supply voltage and its charged through the system of
trickle charging.
However, as soon as the mains power disrupts, the positive at the base of the transistor disappears and it gets
forward biased through the 10K resistor.
Initially all the diodes are included in the voltage path, and are gradually bypassed one by one as the LED gets
dimmer.
R1 = 10K,
C1 = 100uF/25V,
D1, D2 = 1N4007,
D3---D6 = 1N5408,
T1 = BD140
Tr1 = 0-9V, 500mA,
LEDs = white, hi-efficiency, 5mm,
S1 = switch with three changeover contacts.
In response to the suggestion of one of our avid readers, the above automatic LED emergency light circuit has
been modified and improved with a second transistor stage incorporating an LDR trigger system. The
stage renders the emergency light action ineffective during day time when ample ambient light is available, thus
saving precious battery power by avoiding unnecessary switching of the unit.
Circuit modifications for operating 150 LEDs, requested by SATY:
The following circuit shows how a low voltage cut off circuit can be included in the above design for
preventing the battery from getting over discharged.
Power Supply Circuit with Emergency Backup
The circuit shown below was requested by one of the readers, it is a power supply circuit which trickle charges
a battery when AC mains is available, and also feeds the output with the required DC power via D1. Now, the
moment AC mains fails, the battery instantly backs up and the compensates the output failure with its power via
D2.
When input Mains is present, the rectified DC passes through R1 and charges the battery with the desired
output current, also, D1 transfers the transformer DC to the output for keeping the load switched on
simultaneously.
D2 remains reverse biased and is not able to conduct because of higher positive potential produced at the
cathode of D1.
However when mains AC fails, the cathode potential of D1 becomes lower and therefore D2 starts conducting
and provides the battery DC back up instantly to the load without any interruptions.
All Diodes = 1N5402 for battery up to 20 AH, 1N4007, two in parallel for 10-20 AH battery, and 1N4007 for
below 10 AH.
R1 = volt/charging current (Ohms)
C1 = 100uF/25
The first circuit can be also built using NPN transistors, as shown here:
The LT3799 is an isolated flyback controller with power factor correction specifically designed for driving
LEDs. The controller operates using critical conduction mode allowing the use of a small transformer. Using a
novel current sensing scheme, the controller is able to deliver a well regulated current to the secondary side
without using an opto-coupler. A strong gate driver is included to drive an external high voltage MOSFET.
Utilizing an onboard multiplier, the LT3799 typically achieves power factors of 0.97.
The LT3519 can drive up to ten 100mA white LEDs from a 12V input, making it ideal for a variety of
applications such as automotive and industrial lighting. It can deliver efficiencies up to 90% in boost mode
from a compact MSOP-16E package. The LT3519 utilizes True Color PWM dimming to deliver constant
LED color with ranges of more than 3,000:1. For less demanding dimming requirements, the CTRL pin can be
used to offer 10:1 analog dimming. The devices fixed frequency, constant current, constant voltage regulation
provides stable operation over a wide range of supply and output voltages, while ensuring uniform brightness of
LEDs. There are three switching frequency options available: the LT3519, which switches at 400kHz; the
LT3519-1, which switches at 1MHz; and the LT3519-2, offering a 2.2MHz switching frequency, enabling
designers to optimize efficiency while minimizing external component size.
The LT3519 senses output current at the high side of the LED, enabling buck, buck-boost or boost
configurations. Combining a traditional voltage feedback and unique floating current sense feedback, these
converters can operate as constant voltage or constant current source, offering maximum design flexibility.
Other features include open LED protection, soft-start and thermal protection.
The LT3519EMS, LT3519EMS-1 and LT3519EMS-2 are available in an MSOP-16 package and are priced
starting at $2.50 each, in 1,000-piece quantities. Extended temperature versions, or I grades, namely the
LT3519IMS, LT3519IMS-1 and LT3519IMS-2, are tested and guaranteed to operate from a -40C to 125C
operating junction temperature. They are priced at $2.94 each in 1,000-piece quantities. All versions are
available from stock. For more information, visit www.linear.com.
As environmental concerns over traditional lighting increase and the price of LEDs
decreases, high power LEDs are fast becoming a popular lighting solution for offline applications. The
article describes a solution that solves complexity, space and performance problems by integrating all the
required functions for offline LED lighting.
As environmental concerns over traditional lighting increase and the price of LEDs decreases, high power
LEDs are fast becoming a popular lighting solution for offline applications. In order to meet the requirements of
offline lightingsuch as high power factor, high efficiency, isolation and TRIAC dimmer compatibilityprior
LED drivers used many external discrete components, resulting in cumbersome solutions.
The LT3799 solves complexity, space and performance problems by integrating all the required functions for
offline LED lighting. The LT3799 controls an isolated flyback converter in critical conduction (boundary)
mode, suitable for LED applications requiring 4W to over 100W of LED power. Its novel current sensing
scheme delivers a well-regulated output current to the secondary side without using an opto-coupler. Its unique
bleeder circuit makes the LED driver compatible with TRIAC dimmers without additional components. Open-
and shorted-LED protection ensures long term reliability.
Figure 1. TRIAC Dimmable 20W Offline LED Driver Using the LT3799. For full resolution, click here.
No-Opto Operation
Figure 1 shows a complete LED driver solution. The LT3799 senses the output current from the primary side
switch current waveform. For a flyback converter operating in boundary mode, the equation for the output
current is:
IPK is the peak switch current, N is the primary to secondary turns ratio and D is the duty cycle. The IC
regulates the output current by adjusting the peak switch current and the duty cycle through a novel feedback
control. Unlike other primary side sensing methods that need to know input power and output voltage
information, this new scheme provides much better output current regulation since the accuracy is barely
affected by transformer winding resistance, switch RDS(ON), output diode forward voltage drop and LED
cable voltage drop.
By forcing the line current to follow the applied sine-wave voltage, the LT3799 achieves high power factor and
complies with IEC61000-3-2, Class C lighting equipment Harmonics Requirement. A power factor of one is
achieved if the current drawn is proportional to the input voltage. The LT3799 modulates the peak switch
current with a scaled version of the input voltage. This technique provides power factors of 0.97 or greater. A
low bandwidth feedback loop keeps the output current regulated without distorting the input current.
When the TRIAC dimmer is in the off state, it's not completely off. There is considerable leakage current fl
owing through its internal filter to the LED driver. This current charges up the input capacitor of the LED
driver, causing random switching and LED flicker. Prior solutions added a bleeder circuit, including a large,
expensive high voltage MOSFET. The LT3799 eliminates the need for this MOSFET or any other extra
components by utilizing the transformer primary winding and the main switch as the bleeder circuit. As shown
in Figure 2, the MOSFET gate signal is high and the MOSFET is on when the TRIAC is off, bleeding off the
leakage current and keeping the input voltage at 0V. As soon as the TRIAC turns on, the MOSFET seamlessly
changes back into a normal power delivery device.
The LED voltage is constantly monitored through the transformer third winding. The third winding voltage is
proportional to the output voltage when the main switch is off and the output diode is conducting current. In the
event of overvoltage or open-LED, the main switch turns off and the capacitor at the CT pin discharges. The
circuit enters hiccup mode as shown in Figure 3.
In a shorted LED event, the IC runs at minimum frequency before the VIN pin voltage drops below the UVLO
threshold as the third winding can't provide enough power to the IC. The IC then enters its start-up sequence as
shown in Figure 4.
Conclusion
The LT3799 is a complete offline LED driver solution featuring standard TRIAC dimming, active PFC and well
regulated LED current with no opto-coupler. This high performance and feature-rich IC greatly simplifies and
shrinks offline LED driver solutions.
Using Cell Phone Charger For Making a LED Tube Light Circuit
Posted by hitman
A plug in wall lamp can be built at home by using a few white LEDs and by powering it through a cell phone
charger. The power from cell phone charger is around 6 volts at 500 mA approximately.
The power may be well suited and can be tried for powering white LED lights. The application includes some
important types like a LED tube light circuit, LED wall lamp circuit, LED porch light, LED table lamp etc. to
name a few.
A discarded, spare cell phone charger and a few inexpensive LEDs are all that you want you make a simple yet
powerful LED tube light. The cell phone charger can also be used for making a porch light, a bed room wall
light or a table lamp. Full circuit schematic is enclosed here in.
A nice little wall mounted cool LED tube lamp circuit can be built using a few number of white LEDs and s
discarded AC mobile charger adapter. The use of a cell phone charger makes the entire unit very compact and
perfectly mountable on wall sockets.
Cell phone chargers are not new to us and nowadays we all seem to have a couple of in spare with us. This may
be mainly due to the reason that whenever a new cell phone is procured a charger comes free within the
package with the handset. This units are so long-lasting and rugged that most of the time chargers last more
than the cell phones.
These spare cell phone chargers often lie idle and at some point of time we tend to dispose them off or simply
discard them from our house. For a lay man these units may be a piece of junk, but a technical individual might
make a complete gem out of it. Especially a person who may be an electronic hobbyist will very well know
how valuable a cell phone charger can be even when its not being used for its actual intended purpose.
We all have seen a cell phone charger working or rather being used for charging cell phones. Therefore we
definitely know that its something to do with the supplying of some sort of power output.
Thats correct, these are actually a form of AC to DC adapters, however they are incredibly efficient as
compared to an ordinary adapter which may employ a transformer for the required conversions.
Cell phone chargers are able to provide a nice six volts at a massive 800 mA of current. Thats quite big
considering the size and the weight of these units.
Basically a cell phone charger is a high-grade SMPS power supply at the above rated level. Fortunately a white
LED also works at potentials which quite matches with the above specs.
This prompted me to think of using a spare cell phone charger to be used as a plug-in type wall lamp. Mind you
one charger can provide enough power to support at least 30 odd numbers of high power high-efficiency white
LEDs. It simply means that the lights can be used as a compact LED tube light which can comfortably replace a
common CFL light and generate light quite as good.
At no loads, a cell phone charger may provide outputs up to 10 volts, which can easily power a couple of LEDs
in series. The series will consume a minimum of 20 mA, however since the charger can supply a good 500 ma
plus current we can add 15 more such series in parallel, making the total accommodation close to 30 or more
LEDs.
Parts Required for the proposed cell phone charger LED tube light circuit
You will require the following parts for constructing the proposed project:
Series Resistors - All 68 Ohms, 1/4 Watt
An ordinary spare cell phone charger 1no.
White LEDs 30 nos. for making a small tube light or 10 LEDs for making a wall mounted bedroom lamp etc.
(see text)
PCB General purpose type or as per the project specifications.
Construction Clues
Constructing this LED wall lamp is not difficult as it only requires the LEDs to be fixed in rows and columns
correctly as shown in the diagram. You may use the power from the cell phone to light any number if LEDs
depending upon the requirement.
For example if you want to make a porch light for illuminating your house veranda, then probably you would
need to assemble not more than 6 LEDs.
For making a cool bedroom room lamp a single LED would suffice, instead of sitting in complete darkness, this
light may be used or switched ON while watching TVs or videos.
For making a table lamp for reading purposes, a group of 10 LEDs would provide enough light for the purpose.
And as discussed above, a descent LED tube light can also be built by assembling some 30 + LEDs in
conjunction with a cell phone charger power supply.
For all the above applications, the basic mode of soldering and fixing the LEDs remains the same. Fix and
solder a series of two LEDs with a series current limiting resister and now go on repeating this series as many
times as you want, depending upon the type of lamp you are trying to build. Once you finish assembling this
layout, you may go joining all the free ends of the resistors which becomes one of the supply terminals,
similarly join all the remaining free ends of the LEDs, which becomes the other supply terminal of the unit.
These supply inputs now just needs to be connected with the cell phone charger supply.
The LEDs should immediately come ON and produce illumination just as desired by you.
The assembly now needs to be housed appropriately inside a suitable plastic enclosure as per individual
specification and liking.
1 watt LED Driver Using a Joule Thief Circuit
A joule thief circuit is pretty popular with all electronic hobbyists, because the concept allows us to operate
even the white and the blue LEDs from a 1.5V source which normally require 3V to illuminate brightly. The
present article discusses one such circuit, however here we replace the traditional 5mm LED with a 1 watt LED.
The concept discussed here remains exactly identical to the usual joule thief configuration, we just replace the
normally used 5mm LED with a 1 watt LED.
Of course this would mean the battery getting drained pretty much earlier than a 5mm LED, but it's still
economical than using a two 1.5 cells and not including a joule thief circuit.
Let's try to understand the proposed circuity with the following points:
If you see the circuit diagram the only seemingly difficult part is the coil, rest of the parts are just too easy to
configure. However if you have a suitable ferrite core and some spare thin copper wires, you would make the
coil within minutes.
The coil may be wound over a T13 torroidal ferrite core using a 0.2mm or 0.3mm super enameled copper wire.
About twenty turns on each side will be quite enough. In fact any ferrite core will, a ferrite rod or bar will also
serve the purpose well.
After this is done, its all about fixing the parts in the shown manner.
If everything is done correctly, connecting a 1.5 V penlight cell would instantly illuminate the attached 1 watt
LED very brightly.
If you find the circuit connections to be alright yet the LED not illuminating, just interchange the coil winding
terminals (either the primary ends or the secondary ends) this would fix the problem immediately.
When the circuit is switched ON, T1 receives a biasing trigger via R1 and the associated primary winding of
TR1.
T1 switches ON and pulls the entire supply voltage to ground and in the course chokes the current across the
primary winding of the coil so that the biasing to T2 dries up, shutting off T1 instantaneously.
The above situation switches OFF the voltage across the secondary winding triggering a reverse emf from the
coil which is effectively dumped across the connected LED. The LED illuminates!!
However the shutting of T1 instantaneously also releases the primary winding and restores it to original
condition so that the supply voltage now can pass across to the base of T1. This initiates the whole process yet
again and the cycle repeats at a frequency of around 30 to 50 kHz.
The connected LED also illuminates at this rate, however due to the persistence of vision we find it
illuminated continuously.
Actually the LED is ON only for 50 percent of the time period, and that's what makes the unit so economical.
Also because TR1 is able to generate voltages that may be many times greater than the supply voltage, the
required 3.3V to the LED is sustained even after the cell voltage has dropped to about 0.7V, keeping the LED
well illuminated even at these levels.
Parts List
The above circuit can be also driven using a DC motor. A simple diode and a filter capacitor rectification would
be enough to convert the supply from the motor suitable for illuminating the LED very brightly.
If the motor rotation is sustained with the help of a turbine/propeller arrangement and operated by wind energy,
the LED can be kept illuminated continuously, absolutely free of cost.
Parts List
Posted by hitman
The article explains a simple circuit using the IC MBI6651 from MACROBLOCK. The IC has been
specifically designed for operating high power LEDs safely by providing a constant current output. The circuit
includes very few external components and therefore becomes very easy to assemble at home.
About the IC MBI6651
The IC MBI6651 is a high efficiency, step down DC to DC converter chip capable of driving high power LEDs
at a safe 1 Amp constant current.
The IC requires just four passive external components for making it functional.
The output current of the IC can be externally set by selecting the appropriate resistor value.
The IC also features a PWM controlled dimming control of the connected LEDs.
Some of the other outstanding features of this IC includes UVLO meaning under voltage lockout, over
temperature shut down, LED open circuit protection and LED short circuit protection, all these ensure complete
safety to the IC from wrongly configured output loads.
The output current of the IC is fixed through an external resistor Rsen. The output current Iout and the
adjustment resistor Rsen has the following relation:
Given Vsen=0.1V
Rsen=(Vsen/Iout)=(0.1V/Iout)
Where Rsen is the value of the external resistor. This resistor is connected across the pin outs SEN and Vsen of
the IC.
The optimum current with Rsen 0.1 Ohms is 1000 mA or 1 Amp.
Inductor: Two issues specify the inductor type, the switching frequency and the ripple current. The involved
calculation can be written as:
L1>{Vin - Vout - Vsen - (Rds(on) * Iout)} * D/fsw * delta.IL
where, Rds(on) is the on-resistance of the IC's internal MOSFET. The value is typically around 0.45 at 12V
D is the duty cycle of the IC, given as D = Vout/Vin
fsw is the switching frequency of the IC
While designing the inductor for the given circuit, along with the inductance the saturation current must also be
taken into account,because these are two basic factors which typically affects the overall performance of the
circuit.
The rule of thumb, the saturation current of the inductor should be selected 1.5 times greater than the LED
current.
Moreover, selecting high values for the inductance provides better line and load regulation.
The diode D1 shown in the circuit diagram basically acts as the flywheel diode for nullifying the inductor back
emf during the periods when the LED is switched OFF.
The diode must be selected with the following couple of important characteristics:
It should have a low forward voltage rating and maximum possible reverse voltage tolerance.
The general rule is always to select a capacitor value with a voltage tolerance 1.5 times higher than the supply
voltage.
Preferably, a tantalum capacitor should be selected because these have high capacitance and low
ESR characteristics.
The proposed circuit of 1 Amp constant current LED driver circuit is given below:
The basic operating parameters are given below:
Pin Out Specs:
3 Watt, 5 Watt LED DC to DC Constant Current Driver Circuit
The following article provides a simple yet very decent solution for driving powerful LEDs rated at 3 watt or 5
watt. These LEDs are able to produce highly intense and powerful light outputs, however these are extremely
vulnerable too with their operating parameter. Let's learn more how to operate these devices very safely using a
simple power supply.
We have seen quite many power supply and driver circuits in this blog using the IC LM338, that's because this
particular device is so versatile with power regulation and control functions.
The same IC yet again takes the center stage in this application too. Here the IC LM338 has been configured in
its standard mode and it perfectly executes the expected current as well as voltage regulations for driving a 3
watt or a 5 watt LED.
As shown in the circuit diagram below, in its standard mode the resistor 240 ohms is a regular placement, and
the next resistor connected to it is the one which decides the voltage at the output of the IC. Here it has been
calculated and set for producing around 3.3V at the output, which is the optimal voltage value for driving all
types of white LEDs.
However the IC itself cannot control the current and normally would allow about 5 amp at the output.
We can see that the IC is associated with an additional active component which is the transistor connected to its
ADJ pin.
The transistor here is employed solely for controlling the current at the output to the specified limits.
The resistor across ground and base decides how much current would be allowed to the output.
As indicated in the diagram, 0.6 ohms will pass about 1 amp maximum current which becomes suitable for
driving a 3 watt led safely, and if a 5 watt LED needs to be driven safely, this resistor must be replaced with a
0.3 Ohms, which will allow a maximum of 2 amps of current.
The input to the IC can be derived from a standard transformer bridge capacitor power supply or from a
suitably rated battery supply.
In fact, the transistor and the associated base/emitter resistors are absolutely not required, because once the
voltage is set to precise 3.3V, the current would automatically get adjusted as per the LEDs specs.
Posted by hitman
You might have probably come across these fantastic high power, high efficiency LED modules and wondered
how do you make these? Here we learn how to make a 100 watt LED flashlight out of it?
The article revises the datasheet of this LED module and explains a simple driver circuit which can be used for
operating it safely for the intended lighting purpose.
So far we have learned about LEDs with rather smaller features and applications. However the present article
finds out how a LED module in the order of 100 watts can be actually used for illuminating a house at costs
probably 5 times lower than the conventional lighting devices.
Lower power consumption also means low heat emissions, which again is an added feature and helps to keep
the crucial issue of global warming at bay when LEDs are utilized.
As days pass by, technology keeps on improving and we are able to witness many incredible and unbelievable
results with these outstanding lighting devices.
The 100 watt LED module is one such marvel of modern science which has created a breakthrough in the field
of LED lighting.
Not surprisingly, the device is able to generate an astonishing 6500 lumens of light intensity at a consumption
of mere 100 watts, but the interesting part is the size, which is barely 40 square mm.
The saving made by these devices is estimated to be five times more than any other form of light producing
device and the if we compare the specified intensity of 6500 lumens, that corresponds to an excess of 500 watts
light power that might be acquired from a halogen lamp.
Lets discuss the important specifications of this amazing LED in brief and in such a way that even a layman
understands:
Typically the preferred color is white, as that produces the most favorable and desirable illumination for all
applications.
The emanated heat for the specified white color is up to 6000 Kelvin.
The intensity of light generated with the above specs is a staggering 6500 lumens.
The current required for producing the above light intensity is around 3 Amps.
The safe operating temperature level is very wide, ranging from minus 40 to 110 degrees Celsius.
Dimension of the unit is truely mini, the height being 4.3 mm, length 56 mm and width 40 mm only.
The specification narrated are sufficient for illuminating a 20 square meter space amply, almost at flood light
levels .. baffling.
Advantages
The advantages include the following:
High power light output without degradation even after long usages.
Highly robust mechanical specifications, involving less wear and tear and high resistance to changing
atmospheric hostilities.
Having discussed the above features of the proposed 100 watt LED lamp, it would be interesting to also learn
regarding a useful recommended circuit that may be used for driving or operating the device at safe levels.
A simple two transistor, powerful current limiter, LED driver circuit, which can be used for converting the
above discussed device into a 100 watt LED flashlight or to be more accurate, a floodlight is described below:
The circuit of a 100 watt LED flood light shown below has been discussed in few of my other articles also, due
its versatile and rather straightforward design; the circuit becomes very suitable in places where current limiting
at low costs becomes an issue. Though the discussed designs mostly dealt with low current applications, the
present circuit is specifically intended for handling high currents and up to 100 watts and more power.
Looking at the figure we can see a couple of transistors are coupled together such that the base of the upper
transistor T1 becomes the collector load of the bottom transistor T2.
The upper transistor T1 which actually carries the LED current is quite vulnerable itself, and is not equipped to
control the amount of current through itself and the LED.
However since the base current of this transistor decides the amount of collector current that can pass, it simply
means that by restricting its base current to some safe specified levels, it might be possible to keep the overall
consumption within tolerable limits.
A current sensing resistor connected at the emitter of T1 is used to convert the current consumed, into a
potential difference, across it. This potential difference becomes the base trigger for R2. However as long as
this voltage is below 0.6 volts or simply below the minimum forward voltage drop of T2, T2 remains
unresponsive, but once it starts exceeding this value, triggers T2 which in turn clamps the base voltage of T1,
rendering it inactive. This instantaneous cut off of the base drive to T1 shuts the LED for some fraction of a
second, bringing the current and the potential drop across the current limiting resistor to zero. This action
reverts the circuit to its original stance and the LED is again switched ON. The process repeats a number of
times per second to keep the LED and the current to safe and precisely tolerable limits.
The value of R2 is calculated in such a way that it keeps the potential difference across itself below 0.6 volts
until the LED current reaches 100 watts, after which the restricting process begins.
Warning: The LED must be mounted on a correctly optimized heatsink as per the specifications provided in its
datasheet..
where Us = supply voltage, Hfe = T1 forward current gain, Load current = LED current = 100/35 = 2.5 amps
R1 = (35 - 0.7)30/2.5
= 410 Ohms,
R2 = 0.7/LED current
Posted by hitman
Although the concept may look pretty familiar and common, the main feature of the circuit is its low current
consumption and compactness.
The power supply used here is a capacitive type, thus no transformer is incorporated making the circuit very
compact and fixable in any small corner of the particular premise.
The use of LEDs in place of a filament bulb makes the application very power economic and efficient. The
proposed LED automatic day night lamp switch circuit diagram shows red LED being used, however white
LEDs would suit the application better, as that would help illuminate the area better than the red LEDs.
The LDR must be positioned such that the light from the LED does not fall on it, only the ambient light which
is to be sensed is required to reach the LDR.
The circuit may be understood through the following points:
The input 220 V mains suply is applied across the 10 Ohm resistor and the other neutral point.
The 10 Ohms resistor helps to cancel out the initial surge or the voltage rush that might otherwise be potentially
harmful to the further stages of the circuit.
The MOV or the varistor placed after the 10 Ohm resistor emhances the protection feature of the unit and
grounds all surges that might sneak in after the 10 Ohm resistor.
The capacitor drops the mains voltage current to lower levels and the bridge rectifier made up the four diodes
rectify the voltage to DC.
The 1000uF capacitor filters the rectified voltage and the smooth DC is applied to the control circuit consisting
the two transistors.
The first transistor is wired up as a comparator, which compares the potential difference across the variable
resistor and conducts when the voltage across it rises to saturation levels.
The above rise in the voltage level takes place when the relevant magnitude of light falls on the LDR surface.
Once the resistance of the LDR falls below the set threshold due to higher ambient light, the transistor conducts.
The collector of the above transistor instantly grounds the base of the next transistor and switches it OFF.
The associated LED lights connected to the collector of the second transistor are also immediately switched
OFF.
The opposite reaction takes place when the light over the LDR falls below the set threshold, probably during
dusk when the sun sets.
The LEDs light up again and remain switched ON until the day beaks and the ambient light over the LDR
reaches the set high threshold level.
The following figure shows a simple LED automatic day, night lamp circuit
A very simple triac dimmable led driver electronic circuit can be designed using the LT3799 isolated flyback
controller with power factor correction specifically designed for driving LEDs.
This triac dimmable led driver electronic circuit design project is capable to provide a 20 watts power to
LEDs .The controller operates using critical conduction mode allowing the use of a small transformer. Using a
novel current sensing scheme, the controller is able to deliver a well regulated current to the secondary side
without using an opto-coupler.
Utilizing an onboard multiplier, the LT3799 typically achieves power factors of 0.97.
The circuit design is very simple requiring few external electronic parts .
The LT3799 uses a micropower hysteretic start-up to efficiently operate at offline input voltages, with a third
winding to provide power to the part.
This circuit operates over a wide range input voltage from 90 to 265 volts AC.
You can use this circuit for a standard input voltage ( 110 volts or 220 volts ) or you can use a an optimized
configuration circuit that will work for a wide range input voltage .
To modify the circuit to a standard input voltage or for a universal configuration type you can select values for
components that needs to be changed from the table bellow .
BR1 bridge diode can be HD06 type from DIODES, INC., D1 is CMR1U-06M from CENTRAL
SEMICONDUCTOR ; D2, D3: BAV20W from DIODES INC. , DR: CMR1U-02M from CENTRAL
SEMICONDUCTOR, Z1: SMBJ170A from FAIRCHILD Z2: CMZ5938B from CENTRAL
SEMICONDUCTOR ,T1 transformer : JA4429-AL from COILCRAFT and M1 MOSFET: FDPF15N65 from
FAIRCHILD .
LM3409 dimming controlled LED driver circuit design
This dimming controlled LED driver circuit is designed using LM3409 P-channel MosFET controller for step-
down (buck) current regulators .
The LM3409 devices use Constant Off-Time (COFT) control to regulate an accurate constant current without
the need for external control loop compensation.
This dimming controlled LED driver electronic circuit require an input voltage of 36 volts and will provide at
output a voltage of 24 volts at a maximum current of 700mA
Circuit Diagram:
LTC3600 LED driver circuit design project
Using LTC3600 manufactured by Linear Technology, can be designed a very simple high efficiency LED driver
with programmable dimming control .
LTC3600 is a monolithic synchronous buck regulator whose output is programmed with just one external
resistor.
This LED driver with programmable dimming control electronic project circuit diagram has a dimming current
between 20 and 500mA.
In this circuit diagram are used three LUXEON LXML-PWN1-0100 neutral white 350mA LEDs.
Circuit Diagram:
12w LED driver circuit using LNK405EG driver IC
This LED driver circuit design is based on the LNK405EG driver IC and will provide a 12 watts output power .
This LED driver circuit based on the LNK405EG driver IC accepts a wide range input voltage between 90 and
265 VAC and will provide a fixed output voltage of 36 volts at a 330mA constant output current . This constant
current LED driver electronic project has a very high efficiency , more than 85% , typically 87% .
As you can see in the circuit diagram , this electronic project require few external electronic parts and can be
very easy designed .
The LinkSwitch-PH provides high power factor in a single-stage conversion topology while regulating the
output current in a wide range of input and output voltage variations typical in LED driver application
environment .
Capacitor C1, C2, and differential choke L1, and L2 perform EMI filtering while maintaining high-power
factor.
Resistor R1 and R2 were used to damp the resonance of the EMI filter, preventing peaks in EMI.
The buck power circuit with floating output connection composed
of U1 (power switch +
control), D2 (free-wheeling diode), C5 (output capacitor), and L3
(output inductor). Diode D3 was used to prevent negative voltage
appearing across drain-source of U1 especially near the zero-
crossing of the input voltage. Diode D1 and C3 detect the peak AC
line voltage. The voltage across C3 along with R3, R4, and R5 sets
current fed into the V pin.
This current is used by U1 to control line undervoltage (UV),
overvoltage (OV), and provide feed-forward current which in
conjunction with the FEEDBACK pin current provides constant
current to the LED load.
10W power led driver using LTC3112 DC converter
Using the LTC3112 fixed frequency synchronous buck-boost DC DC can be designed a very simple high
efficiency, high power led driver electronic project .
The unique 4-switch, single inductor architecture of the LTC3112, provides low noise and seamless operation
from input voltages above, below or equal to the output voltage.
With an input range of 2.7V to 15V, the LTC3112 is well suited for a wide variety of single or multiple cell
battery, backup capacitor or wall adapter source applications .
The LTC3112 features selectable PWM or Burst Mode operation, an easily synchronized oscillator and output
disconnect in shutdown. An output current monitor circuit allows the load current to be controlled or measured.
Other features of the LTC3112 DC DC converter include : <1A shutdown current, short
circuit protection, soft-start, current limit and thermal shutdown.
As you can see in the circuit diagram this led driver project require few external electronic parts and can be
used to drive high power leds that will require a maximum power up to 10 watt .
This Led driver electronic project require a input voltage range between 5 volt and 15 volt DC .
Using the LM3410 constant current LED driver is a monolithic IC we can design , many high efficiency and
low cost lights , using just few electronic components .
The LM3410 utilizes current-mode control and internal compensation to provide high-performance over a wide
range of operating conditions. Additional features include dimming, cycle-by-cycle current limit, and thermal
shutdown .
This LED driver schematic circuit is designed to drive four, on-board LEDs (VOUT = 11.4V) in series at an
average LED current (ILED) of 190mA. The circuit can accept an input voltage of 3.3V-5.5V.
The switching frequency of the LM3410 converter is 1.6MHz allowing the use of small surface mount
inductors and chip capacitors. This LED driver circuit also features the PWM capability of the LM3410 by
enabling the user to apply a periodic pulse signal to the DIM terminal of varying duty cycle.
To adjust this ILED current , the current setting resistors R1 and R4 can be changed according to the following
equation:
ILED = (VFB)/(R1 || R4) .
If PWM dimming is not required, then the DIM pin can be tied to VIN through a resistor, R2 ( must be around
100k) .
Led driver using LTM8042
Using the LTM8042 Module Boost LED Driver circuit you can design an very simple and high efficiency
LED driver with a maximum current up to 1A
LTM8042 combines a boost power topology with a unique current loop to operate as a constant-current source.
The PWM input provides as much as 3000:1 LED dimming, while 10:1 analog dimming can be accomplished
by a single resistor or analog voltage applied to the CTL pin.
The LTM8042 Led Driver IC is available in two types LTM8042 and LTM8042-1 , the difference between them
is the maximum current supported which is up to 1 ampere for LTM8042 and up to 350mA for LTM8042-1 .
Both of these led driver circuits has an uninterrupted current path between its input and output and is thus
intolerant to a short-circuit or overload from the output to ground.
The design of an circuit using the LTM8042 LED driver is very simple , requiring just few external
components: Cin, Cout , Cvcc and in some casese few resistors .
As you can see in the circuit diagram presented bellow this LED driver project has very few external
components and is capable to drive up to 9 white LEDs at 100mA . The input voltage required by this
application is between 6 and 22 volts DC .
Lighting the Future
Get today's electronic OEM design headlines and news - Sign up now!
Throughout the world there is pressure to develop a direct plug-in replacement for the incandescent bulb. Such
a replacement must not only provide an equivalent perceived omni-directional light output, but must mimic the
behavior of incandescent bulbs sufficiently well to enable existing dimming controllers to work without any
component or wiring changes.
Figure 1 shows the structure of a typical integral LED lamp. It contains the driver circuit, LED cluster, and a
case that provides both mechanical protection and heat sinking for the driver and LEDs.
The requirements of the LED driver are very demanding. It must be highly efficient, meet tough EMI and
power factor specifications, and safely withstand fault conditions. One of the most difficult demands of all is
dimming. The mismatch between LED lamp characteristics and dimming controllers designed for incandescent
lamps often results in poor performance.
Lighting controllers operate by either line dimming or PWM dimming. The simplest form of line dimming is
the leading-edge TRIAC controller. This is by far the most common form of lighting control, which is
unfortunate because TRIAC controllers cause considerable problems when attempting to dim LED lamps. More
sophisticated line dimmers are electronic leading-edge or trailing-edge dimmers. PWM dimmers are used in
professional lighting installations.
The solution to achieving good dimming performance lies in the specification and design of the LED driver.
The controller is a LinkSwitch-PL device produced by Power Integrations. It combines a high-voltage power
MOSFET switch with a power supply controller in one monolithic IC. The device provides single-stage power
factor correction (PFC) plus LED current control. The circuit operates as a discontinuous mode, variable
frequency, variable on-time flyback converter. The rectified AC mains input is switched by the integrated 725 V
power MOSFET via the high-frequency transformer. The voltage developed across the secondary winding is
rectified and smoothed before being presented to the LED load.
The output current in this design is independent of the characteristics of the power transformer. Inductance
variations have no effect on the constant current characteristic. This allows a very tight tolerance to be achieved
for the constant current characteristic, exceptional for a single-stage converter.
To implement dimming control, the LinkSwitch-PL device detects both the line voltage zero crossing and the
TRIAC dimmer conduction angle. The line voltage zero crossing is sensed internally via the drain node. The
control circuit processes this data and sets the required feedback voltage, and thus the LED load current.
To help overcome the challenges of operating a low-power LED lamp from a TRIAC dimmer designed for
higher power loads, three elements are added: a passive damper, an active damper, and a bleeder.
The resistor R20 forms the passive damper. The active damper circuit connects a series resistance (R7 and R8)
with the input rectifier for a period of each AC half-cycle; it is then bypassed for the remainder of the AC cycle
by a parallel SCR (Q3). Resistors R3, R4, and C3 determine the delay before the turn-on of Q3 which then
shorts out the damper resistors R7 and R8. The passive and active dampers together limit the peak inrush
current when the TRIAC fires on each half cycle.
Resistors R10, R11, and C6 form a bleeder network which ensures the initial input current is high enough to
meet the TRIAC holding current requirement, especially during small conduction angles. For non-dimming
applications, the passive damper, active damper, and bleeder may be omitted.
The circuit is designed to drive a nominal LED string voltage of 28 V at 0.5 A from an input voltage range of 90
VAC to 265 VAC and features ultra-wide dimming range, flicker-free operation (even with low-cost, AC line
TRIAC dimmers) and fast, clean turn-on.
The topology used is an isolated flyback configuration operating in continuous conduction mode. Output
current regulation is sensed entirely from the primary side, eliminating the need for secondary side feedback
components. The single-stage internal controller adjusts the high-voltage power MOSFET duty cycle to
maintain a sinusoidal input current and therefore high power factor and low harmonic currents.
In any LED luminaire, the driver determines many of the performance attributes experienced by the user,
including startup time, dimming, flicker-free operation, and unit-to-unit consistency. The 14 W driver was
designed to provide compatibility with a wide range of dimmers and as large of a dimming range as possible, at
both 115 VAC and 230 VAC. For this reason, the damper and bleeder circuits have been made relatively
aggressive. The penalty of this is efficiency. Even so, the circuit achieves ?85% at 115 VAC and ?87% at 230
VAC. Higher efficiency can be achieved if no dimming capability is provided, in which case the damper and
bleeder functions are omitted.
These tradeoffs highlight a philosophical question as LED lighting gains traction in the market. With a new
technology that consumes one tenth of the power of the old, is it really necessary to provide compatibility with
the complete spectrum of old TRIAC controllers if the penalty is reduced efficiency (i.e., energy waste)? We
must keep in mind the ultimate goals of maximum efficiency and minimum lifetime cost for the complete
lighting solution.
Categorized | 2013, Bodo's Power, Devices and Components, Driver ICs, June
Delivering real-world LED lighting systems that live up to their billing reduced power consumption,
increased life, improved efficiency has not proved to be a simple task. Of course, LED lighting is being
increasingly used in many applications, but there have been horror stories too.
In an ideal world, we would all for domestic, commercial, public and industrial applications take the
decision to move to LED lighting systems and install brand new products developed specifically and optimised
for solid state technology. However, this would mean a complete rethink and more than likely a rewiring of the
building. To change one blown bulb would mean a total new system installation and this is clearly not going
to happen.
Gradually though, the teething problems which first affected LED lighting systems are being addressed. Design
engineers have become very adept in fitting quite complex power systems into traditional light bulb fittings.
Dimming, however, can still pose problems, so manufacturers of LEDs and power systems have come together
to deliver reference designs that provide efficient, workable and reliable demonstrations that illustrate exactly
what can be achieved.
One such design details a PAR 38 spotlight based on Crees Easy- White LEDs and powered by a circuit based
on a device within Power Integrations LYTSwitchTM LED-driver IC family. Explains Mark Youmans, an
Applications Engineer based at Crees Santa Barbara Technology Center: The key challenge with this design is
really thermal management because the application is a spotlight and as smooth dimming is also a requirement,
the power supply needs to be quite complex with very high efficiency.
Crees application note CLDA P117 REV0 details a 150-watt equivalent, narrow beam PAR38 replacement
lamp using the companys 36 volt XLamp MT-G2 EasyWhite LED array. It is the first LED array of this type to
be built on Crees SC Technology, a next-generation silicon carbide LED platform. The MT-G2 array
delivers up to 25% more lumens than previous-generation devices, while occupying the same footprint and
operating with the same drive conditions, so the new design is a drop-in retrofit replacement for existing
products.
Continues Youmans: Our team set out to create a lamp with a 50,000 hour L70 lifetime (after 50,000 hours of
operation, the LED will still deliver at least 70% of its initial luminous flux) which conforms to the latest
ENERGY STAR requirements. We used an elegant, commercially-available, lightweight parabolic aluminized
reflector (PAR) form factor heat sink design, and worked closely with industry-leading driver and optic partners
to create an integrated, optimized system.
Heat is a killer in such space-restricted, high-luminance applications, and efficiency is the key to reducing heat.
Although Cree evaluated several LED driver systems, the PAR 38 spotlight design is based on the LYT4317E
IC, a member of Power Integrations recently announced LYTSwitchTM IC family which delivers tight-
regulation and high-efficiency for tube replacements and high-bay lighting, while providing exceptional
performance in TRIAC-dimmable bulb applications. Power Integrations DER 350 describes a 20 watt, isolated
flyback, LED Driver with a power factor of above 0.98.
LYTSwitch ICs combine the controller with an integrated 650 V power MOSFET for use in LED driver
applications. They are configured for use in a single-stage flyback topology which provides a primary side
regulated constant current output while maintaining high power factor from the AC input. As well as high-
efficiency, the topology also delivers low THD, and low component count, and LYTSwitch ICs also provide a
sophisticated range of protection features including autorestart for open control loop and output short-circuit
conditions. Line overvoltage provides extended line fault and surge withstand, and accurate hysteretic thermal
shutdown that ensures safe average PCB temperatures under all conditions.
The circuit shown in figure 1 (figure 4 in DER 350) shows the schematic diagram for an isolated, high power
factor (PF) TRIACdimmable LED driver intended to power a nominal LED string voltage of 36 V at 550 mA
typical from an input voltage range of 90 VAC to 132 VAC. The requirement to provide output dimming with
low cost, TRIAC based, leading edge phase dimmers introduced a number of trade-offs in the design.
Because LED lighting systems consume so much less power than traditional technology solutions, the current
drawn by the lamp can fall below the holding current of the TRIAC within the dimmer. This causes undesirable
behaviour, such as the lamp turning off before the end of the dimmer control range and/or flickering as the
TRIAC fires inconsistently. The relatively large impedance that the LED lamp presents to the line allows
significant ringing to occur due to the inrush current charging the input capacitance when the TRIAC turns on.
This too can cause similar undesirable behaviour as ringing may cause the TRIAC current to fall to zero.
To overcome these issues, active damper and passive bleeder circuits were added. The drawback of these
circuits is increased dissipation and therefore reduced efficiency of the supply. For non-dimming applications
these components can simply be omitted.
The active damper consists of components R6, R28, R29, D10, Q1, Q3, C3, VR5, in conjunction with R8. This
circuit limits the inrush current that flows to charge input capacitors C2 and C4 when the TRIAC turns on by
placing resistor R8 in series for the first ~0.5 ms of the conduction period. After approximately 0.5 ms,
transistor Q1 turns on and shorts resistor R8. This keeps the power dissipation on R8 low and allows a larger
value during current limiting. Resistors R6, R29, and capacitor C3 provide the 0.5 ms delay after the TRIAC
conducts. Transistor Q3 discharges capacitor C3 when the TRIAC is not conducting; VR5 clamps the gate
voltage of Q1 to 15 V while R28 prevents MOSFET oscillation.
The passive bleeder circuit is comprised of C1 and R1. This keeps the input current above the TRIAC holding
current while the driver input current increases during each AC half-cycle preventing the TRIAC switch from
oscillating at the start (and end) of each conduction angle period.
Cree Services provide a comprehensive suite of Thermal, Electrical, Mechanical, Photometric and Optical tests
(TEMPO) for LED luminaires (http://www.cree.com/tempo). The company takes the implementation of its
LED arrays very seriously, running a driver compatibility program' (http://www.cree.com/led-components-and-
modules/tools-and-support/dcp). This is specifically tailored to compatibility at the companys range of
modules, but also shows some of the testing it performs in conjunction with reference design drivers including
the PI PAR38.
This circuit shows a complete LED driver solution. The LT3799 senses the output current from the primary side
switch current waveform. The IC regulates the output current by adjusting the peak switch current and the duty
cycle through a novel feedback control. Unlike other primary side sensing methods that need to know input
power and output voltage information, this new scheme provides much better output current regulation since
the accuracy is barely affected by transformer winding resistance, switch RDS(ON), output diode forward
voltage drop and LED cable voltage drop.
Introduction
The document describes a non-isolated, high power factor (PF), high efficiency, TRIAC dimmable LED driver
designed to drive a nominal LED string voltage of 41 V at 350 mA from an input voltage range of 190 VAC to
265 VAC (50 Hz typical).
The topology used is a single-stage non-isolated tapped buck that meets high power factor, constant current
regulation and dimming requirements for this design. This document contains the LED driver specification,
schematic, PCB details, bill of materials, transformer documentation and typical performance characteristics.
Figure 1 Populated Circuit Board
Schematic
Figure 2 Schematic
Circuit Description
The LYT4311E (U1) is a highly integrated primary-side controller intended for use in LED driver applications.
It provides high power factor while regulating the output current across a range of input (190 VAC to 265 VAC)
in a single conversion stage. All of the control circuitry responsible for these functions plus the high-voltage
power MOSFET is incorporated into the IC.
The effect of magnetic coupling between L1 and L2 is carefully considered in the layout in order to yield
consistent EMI response since the chosen inductors are not magnetically shielded, are connected in series and
adjacent to each other. In this design, L1 is mounted perpendicular to L2 and the start and finish windings are
well-controlled and is indicated by a dot on schematic and PCB.
Power Circuit
The topology chosen in this design is a low-side tapped buck configured to provide low THD, high power
factor and constant current output for the input voltage range of 190 VAC to 265 VAC.
The tapped buck converter offers the advantage of reduced magnetic component size, reduced current stress on
the main switch U1 and reduced voltage stress on the output diode D7. The reduced current stress on the main
switch enables the use of a smaller switching device for a more cost effective design. The lower voltage stress
on the output diode enables the use of low VF (Schottky) for improved efficiency.
Inductor T1 is the main inductor of the buck converter. It consists of three windings, primary, secondary and
bias. The ratio is chosen to be 4:1 (primary to secondary ratio) to enable the use of a 200 V output diode while
keeping the maximum voltage of U1 LYT4311E well below its maximum value.
Output diode D7 conducts every time U1 is off and transfers energy to the load. Diode D5 is necessary to
prevent reverse current from flowing through U1 while the voltage across C7 (rectified input AC) falls below
the output voltage. A voltage clamp circuit was also added to limit voltage spike created by the leakage
inductance of T1. The voltage clamp network is formed by diode D4, capacitor C9 and resistors R15 and R16.
Output capacitor C12 is chosen to minimize output ripple (<30%). Pre-load resistors R24 and R25 cause the
output to quickly discharge below the LED string voltage when the AC is removed and ensuring that the lamp
is extinguished rather than there being a slight glow for several seconds after AC is removed.
Lm3445 Off-line Triac Dimmer Led Driver Reference Design application circuits
Lm3445 Off-line Triac Dimmer Led Driver Reference Design application circuits
The solid-state lighting (SSL) surge has created a concomitant boom market for electronics to drive LEDs in vari
applications, ranging from incandescent-replacement light bulbs to architectural lighting to streetlights and more.
driver ICs and modules do more than simply provide power in the form needed by LEDs. Some devices can perfo
additional functions that engineers want in designing full-featured lighting system, such as dimming control and
regulation. In this article, we will examine some of the latest driver ICs and modules for LEDs, and the choices th
designer.
Lets look at some representative products offered today, and the options they give designers, beginning with mo
from ROHM. One key advantage of ROHMs modular technology is stable brightness. The forward current outpu
the LEDs is steady over a wide range of ambient temperatures output current variation is only 1 percent from
80C and across the entire recommended output voltage range (2.5 V to 12 V).
ROHMs BP5843A driver module features high efficiency and precision, achieved using a current detector circui
minimizes loss. The control circuitry, switching elements, transformers, and constant-current circuits required for
are incorporated in a single module, making it possible to configure power supply circuits with just a few externa
components, thereby minimizing design efforts for maximum efficiency (Figure 1). The module is suited for such
applications as downlights, spotlights, outdoor lighting, and more.
Figure 1: ROHMs BP5843A driver module can drive one to three LEDs with just a few additional components. U
driving current by their choice of resistor R1. (Courtesy of ROHM.)
The lightweight module, which is housed in a compact, 32.6 x 24.5 x 15.8 mm SIP package, can drive one to thre
with a constant current output value of 250 mA to 350 mA that is set using a single resistor (Resistor R1 in Figure
BP5843 module works from an input voltage of 113 to 170 V , easily derived from a 120 V power supply, and h
DC AC
A somewhat similar ROHM LED driver module, the BP5845W has the added ability to support 0-to-100 percent
using pulse-width-modulation (PWM). Like the BP5843A, it has a wide input voltage range of 113 to 170 V and DC
driven from typical household power (80 to 120 V ) and lets designers set the output current level with an extern
AC
However, the BP5845W (Figure 2) can also drive six to nine LEDs, triple what the BP5843A can do, and it deliv
settable, constant-current output in a range between 198 and 360 mA with a maximum power output of 13 W. It h
efficiency of 88 percent. The manufacturer suggests that the part be used in designs for desk lamps, linear lightin
streetlights, and more.
Figure 2: The BP5845W from ROHM builds on the BP5843A by allowing dimming using a pulse-width-modulate
signal from a microcomputer chip. Note that in this case R1 lets users set the current for up to nine LEDs. (Court
ROHM.)
The BP5845W actually includes the transformer, reducing the number of external parts required while simplifyin
supply configuration. The module is offered in a compact, lightweight, space-saving package measuring 46 x 22.
To easily evaluate the product, an evaluation board with all the necessary components is available; the user simpl
an AC or DC voltage via the input pins, and then connects the LEDs or an output load.
Recent examples of sophisticated ICs for driving LEDs are the CS1630 and CS1631 from Cirrus Logic. Both are
performance dual channel LED drivers intended for use in triac-dimmable LED replacement lamps and luminaire
high color-rendering index (CRI). The major difference between the two parts is that the CS1630 is designed to w
120 V while the CS1631 is for 240 V ). They feature the companys proprietary control technology for digital d
AC AC
compatibility, as well as digital control system for correlated color temperature (CCT) that enables two-channel L
mixing. These compact parts a 16-pin gull-wing-lead package measuring 9.90 x 6.00 x 1.75 mm integrate a
conduction mode (CRM) boost converter, providing power factor correction for better dimmer compatibility, wit
side, regulated, quasi-resonant second stage, which is configurable for isolated or nonisolated topologies. The dig
control system provides the ability to program different dimming profiles, such as constant CCT dimming or blac
dimming. The parts optimize LED color mixing by temperature-compensating LED current using an external neg
temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. The parts provide a register lockout feature for security against potenti
proprietary registers.
In the schematic shown in Figure 3, startup current is provided to V from a patent-pending external high-voltage
DD
follower network. In addition to providing startup current, the circuit is essential for providing compatibility with
dimmers; it ensures the V power is always available to the IC. During steady-state operation, an auxiliary windi
DD
boost inductor back-biases the source-follower circuit and provides steady-state operating current to the IC to im
efficiency.
Figure 3: The CS1630 and CS1631 from Cirrus Logic are designed to drive dual channels of LEDs with advance
control. The chip can work directly with common triac dimmers as well as digital controls. (Courtesy of Cirrus L
The rectified input voltage is sensed as a current into pin IAC. It is also used to control the adaptive dimmer com
algorithm, as well as to extract the phase of the input voltage for output dimming control. During steady-state ope
external source-follower circuit is source-switched in critical conduction mode (CRM) to boost the input voltage.
the boost stage to maintain a good power factor, provide dimmer compatibility, reduce bulk capacitor ripple curre
provide regulated input voltage to the second stage.
The current into the boost output-sense pin (BSTOUT) senses the output voltage of the CRM boost front-end. Th
resonant second stage is implemented with the peak current mode primary side control, which eliminates the nee
additional components to provide feedback from the secondary and reduces system cost and complexity.
Voltage across an eternal user-selected resistor (R11) is sensed through pin FBSENSE to control peak current thr
second-stage inductor. Leading-edge and trailing-edge blanking of pin FBSENSE prevents false triggering. Pin F
used to sense the second stage inductor demagnetization to ensure quasi-resonant switching of the output stage.
An internal current source is adjusted by a feedback loop to regulate a constant reference voltage on the pin eOTP
NTC thermistor measurements. An external NTC is connected to pin eOTP to provide thermal protection of the s
LED temperature compensation. The output current of the system is steadily reduced when the system temperatu
programmable temperature set point. If the temperature reaches a designated high set point, the IC is shut down a
switching.
The CS1630 and CS1631 can thus provide highly sophisticated controls for LED lighting systems that work with
existing dimming controls. Doing so, however, requires a number of external components.
Cirrus also offers the CS1610/11/12/13 single-channel digital control ICs engineered to deliver a single channel p
dimmable solid-state lighting (SSL) solution for the incandescent lamp replacement market that is designed for h
efficiency, flicker-free performance. The CS1610/11 is designed to control a quasi-resonant flyback topology. Th
is designed to control a buck technology. The CS1610/12 and the 1611/13 are designed for 120 and 230 V line v
AC
respectively. These ICs also integrate a critical conduction mode (CRM) boost converter that provides power-fac
and dimmer compatibility with a constant output current quasi-resonant second stage.
Core functionality
The market also offers electronics that let the designer implement functionality around a core element, such as th
BuckPuck LED Power Modules from LEDdynamics. This line of true current-regulated drivers for powering LED
intended for powering all types of high-brightness and high-power LED packages and LED arrays.
BuckPuck LED drivers exhibit high efficiency and require no external current limiting resistors or additional hea
operation. A fast-response current-sensing circuit also makes the 3021 and 3023 ideal for applications where flash
strobe operation of the LED(s) is required, as well as for use with external dimming circuitry (Figure 4). Other de
available include external DC analog voltage intensity control, TTL/CMOS logic level on/off control (E Versio
and-forget internal current limiting (I Version). The standard units are fully potted in a 21.0 x 21.0 x 11.0 mm p
are provided either with a simple 7-pin SIP connection for through-hole PCB mounting (3021), or with 6-in. 24-A
leads (3023).
Figure 4: The 3021 and 3023 BuckPuck LED Power Modules from LEDdynamics offer many possibilities for des
Working from a DC input voltage, circuits A and B provide external dimming control through the use of a potenti
a switch provides on/off control; output current will be zero when the switch is closed. In B, the circuit uses a 2N3
equivalent PNP switching transistor to provide logic-controlled on/off. The circuit in C puts control in the hands
microcontroller; the 3021/3023 reference output provides the processors operating voltage (5 V at up to 20 mA).
of LEDdynamics.)
The built-in regulated 5 V reference in the 3021 and 3023s E and I versions can provide output to power logic ci
microprocessor, eliminating the need for an additional power supply on the circuit board.
Tight spaces
In designing LED-based incandescent bulb replacements, space is often at a premium. The NCL30100 from ON
Semiconductor is a switching regulator controller that is extremely compact it comes in a 3.00 x 2.75 x 1.00 m
package and specifically intended for space-constrained constant current highbrightness LED driver applicat
efficiency and small size are important (Figure 5). Intended SSL applications include low-voltage halogen replac
16), LED track lighting, landscape and outdoor area lighting, and LED light bars.
Figure 5: ON Semiconductors NCL30100 is extremely compact, but can drive multiple LEDs and work with dim
circuitry. The chip can work with triac and PWM dimming when the appropriate external circuitry is added. The
at lower left show a board with all the components in the above circuit diagram; note that its only about an inch
each side.(Courtesy of ON Semiconductor.)
The controller is based on a peak current, quasi fixedoff time control architecture optimized for continuous cond
stepdown (buck) operation. This allows the output filter capacitor to be eliminated. In this configuration, a reve
topology is used to control a cost effective Ntype MOSFET. Moreover, this controller employs negative current
thus minimizing power dissipation in the current sense resistor. The off time is user adjustable through the selecti
external capacitor, thus allowing the design to be optimized for a given switching frequency range. The control lo
designed to operate up to 700 kHz, allowing the designer the flexibility to use a very small inductor for space-con
applications.
The device has been optimized to provide a flexible inductive stepdown converter to drive one or more high-po
The controller can also be used to implement nonisolated buckboost driver topologies.
More to come
The number of products targeting the SSL applications mentioned in this article is growing on a month-to-month
addition to the drivers discussed, many others can serve designers needs. For instance, theres the Linear Techno
3791, a synchronous four-switch buck-boost LED driver controller, capable of regulating current up to 52 V for a
string. The Maxim MAX6969 serial-interfaced LED drive also provides 16 open-drain, constant-current-sinking
outputs rated at 5.5 V. More information on all parts mentioned in this article can be found by using the links pro
access product pages on the Digi-Key website.
Power LED Driver Circuit
Here's a really simple and inexpensive Power LED driver circuit. The circuit is
a "constant current source", which means that it keeps the LED brightness
constant no matter what power supply you use or surrounding environmental
conditions you subject the LED's to. Or to put in another way: "this is better
than using a resistor". It's more consistent, more efficient, and more flexible.
It's ideal for High-power LED's especially, and can be used for any number and
configuration of normal or high-power LED's with any type of power supply.
As a simple project, i've built the driver circuit and connected it to a high-
power LED and a power-brick, making a plug-in light. Power LED's are now
around $3, so this is a very inexpensive project with many uses, and you can
easily change it to use more LED's, batteries, etc.
Other parts:
power source: I used an old "wall wart" transformer, or you could use batteries.
to power a single LED anything between 4 and 6 volts with enough current will
be fine. that's why this circuit is convenient! you can use a wide variety of
power sources and it will always light up exactly the same.
heat sinks: here i'm building a simple light with no heatsink at all. that limits us
to about 200mA LED current. for more current you need to put the LED and
Q2 on a heatsink (see my notes in other power-led instructables i've done).
selecting R3:
Calculations:
- LED current is set by R3, it is approximately equal to: 0.5 / R3
- R3 power: the power dissipated by the resistor is approximately: 0.25 / R3
I set the LED current to 225mA by using R3 of 2.2 ohms. R3 power is 0.1 watt,
so a standard 1/4 watt resistor is fine.
Here i'll explain how the circuit works, and what the maximum limits are, you
can skip this if you want.
Specifications:
Maximum limits:
the only real limit to the current source is Q2, and the power source used. Q2
acts as a variable resistor, stepping down the voltage from the power supply to
match the need of the LED's. so Q2 will need a heatsink if there is a high LED
current or if the power source voltage is a lot higher than the LED string
voltage. with a large heatsink, this circuit can handle a LOT of power.
The Q2 transistor specified will work up to about 18V power supply. If you
want more, look at my Instructable on LED circuits to see how the circuit needs
to change.
With no heat sinks at all, Q2 can only dissipate about 1/2 watt before getting
really hot - that's enough for a 200mA current with up to 3-volt difference
between power supply and LED.
Circuit function:
- The main current flow is through the LED's, through Q2, and through R3.
When too much current flows through R3, Q1 will start to turn on, which starts
turning off Q2. Turning off Q2 reduces the current through the LED's and R3.
So we've created a "feedback loop", which continuously tracks the current and
keeps it exactly at the set point at all times.
This circuit is so simple, i'm going to build it without a circuit board. i'll just
connect the leads of the parts in mid-air! but you can use a small proto-board if
you want (see photos at the end for an example).
first, identify the pins on Q1 and Q2. laying the parts in front of you with the
labels up and the pins down, pin 1 is on the left and pin 3 is on the right.
Q1:
E = pin 1
B = pin 2
C = pin 3
- attach the positive wire from the battery or power source to the LED-plus
wire. it probably would have been easier to do that first actually.
now connect the negative wire from the power source to pin 1 of Q1.
now test the circuit by applying power. assuming it works, we just need to
make it durable. an easy way is to put a large blob of silicone glue all over the
circuit. this will make it mechanically strong and waterproof. just glob on the
silicone, and make an effort to get rid of any air bubbles. i call this method:
"BLOB-TRONICS". it doen't look like much, but it works really well and is
cheap and easy.
also, tying the two wires together helps reduce strain on the wires also.
i've also added a photo of the same circuit, but on a proto-board (this one is
"Capital US-1008", available at digikey), and with a 0.47-ohm R3.
Supply-Chopped Dimming Control Boosts LED Driver Efficiency and
Keeps Inrush Currents to a Minimum
By: Anil Baby, Senior Member of the Technical Staff
Dec 07, 2010
Abstract: This LED driver reference design drives a 700mA constant current to a single string of LEDs with
forward voltages up to 60V. The design allows PWM dimming based on supply chopping. The input power
supply is chopped on and off at 300Hz to 1kHz frequency to achieve LED brightness control. The driver uses a
fixed-frequency boost converter, controlled by the MAX16834 LED driver. This unique reference design limits
the input inrush current to negligible levels without compromising either the input or output filtering. Design
schematics and test results are provided.
General Description
There is a major advantage to using LEDs for lighting: various dimming techniques allow seamless control of
the light output from the LED source. While LEDs are efficient light sources, the dimming feature also allows
for considerable power savings. Control over the light output also helps to set the desired ambience.
PWM dimming is preferred to analog dimming for several reasons. For many applications PWM dimming
maintains the color of the light output regardless of the dim level. For circuit design, PWM control is more
immune to noise; the control signal need not be accurate in both voltage levels and dimming frequency; and the
driver circuit design is less complex. PWM dimming usually requires a control line that carries the PWM
dimming signal, in addition to the two power-supply lines. This standard configuration is, however, a drawback
for applications that use common dimming for a large number of lights; the configuration also makes it difficult
to replace the incandescent light installations with two-wire supply lines that depend on supply chopping for
dimming control.
Traditional, crude LED driver circuits that work with power-supply dimming are problematic. Those drivers
turn off power to the LEDs gradually as the input filter capacitors discharge to the minimum operating voltage
of the driver. That process can cause the input and output filter capacitors to discharge to low levels. Then when
the supply is turned back on, a huge surge of current flows to replenish the capacitor charge, thus causing EMI
issues and premature dimmer damage. To prevent these various issues, those circuits use large inductor filters
that increase cost.
The LED driver reference design described here addresses this basic design challenge with PWM dimming.
This LED driver implements PWM dimming based on supply chopping; it does not cause any supply current
overshoot. The design provides up to 90% efficiency while operating from a 24V supply. It allows a
unidirectional supply input with an efficient semi-MOSFET bridge rectifier at the input. Figure 1 shows the top
view of the design board.
UVLO at 21V
Components List
Designator Part Package Quantity
D1 B130 SMA 1
D2 B180 SMB 1
Q3 STD15NF10 DPAK 1
Q4 FQT7N10LTF SOT223-4 1
R1 442k 1% 0603 1
R5 274, 1% 0603 1
R6 26.7k 1% 0603 1
R7 1 0603 1
R8 10.5k 1% 0603 1
R9 0.15, 1% 1206 1
R15 1k 1% 0603 1
Figure 2 shows the circuit schematic for this LED driver application. To make the power-supply input
unidirectional, a bridge rectifier is used at the input. The bridge rectifier uses a 2-diode, 2-MOSFET (n-channel)
configuration to reduce voltage drop and power dissipation in the input bridge. Diodes D3 and D4 are not
replaced with p-channel MOSFETS, as this configuration would cause the input supply capacitors to discharge
during a PWM off (supply off) condition and thus produce large inrush currents. An input filter comprising L3,
C4, L4, C6, C7, and C8 limits the switching frequency components in the input current to very low values.
During PWM dimming, electrolytic capacitors are used for input and output filtering to avoid any audible noise
a problematic characteristic of high-value ceramic capacitors.
This boost-type LED driver operates at a switching frequency of 250kHz in continuous-conduction mode. A
peak-to-peak ripple current of 30% is selected for the inductor. Reduced inductor current ripple increases
efficiency, reduces noise, and stabilizes the current control loop. But these advantages do come with reduced
system bandwidth because of the reduced right-half-plane zero frequency. With a conventional LED driver,
reduced bandwidth affects PWM dimming. But the MAX16834 incorporates a specific feedback topology to
address this issue, and consequently provides a best-in-class PWM dimming response without compromising
stability.
The boost converter output (i.e., LED+ node), with respect to the driver ground, is connected to the anode of the
LED string. The LED cathode is connected to ground through the dimming MOSFET, Q4, and the LED
current-sense resistor, R9. Q4 is turned on and off during PWM dimming. R9 provides the LED current
information to the MAX16834; it thus regulates the LED current by controlling the boost converter.
Slope Compensation
As the boost converter used in this driver operates in CCM with more than 50% duty cycle, the internal
inductor current-control loop can become unstable and cause subharmonic oscillations unless slope
compensation is implemented. A single capacitor, C15, from the SC pin to ground adds the necessary slope to
the current-sense waveforms for slope compensation. Refer to the MAX16834 data sheet for more details on
the design of slope compensation capacitor.
Feedback Compensation
The boost-converter, power-circuit transfer function has a right-half-plane zero due to the boost topology; the
CCM operation; and an output pole caused by the output filter capacitors, LED dynamic impedance, and the
LED current-sense resistor. The feedback compensation network, consisting of R5, C13, and C7 from the
COMP pin to ground, introduces a pole at the origin, a zero at the output pole frequency, and a high-frequency
pole.
The compensation zero cancels the output pole and maintains the slope of the systems gain-frequency response
to -20dB/decade. The total loop gain of the system should cross 0dB gain at a -20dB/decade slope below one-
fifth of the right-half-plane zero frequency to stabilize the system and to have sufficient phase margin. The
compensation resistor sets the error-amplifier gain above the compensating zero frequency so that the above
condition for stability is satisfied. Compensation capacitor C11 introduces a pole at half the switching
frequency to provide attenuation to high-frequency components and noise. Refer to the MAX16834 data sheet
for more details on the design of feedback compensation.
To obtain a negligible inrush current when the dimmer turns back on, the filter capacitors in the LED driver
should maintain their charge throughout the PWM off period. Now with very little charge replenishing, the
capacitor voltages should return to their normal level with out causing any inrush current. This LED driver
quickly detects when a power supply turns off during PWM dimming, and then it turns off the LED current.
With PWM off, resistors R13 and R15 discharge any capacitance at the input and the DIM pin is made low.
This approach works the same regardless of the direction of the input power supply. A low at the DIM pin
instantly turns off the LED current by turning off the dimming MOSFET Q4.
When the DIM input is disabled, the MAX16834 consumes very little power as the boost converter is also
turned off; it need not wait for the feedback to respond. Meanwhile, a switch at the output of the error amplifier
holds the last point of stable feedback as charge, stored in compensation capacitors C13 and C11. The next time
that the power-supply input is turned on, the error-amplifier output immediately jumps to the previous stable
state, thereby causing the LED current to reach the set value almost instantly.
Test Results
Figures 3 through 8 show the test results for this reference design.
Power-Up Procedure
Use the following steps to power-up the board for the reference design.
1. Connect an LED string, with a forward voltage between 50V and 60V and a current rating between
700mA and 1A, to the LED+ and LED- terminals on the board.
2. Connect a power supply with a rating of 0 to 30V and 3A minimum to ACIN1 and ACIN2 in any
direction.
3. Increase the supply voltage gradually to 22V. At about 21V the converter will start and the LED string
will be driven with a 700mA current.
4. To start PWM dimming, chop the supply at 100Hz to 1kHz frequency with the desired duty cycle.