MARTIN CARNOY The State and Political Theory Princeton University Press — Princeton, New Jerseyher, fo Gams the pica moment in ening br capitis. ‘hontion ans vec Tis comnts sme om wii te ‘Basin te fom of «ms party *Conecoamer tel tec te fours af power fo he potas ing siege wth Sate al the Incas of dion js lack fern onsouincs he re ‘Saloon the Bouse rem donna poston, ‘Structuralism and the State: Althusser and Poulantzas “Tur sreucTURAL venion of Marnsn tht ase ia France oth mi 1960s sug to hamonze Marat hough wih teeming gta saa “automatic” mare of vanced capa sacety, a nociy wbee ‘He wong ls aed tought cary ot "ence, For hikers Ihe Stsure and cue, bo reared the ude et tae of lngage, Liv Stas, api sachs t Pnne ‘is Lacan, bo di he sare ie ppcology, tnd Fos cal ‘tons anf nova, the cull cot a uereaning ba 9 Slt sot he conosco fonscusSeuctre wich se actin propped” (McLean 199, 208). Louis Alter rg hi src pgectv to ar wi ings as at of cigar of Lefebvre’ and Sar» Mars haa (its 199; Altussr nd Babu 1970) Like Le Ss, Face, ‘ter sears, Altus wa 0 comb the mba laced naa” te sbject ake cnr of metaphysis Sae's nphasie om he india a aio aon confone y Aur Ses ows o cosine cr ath edi bse deli parses he deat ver sacral perma (anda ixopy of seit aod aves hs Ben lg a inv odo jie fo pages cut nd ely aces for out dass of the Sutras view ofthe Se" Thi lew ges to Ky pis in [Alhuser's wor, ad we wil socne oes Fis as. sacral, Altos class the oil sre ha 0 reat subject a ts cor. Rate, the soil oration = system of ‘ete process without sujet Tha, Aloe eft te ato tm ashe set or agent of History, aging ised ta inva ee the “sappors or “heen” ofthe Str elton which they ae Sturt lations of produ allan) th ae "oem of Auer’ ei cnn me Bi 9), Min (098 an Hien es ees Ai peof his, ne inviolate a ce agen Only lass, aber than nad hve 9 Mstry a ey develop abd cose into conic inn sperte made of prodcton. Son, ag Alva’ sacra! de ‘Chun as lo irr to fran neo Stains. Thompson 1978), Ales hn, vey mh nie Sens, ee comme tein nd ge ited Toth eave ato polis ad ‘logy foo he eoreomie ae. He popes tha Man's concept ofthe ‘nn of psaston solved toe Stn rue acta ees (Ge cotenm, the plea, ad he elo that "wee innately in incally comb to farm the af th nef poston” (ink 181, 173) Alou the eovomi store isaways "determinate {telat tse, "any one te ice actu ea be teste Indonesian eta reas, {fr examps). Thee, ins pen scl forma, the economic, 90 Ia, eth elo cul he oon sete, ate on sone wos lvay determine which fhe fee woul! be dorian (Ate sa Bala 1970, 216218) [Nico Pols wed thse trata cleats to develop a eory of he Stat Poa 1965) 197) and Ale ins alo pid 1s ies on cconomi, polial, and Molgiel seucurs toe Sie {ttser 1972 Before piso to Poultrs's wrk, which 6 the trop sou ot ging te San which wes sto Ke eal hanged y nrg te pt of rca he roar frame of» cas seule peeve) a mals of A thurs maorssy "Tdi ant olga Apart (1971) ‘nl fh exemplify te elemens of x psitn, and stow specie con ects tetwonn Altar work al Gres ie of Re and pou Aurea IbgoL00¥ AN THE Stare For Als (andor Mar) te ie of ology is cia 1 he 7 roto f the relations of production, tec the production of the rianons of prion obese, "snl sets os Png te pont tt the cel vison of abr asian oe [podsctnn, expan, repression, esogzaton, sce pace, fs be eed na paces” governed by sual of eng) (nase 197, 16-170). "Thee ence maria behav i imply the lrg of eof he abt wars oe payer "Ames te” (971, 18, ‘at a ary of sch an slog? ARawer argue tha ology ‘ata Kr. Woogy exis a comarca tans a8) NSN of soci frais: it oes nt depend on parila aia orion ‘The pect of elon stat ts endowed wh stu nd fanctonng sah fo tke oer elt, an oe orcad ray, ne nee in hich tht sate ad Gasonng {icine eset nthe sam orm gh what eal st. In the ene in which the Commu Manfeto dees ay sory classes, the sry as ots. (1971 15 13) Asser ues th la em idea" digs idol i ge era orl cos that ot ed ty pata neal feel However, beats that theory of partials, weer "ir fo (eli, ec, leglo pala dcr depen th It ‘esata thst ance’) nthe ty of cl oars ‘on heres of grdicon senna a sai farts, aon te hs sale th develop inte Thetis conn of ony Inger etiology x mpreetng te ay welt india fo hi eal condions of este” (1971, 159) He then {reson to sg ht lesogy hs vil existence: an dlgy aby [ss nam appr and te pate This exience i et Imapnry felon v0 rea laws (sig) el endowed th ‘tel exec, and mater exinenc the practi of gy witha arclar appa soc. Ths, Aluser xpress thesis on tht knowledge ofthe ira uatning of sate hs recede he tly fs pens an evan, Te il arto Sed by dening the asec of oly intr of the ay Insel i he "acon of acces gover by deed Ie st nstance by ania gyrus (971,170). An nial eles ae his muealacoes inserted it marl pts pve by materia aa ic ae themes sine byte til ecg Apps ro wich dt the es of tats (197,16) Te {atin that precede they of rar Nese! spares ‘Whi re et he development of parla scl formation, “he non ges fr nds and ir sa rem ages the seare ofthe dynamic fh ert, As we nent, Albu sos Ine aol ste "sper "her af the stat Iie in wich they at sit Inte xe of logy Altus subject "as iota he ated oon by em in whch eo ising i tel deol apprato, preserbng tial paces tovemed by amar ial, whieh paces etn he meri atone SF sect scng i al como wsting fo hs Bet (1,159), Hecomends tation cogs inns as abt, abs them to the "ajc of the oop el or example, God apt, {Ge St) guramces tat everything el io, nd hat onte conde {hate sje ecognze what heya and Bele acral, eve thing wil bell gh, Terfre, be vax maesy of "soda Inermalie te ology de mr ino paces govered by Te ‘of the enol putas. The indi sche“ ur nd eon for his actos, ut te Smee ued {Dan eclny that cea igherauoy. The adv ted (fall fede eng that ceping Be etron. "The nin Troi es) jet ore tate al sab fy oe ‘eomaamens of the Subject ore ha esl ly acep Ir subjpaien. The ac no sets exe by and er ei sa gato (197, 16, "With hoya tology, Alusser const mechanism which individual willy sujet emeles wa Mesos (ramet Bs onic “eomenas), a fs stjupton hat Gets ea ae ‘Set il Inka ete slog 6 the necessary prance of te Felt tar the ology ropes, en hi estab nt sar Ti epodcton of te lato of production an oe eas devvag from he (1971, 17), “Fis postin sold ot be more ates. Raber tan a iv eho deine msi or esl tough naa acts and he sumption oresponshiy forthe at, Aer abet ded ty subjogtion fote ring Mlgy, 8 pscing asi weg no {he coment of he esol gyrate’ ad hing his ee ied ty he spp. Sare's existe feo i, acorig A: ‘hose ely condoned, conned y a rig SPE ‘fein and hog. Ts etic the fod sa, ‘itt real meaning hin fo themida! detiton trosh cow Sioned aot mean, of couse, that exe heed des to ene nory at el by win # stoctaed way “Asser gce one ep frre rac le esc apart eo th elton of Mol) general, oo event cone ee ‘uation ofthe ology of he ling Sl “Toe ese fe alg ‘Ss doen some tering enor by he race of Ga, a eves by vite of te seer of sate power ne. [8 by te istallaon of te Mlk ne apprsiesm which hs logy eed oa thai bcos te rng iealagy” (1971, 15). "Te talon the coll St spares, ou, the take tthe cla sugges th coy of the ing cn ne coed Sate opartes tat permis ter secop)o be tld ee ape nus, Ooc this ideo ntl, weave sen ht A as {Cake on the abuts ofa dolgy general nd ene the inva inisactons no lange pin of fete fr andetantng te Fncoing af oie, bu tte oe nial i byt Sad lets of the szlopie sprees ad acs Now tht we bave discus the conan of ea fr geneal in Aliases aay, a seen at his focus on ening and apr {epics tt the tpeducton ofthevelitons of duces kes place ‘hough eoogy tin tb api mode of godin the ast ‘nuance earl out the sotto ls supe, we ean an A (hss analysis of he olga Sae ppc nth ne. Ase makes For mui pois icy Ft erry scl fi ton (socks epee mat epost cons ot recon he sane tine tt i predic rer oe abe poe That ny fer endlam orci oe clin to Kncton a acy fe [Police the potutve fresh ln, lb, sei and knowledge nt ener im prodoton and th existing reo of prod th ae inherent in that podocton sete each of power and ctl ‘anon landowners ed sets eis, cpt an ao ep), (rectors opr fcals and worker cam). "As May sd, ‘ery el Knows tat sci formation which do ope te odes of productions the same tne posed ald a i Sea (Aber 1971, 12), These productive fers, Aluser pees, ae a0 repo ate level offi bu at he level of clas. Fer example, pat, the split cla ava elas repose Isber power by eyne wees ‘ges wih which ey can ed temas a athe bet Econ Sf workers Te level of mags ps detned by css gee ove the longi ofthe working day an the hourly wage. Bat works ve reproucd swe tan st homogeneats wert. Thy hve be ‘diver sled and tee eeoduced a sich” (1971, 13). Tas dvesty dened by the seh dvson a Uber“ en {sand positions. “The vend point of Aus’ est concer hw the erode fhe dso a sera ll aed tur capita Hee ‘Altoserdiscstesan se obs by Mart an Engel, bo wed Inher a "homogenco” nieve) etc inte of Expl’ encepon ofan stcrary ofthe meking csp of aps areas to dive workers saat themselves Althse nes fa take Sc fommatom chracerizo y ney eon, th ee Sacto a the hls of abr potest "ders tobe owed fee‘on hes (aprenceship iia podbot, bat achievednoe or cutie ron: by the epi yo tances nd stains” (1971 13 Reject ere et the mame sneha Grams anal Aus, telow, re about te fucon of eduaon (eho in eprodicng {hereon froin (enone, ale, nd concept ot). Rater, nn insane, Aloner bags dications the fpedcton of he division of abort development of parila pf kl forgot. As wel ics ine deal below" ho” ied ii leet cage or stdets aecvng 9 te Usaonn France of alia Power and Soi lasses in 965 (sation pabisad 1973), and Ste, Powe, Solin in 1978 (ration pb Ted 1980), "The ery wok wos ef suc tthe Sate repotaces the ls state bce a arcana eomamic‘tas elas in te plicl “regan The Sate’ frm and fecon ‘dereoe stoped by the sacar of cls elton, Inte woes tht ao thei ol encompassing her) ‘rnscendsa Sst The Sa pec to he rode of prodcsion foe example, te capa Ste th feos St ta s eh Morovia Pola Power ad Soi Cre, he es ‘Aer coos of thle sony of polis sd cme 1a ague dt the capi Sate at nce scl Ste apd so Be ‘elaely autonomous fon te cass sul in praca to anton ‘Mecely a aciySt. Bu threat oem Sis sve thes of be hegemonic soups eran of he rons capt ‘elas Labor's tga only shapes be St isle a part cae ‘elites production Tis ate woe, Poza hadons the sacra Sia fo Sate stop by clam areal lt. As cyt 1073, Pans sg hat ‘hee dia eno been sca elses ad the Sa, depending ‘nthe sage of capil elope So changes i apa eons { roactionsbpe pla nto; he ctf he ep ‘Sei ota acre tl ut raber apes shaped By cass sug ani by coespoding canes i capt profacion. I Site, ‘Power, Soil (1979) 1980, he "eave auton of he Sate tne alec fne i the pony fee sale within he Sine parame: bene ofthe very contin nb in "aon. 1's those conditions and he le of sca ove in shaping the Sint hat Decne npr ne ate wens “Thus, Palin's Ste comes sh si he ite of edo inate enact of dmaanecas power The Se more than the nerf explicate of ‘he woking ls yin hast work, sof ls conc te cl power coasted: the Ste for outa 197, shaped {Ey sugde m rodton and within he Sta Yet be es smo he cis St and ane. We wil refer searr ‘ero ote Sate hear an en show Bow i changed reset po ancy Povtanens lansas agus in Poll Paver and Seca Cases (1968 1974) "athe capita Sst par ofl ios npn Specialy, In eaptalistprodacion, the separation of he dest pode om hs ‘meas of postion des fot lado sidan and lion (ers, bul aero» scalaon of peste foes (ab) ta 0 Srl nde Se — 9 concentrate of capil. The pal separation (igen of workers om ech oer (evening cass cobesion) mot he rest fc otc el, ae eel perc eat Tei in pron that he arate ofthe ar press tine, eis he ert ofthe det proacersfom he mean of foto tt deemines de seine of age 2 jc pail sje ‘hat mpresses a determinate sac on the Ibe proces (197, 129) Ti determines thi ln relton. The Swe hte an ac, ia his Gomi sete, he Seascape perma orks, prevecing cis sale Fo Puls thn, he poss of cpa poco —in he civil socie)—see he foraton of lass. Bu he Slt at ots ‘orks nd apis peal no idl tet se we ascrve ‘em i apa soe) The “sence af aes les, parcly "cohesive wocking clas, theives ot fhe Sean abo frets apd, ta frien pia apart tat in ividaloes wore, econ hatin th lt inte the aril ud ekg st tues fe determine By he aor proce Th change emt fe ‘ss stgge by merene 0 conceal om th ew eee india Suet agen of dt) tt intone cs lions (1978, 10. ‘This of lt i tering real ith ae: compton ‘oon he wap cing werkt and Between be copes ownes af ‘ae ropa. is fact oni an elope ection ofthe plulst relia of oiicon which cecies thom st commer ‘oan: betwen insu pens of podton one met, Bit mpetiion fr fom design sree of epi lation {ef prods icons pect nthe let lhe ees nd the Seotonalon oi-conomireaion-- sro] cna fom the ages of podcon tr lv aoa nh coe vga (518, 0131) ‘This poi is crac Yo Poulan’ aly and at ais so See th ls weer spate it ils, the ae sacred cals prods (which iheeny moves 20 capita ‘owes cas eifeaon, Competition develop ong ne te tines nmin siti nie ‘Seay cmp tun cai a Cae‘ere of th sine lat y the ia plicel parses of he Ste, Whe tse sane aparaases ise te idee cotictDeween o- hice caer by "concealing he cla lation The pitt ‘Soe appears a the pital way ofan econ supe. The Site oem mri ter nes compa a te Ste ten 0 difise lis con betconineorly ole commie clases (woes capitals) By ning People a ni Sh phen ening thom the poe atom Site, Row. ceo {© Pout, dees the cept cass cone to dome he Set? Sie Poulanzas chs tht he Sa proces cotton nnoagivials ‘Grog jr plical apa, bow do e competing ap come ous the Ste fr thei own pps gun the aul indi Shot woking ca? Fee tis preci hs ney Pols) tha he ‘Sel cls cores odo Poot cl hs te politcal cage (051s, 16) He argues that he poli stugpe bream aon fom n-ecnomie uggs, incre conctl alone lint economic staple fom he as of proacton. Yor ten 0 ens class un fr the capt css ow ofthe ison of the consul, ls un tat sre th repodicten fenoname ‘eels nar wendy the Sat lowe forthe unto th in ‘ited captains, and heir Soman (esa) sae abe "by ‘ets of whole ale elogia operation os (197,137) {© conse is stl pail inerest a represen ofthe pple {een social lesa indus tps of thr lee. “Tis the rol probem for Planta ey wa onc co some srg nine 8 te pac olin by te Ste, he ‘lately autonome pola sale ies domed by he die ‘Sees nardr in caplain ow ht ape, Plans cero Gr S's emcee of heen, and on Alte’ elo spraies. Hegery dees, fr Polatzas, how the piel ners ote terest fe body pic, ad haw he actos edo hss "anconpose theme nos oer lc,” whisk ear compte ‘ecodig ts ey Powuns, peers ts pec ete, at oer ‘ne stats does sty plea amination kee Ker of ‘pola ton between th domian cls actions ae he Jed lise In istitsions everything aks pasa i the sas so Sa ext” (976,18), ‘Gram, Poulazas pus, rode tert ek betwen be gemony a doaimation (ee Che: 3 abo). A class can and must ect te king els Heol before cn face pill omit cls. I wns hegemony tte i conquer pli! power Hegemony ies werd view imponed on cl formation sn ais iological onan before the congue ial power. In hat ese ower issue fom begerony, and te pola npmizaon of a ‘hs sepa reli be elbraon omar vew tt tipo: fn he ememble of soe —all isi const he onion at ‘Shs ant in esos domination before oncing ple ower Poulan) nt conet. Its be Oat Prats a hs most A ‘hacer pve Holy cannot be speed rm he iy ofthe Sacre ia which tk manfeted, an i arcs bs the owtaton ‘given clara fet inthe eld of cats tgp, I ta wad, ‘esl canot be sept fom the domianc fs ite cls ‘he socal sect ts te itenate (he coos) othe ste fre, and this mets abr lf cs dominion aed extn reel inthi way hat with soi fermion esp domi Dy the casemble of representations, valves, ntns, bel by ‘mee f ich clas amination perpen ter wor ‘outed by what ca be alld te iaogy of he doin las (Poutnzs 1974, 20) eso. then, is pa ofthe clas se, he elation within which ins Soman fnctnge. Tat xn he diated ler aera xperence te rele 1 the onda of existence wit the vera Framework fhe dma clogy, md the domi eng docs nt {he conan cology i oe neces omer wth te sclogy of ‘he dominant clas. But eft ha cerca domi he las ‘stop mates th ona ideo serve tat cls inthe plial reo (te Sune), ond therefore ents he das 1 ee dota Son) 6 minfrttion fr cls omer. One ofthe pacar characters fhe dominator idly ‘sacri fo Poa, the fact tht conceal expen Systatelysscat om language (1974, 214) Ths see mas Ingo css dominate, combined wh he parca oe of cokesion that {he borat idelogy pins unr he omnes fhe ii tea Syste bats pur oft Weolog,Isrefeced he cose relaionbeweee ‘logy snd he canal Sat The ara ower fis iteis at invidunt d ot gp oe len one an the sae tert ‘moveneat oe ued anf toate thay hcl extn, exc by ‘meas of ging pial este nthe Sta. Tos woop egenen, {he begemonc cine ene et presen if aati, he sent let of te pple ation ad a ena eo enone ‘ooumed cls «specie poli asepace of he dominion ‘Mose, by ning te cls ‘eatonthip sod nveseetexpoaton ‘neath eae nization sad emit fhe raion ‘She, therefore este the dominant caso ero sl elton in ‘Bahay tat trey dian ober wordy logy ties ‘he exsence and fucung 0 css Sate "Yet wt abot competion Between meters and sbgrops of he bos clases How shi open ened to pode the tan lato of dona eco ino dma ls owed? Puls ages {hn the lation herve the canals Slat he Smiles tions puss te ward sherpa ty der he protection (Fahegenonie class or fraction. Te genes coe polars ver ls by makings ov coor tres ut oil mere {nd by repesening the eer common ees of hcl of tons ff te pomer soe Ths genera const of eno expnaton tn pola dominion" (1974, 239, "Wha i nereting in Pola’ fommtion is ht he Regemnic ls ot facton maybe chare of te Sate, bus cso ton my telin charge of he Ste without hry telag Bega. Even mare, the ring cls fact may only mate een Pet even ccason ry not ep ofthe per le. He ees example of ce ‘och democrats goverment in Frince whee the pee berg at ith hgemoni or fro the power be, but was he ng as that contol the Ste, "nti exe he cack doceon ‘lj he roof “ek” ha Hegemon eas or acon we ees for {note ls of faction in the power ls. The sane Bas woe fr he ‘aa noha fe wat (1978 15), ‘Win the cote! of he domi elo. te, th por Bei ‘epic exresion ofthe leet actons of th dont cs. euro he power Bac ht hx fleet factions ae i es evel unto atl the opal logit coneree {sion Ii trvgh the power lo ht Welgy i sod 8 {teense of scl, poll, nd copie ons. The dona ‘Meolgy iss inorported mothe Sate apse, which cabo, Inst, ad rpodice is eso. his is ri fr he eo con o thesia dvson of abr soi tes, an he Joie foc y a parla is, Ins cay work Pana cs he Seas ing sens fan the cv sect bec of the nce of oling wees fom te fla comciowscn devia in ley The Seaton inthe sense hat albough sbaracerzd by hegemonic adr, the Sete docs nt dec seen te Gro suse” cone teres, tare lia intrest te Sneha cas [uli power comers th panning set otc pti stg. ‘The Sut fnctoos 0 oes erat Clases and eee competion ‘sro hem, niet iceses copes anon he dominate ee, ioaing each member of he dated cases iso he nil spac, bt maintaining epiinny i te ees of sed les 1) chaining wb «ening foes sd epenting mas ie nhs formule he Steet ple of cls sagt, bt rahe proc shape of css svg nti key. oad tse ave very Hl infos oer he sire and geo te Sinem of pial ower ely dso incase st eqbalenee of poner ana te foes pres CThi mening of ‘sl mt an conse with Marx Sd Ens conception of Satonomy lathe stun where ls heh ower oma Sate) The equ air in exty Poets elated Inetin of tons of pve i th mewn of te cls Sate ad Se relaion of fes he Bel of cone sr hin i es ‘by pla owe. The Sut anno ves he ecomomy i pss ve a scl ply tht profs ceain domed hes etalomakes spat coin th dos clas conomic owe witout cir teeing ti pol power So, nah tte at {be piel an econ sgt of he domi ses ings ne ct hems ts of tan es fe lose, hs ot ny wy 3 cori te lea pera te bovis caer 7 ‘he aon ofthe general incest fhe peop” an logon coverings nto operon of thesia Snes exes eal ft: aml ht his St ys very sructr,pves theo toi ret ceria Sina last grees which ny even ‘be conrary tthe shart tem economies of th damina cls, ‘ut which are compute si hei polite ints ad thie eg "This ings us 0 9 very snp colon Nutone whith emt Betoo often epee. This gaan gives by the eps Sse te ‘Sono rts of crim dome clases campo e sen Pe ‘Ses onthe ola per fhe oma’ lane is te a the pica sd como uae of te dominated clases impose ‘hs onthe opti Se. However, snp shows that te Site Feet ln struments ois ey dvd to Cases, The cls sgl sd cpa fomatins ental hat tis [fie ofthe somo incre of ein dined aes ‘Sed ara postin wih the very ln imposed the Sse ca Tee smal for hegemonic cl leferap. But a malig ths gor tee he Ste im precy atthe plc organization of te Ahsan he frmaon were the ey pla bugle ‘the died aes i poe th samedi sen ets of rising the doa clases inne. note ord, ‘Soteting wo the conte sojactie ine of demarcate can alvays evo nin wih te guts ven bythe capt Seto he ‘nnd cc rst ntfs hetenthe pica ‘aon of cl dominion ut even conus ab clement of 8 ‘sation, Pon 1974, 190191) “Tue Minas octasrzas Desrt “Ter fave oon tuber of ecgus of Peau ely work, Doth {stot ete dscusion fe German “ivaboes in Chap 5yand ms funchnat (Clahe, 17,The est own dics, bom ‘vcr at eat to Englhspesing readers, took pace ie pgs ft [New Lat Review in 1981970 ( ater comtbaon by Poulan a 1376) ne ofan exchange econ Ralph Mind and Pats ‘Ont he css cere on Mints bak The State Cap ki Soty (965 Iaat work Mian ot aks porate tthe Sta and presets Ne veron of « Mast nteretation of he ‘She's ole ia epoing capa cla sok) Thine place 0 vino Milan: view a et hey wl be cst more adeely ‘Then we deal i Asercan Marni snes fe State Cape 8 ‘Bart imporar mt tht wee Nba dicsson shen cheers dette been ines ands ‘aan (Gol, Lo ad Wrage 197), ra make to view Muli ‘Sn insrunenlseas evelping hry of he Sth sth Sie cing wdc stsmcat of the eng sae The dete Beween ‘ouunu sd ihn on be more accarelydsebed in ees of te ‘ese of (0) med and (2) he sala source of change Yess ‘heidi by rte (On he st sue, Pass cries Milan's wor by sing Mian chooses reply dic to Bourgeois ealopes bythe “ie eit ctaminion of onset fc Nt th ast he dy th ‘cnctete sone coma. haieg myself envy np thet ‘pet of the qetion in ny oe work (wi a somewhat lets nd eb), om sly the mire cms the nest for soc Sata Usp meant» preston of sy eb pponc To the conte to make exc he epstennogle inp of ow ‘weatnet of it (Poles 158, 69) te here tht Poona ste the ove sacs (Akasa) ston mest ley he comeods tht in comeing te ton of aa ‘Ses ean o owes boy, Mian bald have rejected the ‘ey oto af elite, He shold bate moved “out the iv (lente, emp epitermoly of ong pla sinc. "For con pi and ats ar never nner, ody epic mato ote serry to ep) to in, on lene hema peri tie pit ‘ove, Every ano conp oly sean tina whe creel Problematic that foun eet fm he plea and inne eral” to Marcin, thy have absolutely coma fet” (Poanre1963, 0 lata cis ht his metal ee mses in Mi ant'sdiculy ncomprteding sociales nd he Se jee ‘rcires, snd" los aan abjecte etm of rear conn: Tins 4 Stace a stem woe age, ene the words Mary, “eae oft Miibnd esta ies he impression Bt ‘erbimrocl clases or goap ae nse wi rele aerosol ‘elation i) Polat teteloe carey aries ht ein, meio, and ess cio be eprd. How dvs i epochs tmesemal ego of stars He pent Tr Suen Capa Sete maybe slid thot so ht Planta de ‘mane, et be also hina oats spo oe sta) [Ps pfeund concert with he eben of an pope prob Tema pd with he sce fy contain with peed Temas," ato love igh fhe suite ney of eps iny sof te empiri demmostatn ofthe als af thee opposed st ‘plop “plematice’"”Miland 197, $8). Mian iss 2 Soy ofthe once, which Pola so cry sti, a neces foray demyttation of bur thay. ‘Om te second ise of the debte—Polstza' view that Milind ts nie emphasis on he do prtaion meners of eeptaiclos in Sut ppt and government a2 eam of hots ht Gis ed tba aoe ad ir expen a ete Fouls aor toe estonferwen te tures chs an te Susan ae lato, Tos en ati te econ Se SS Secminn socal loaon ode ret of he Sia ls inhi formato coe, by meme Sem ole he dt Fovcpun of ube the gc he Se spaca o Tear but te flea maser chance cnet oe is ‘pec Patras 190.7) ‘Shand soma ys ft Poiana ale 8 on ob secve laos get tha ht Se os a ery pare {Niue wity omined yee "ete elo ther ors acura const be stn 0 tl com lig tm een on ae beret ects nd Recut lc ingore pe hom heme" 199, 3) For iia all seson tds sie be nao of bee sauces tn gene lan fe the on tang sand that eal sur oe oad int loa" Hd of etal Ahermin, me stot perder, Wich makes ihe ttl ests amir oe aa een {pe Sm athe stn" (7,37) Te lamp Peers lng ‘Ss and ssc, ssoig hand rac ee Sle ah {Sh osuminaon tye “abc reo ws Ife jee ‘lunes cntny cms he fantom of he Ste beer en, SCetg ibd lows ht ae eal oleae een {Se nad yong coin er needy i. Te spcncof be "dome ators eles Posts poston un an th inprasjectnn The ins ‘enn eu susan se othe dete ith Wh bs thon ek, in sma of te mai pots De ae ur, Pola’ ct ed soe od past Mil emp ne Sar coment of thereaono fcc sn the cst oun in se ations ‘antes psd npn ied ie at teal ene CLES tins pal exesion daly be apart of he Se Sut wen cer x os onde in, Bo roby ont tie The Se Cp Scie ae Pole! Power and Sc Claes poste wheal ala of Oe eaonsip itn Ste sl wy, een hgh ot ns ND a ch {tac rons, Pon ocx cs teeing enc of te Snap! otro 1s pic conaiion i oc ht ale ee Siae fal tho peopl, altho i fact clas Sta, bet hat sy Speaking pees sl et ey stone singe ‘ls Sie (Ce. te State of he domintt clases which ies to raze po Iie, os seciety whch i tool aed we ne ede Inolases in that ese tel Ste of te buget sss, ‘lng tt leo are par of tht clas. (1974, 189) tin he a ec bt he is ad mig ch acer ocean pil Hrs sk ros dae os ‘i es at many ror hve ee so pera pa ie Lefer cast sens pay Oey at ty ae ne aay howe ome css Ss ‘Suomi Te patos bet edo ly ‘rac expen of oer" ef onal ae toe, ‘iy anit eo ned bcd ea ‘cura te ome ei an pl io Sora eau se cose and 539) ite senna ahs ar Mtn wt Pas aid shana in toe, al ma oe ‘huge met port by ee 7 hd Mrs nd ‘ats dar, td Pokaan Cane i Cryo Cape {913 See, Paver and Sco 73) 180 Te Fans na xh ono Stee ly ‘eonom ancy eof i een feng wes fem scons decapoc ofc Heme we tha he Sas ony many Soc cs we Saison ir pt ee of te ‘les meng oad tsa el ny tansteng issn he wee, npg a ‘rwph gy ottoman yy a ae ‘owt nha he a ote! Aon se ‘a pl nh Saws tpn dome ces ting one eins of he Si forte sha iti te com te Se py eae Soma gp fF, math mh ee ‘ser tvs on Mev an np "rma sh, ich he Se ane mo ton ee cs seh rover Semin Ss Tot, Pn a be sy at Ss n Boat Se th cs gl con any te ‘Shins pon ne cs mel ns of een ‘ein sy‘Lave Pocuanrzas: Dustencat STaUCrURALS We sow tr 04 deed smmay of Poulan’ efoenltion af his own mork othe sap Sate mth cote lan supe Ia thi refrain, he cae oat i conecp of he Sia a oth th Polit ad he shaper of objective cast eons. The Sat and Soil Clases ss he ares that tele ofthe Si pps mann the umiy snd eg «wc fon y ence nd san ‘i cla ointon, am ht wy reproducing Soil eatens, ‘la relatos” (197, 2429, Pla an deol elas ae ma ‘einlined aod exhaled, a tel patie, nee appara Fu ‘heme, soil ses ne deed by th rlaesip te economic partic the ceo dition ad the Se apparatus. 59 sca ‘Stnr nd the cin srg fp oe eona nl poli elton ia soey te pyre ae reer ayesha he ater ato and conti ls wins 1975, 29) He septs ic onep fn the instionalisunctnaitanis, wc s as ‘Stas ring from he stato of age a statin relat. Wet, faerie ha lis eaonsemering fe eltons of Fone ie tncuchialistiiom But Plnza contends a Ste apartses Adonorave ower" of tirewe—astuns hae "power asst, tor power ihcetmheuchilrlifons. Rather, th Ste "ae. ‘aes ta ones is raon relations wich te rely wat [embraced ty te concep "power The Sta sot a ‘ei wih an ‘ie ntmeonl sect ts el elton, more peel) Be code of ols relat (197S. 26, steer ot irc increas cases bu soil line tat proce he pares ‘Guan of power lo the Ste apart. Ate same Ue, the Sate ep ts em me byte clas stp cle swe sn he Ste apart cn eSpace. Te secod Tomlin dens the eons of he Sue he dom- ‘nance. Since the Sat paras ae he maelsion a com enon of lass laos," they mem, in some or. epee the incr of he dominant clas. Polnzas esc serena ‘roses of cepa one eth cmptve sage, an the ber te ‘moc ect monly cpa In baths, he tes “spied from he ewomomic mrs, ving the parc of having eave {tonomy fom doar ls, hs seprin creda seni {0 Posnze ep of heave seperation of the polit fom he comic ht spite capitan eres om he “separton {nt dspsesion of he det racers from tr means of pede Ghat hss capt (975,59), Hess asaya as idecogy hs pote concept deme) he pl ‘ohteas sacet onion ors mr desea ey Ones oe vot hat shied tet sy ort sr stage eet ‘pia podstn; plea "demsray™ ha dpe ese fom th econo spere te ving tout I te pole eens inn the Joie apartament of okt) a eel ch nd oor, anyon (int) wore nde al have he same Powe one vt) change rat il son. The egal {economia is ths Sree capa sci aerof xan otal. Th es otha soo tec ‘Sven th conti th poli arent comet oer poet inthe Ste spat (97) Aros rr wrk. Sse we ese ie tions, hat “orga” atontmnis sd rl Wea {be semc tine kept dominates cae uepentng tte ites of he omit cls per Relaie soy he ‘ces sno forte leo hci Soins pcan {hd in tpi! raien of Pesny. Bat ow, ee tan a fae wr wah he scent f cls Seg on he econ {te pola sena the St al Nsom set he seg ‘exon in ola’ won, "eset os cea ee ‘The canesqonence Between he eon oe hd, which ensues he ‘ocala’ akon by espn thst tht evel wih the Limits of te mode of poduton and by repaiing he soi ‘eitoe, andthe inert the Regma ton othe ‘er nd si established by means of snp ication ot ‘eduton ofthe ste this radon. The se nw stint feuy existing for il it is mot tig. ts the conesaion of alan of fres. Te coespondece in uestn eabcl ae in tems of exe and represent the hegemonic chs oF fraction, beyond is imdite economic Intro whch ace of the moment ofa Teas store, mast nde t dle the crcl [ial imerst of he lesan fraction th cont the powet ‘oe nd as om lng ola est mt ute el die power le uniter. In Gras rondo, 10s te caps ste with all Hs pute, ad ot js the ‘wougeis ail pres, th asumes a log ke, wih eget {0 he power le, tht fhe woking pry wih eget the Popular alince, ie “peop. (1975, 98)In onsoply captain, he Ste he om eno fons ha it ior conptve sage Pols ag hath Ste hax {ipncal conmi meboreven ath compre age, bs oss a rprdacng ne genral coda fe pasion of supe ve; {unr cry cea, cl de, te consrartom of = ‘bait lnsnotee ch sree all wie the el See's imerenon tc como win the cnet fe cs tug. imply capien, however. hewn of pram ete he ‘Soni ante pe tt we Sobel above swale {Gece heween pc and ology codon f poco) and tscomms seh lati of son omes mach em eae {he St cna Soedy no ron of prt i he abe Tei of capil (199,11, Ths, tbe mmol sage fea, te anton of be Si rend ety in rac sb 4 Oe ee fetal proton el. IT eat Pont goes “tye Ase and Gams on two ews, Fin, beset we con Gog eran spuratses at {Erp oft St oc be dep slg spr oe St,” sichas he ol enter log partes tee {pve rience rey ale th Sa), 0 Sse Chuch (pive), medi (Se sd pa), ara iene ‘Sate an pte sey We a ako Gk of “epte” pene Spurs of the Sete for aaa! pps. Yet is compan of ‘escola and reese partes can ny be ecpe d inde sta eps pra a ett manor ‘fesse sae ama et thenesie apts hrm eke sls ioe Rod, Ae ‘Seng othe ft Se ad pla opt epee, ‘eran apertss an me from on ph 1 ae fe he ea spt ots ance ea Polat ts he crane of Be cay wach ca ome of mln Ci, ‘es dct an Wennpaorgeeato prt econ i. Chay he pa yo borg (1978, 198). Sia Shr cost ope le ped ye see te pt ‘Suen and he oc, Ts hr Weslo an reese ection and sof te copa Sa a on enh pre. Peon, an ep, however, Pst ca at thE ception of he topes epee ms ofthe Seas developed {Grau yeti y Alter et on epee tat {0S ely a, oly frctons, y peo sd en ne ‘Sion Ta sth Sie ol Sc negra rove, ler ‘Sewn Th coe coos the economy at eeepc, seeping isto, (woe the Sate only serves to pe negarie Pls ofthe eee ame." Pla power ent pee ete eon, only fe iit eaged in sown pie way evs nly est 0 reve! hy repression a eng) dating nerfs, (97, Bi my talon) ‘Toaalyc the Sn solely mite capris eso roibion a idologymysteaon sees) us ome obec te Sons for sme (y th mass) -- sal oS hee esos either In eno in te Sets tht he Su fot and cet the ies) ‘in te wi for repession a love af he Master. 1975, 35 my tan ‘sia Pout cnn sre th the State st aly neal he con sry, Be conde nthe Site engaged af the ea of he epi ‘epratacion proces "the Sn ako a na pti fo, retin, ‘ranormig and making realy" (188,30). Te comics of {he See simply canna be eapured in be iclogal peste dich fmj—tbeve ae not preventive atom, but he desloge of pone ttemates ote posites, pssst cul have serious ney tv pheno he repost of eps pedo He cons, thn tht Gras fomalation of he S's pial spice in wre othe epeve and Meclpvl spares ded large he Sat’ sero petins, dale Sse of appa ofen eae the domi ls Reger apartis, ad iit oF the Mole! action ofthe Se ott ested hi per negate ons, evig ws with very escent of Ste oe in ich Se at eS encima ad whe Se Pulatas extends Grama concept of Sate ta is pr ofthe (clon Repemon of he dominnla ps the presi paras. Poulan’ concep caries on th of hese facto’ in tbe comet of ‘clon sul hrfore the State ep of and the eu ofthe cs ‘tuple.—and pay an eer le in repaig the ene con ‘ions ofthe elaons of pedvton. Ain te monopay pas of exp evelopnest, the Seems ety io eden ela part fs prods role ami en eget wih i cn ea See LEAT es eeThe Sate and Clas Srgste In is st bck (18781980) Hefei ily death, Poult ‘xg hese ew tao formulas of te Sate spot Saget (objec cess elas inca analy of epi Sta Fe evel the onc othe “seperti of hepa ao ecnec heres dough the Satin OU parts te cvs of mana ‘the jolene athe Stes funconing to dspace cae ogee frm theca othe otal sen, Boe pongo explore hse nents in dtl its wring gin ta fas suc a he ls Segal for Polos ae te fumes ener freon a5 ‘ety. Pllc omer, een hoe fans on economic power, Pmy {nd sme tu ts ators combina hangs I ote ee of power here he gees th Gums), a poi powe i concerted ower (1978, 4). Tus the apres ofthe Ste ae we sin op Fens of power—e Sate "orga eset the geen of ‘ns power” 1980, 45) here ht bet ntl asprecmen the comet of power at tele by Foucal—e see Foal 1978,) Nove so that Poustas anes he gustion of why the bourgeoisie chose eesti, nao popu aden Se Fortean {fH piel power by aig Di his pacar kind of State most. ccessllyscpres the worker fon the srgee over the mane of roicton sn hens mt msc eros api lone reacton. Tos the Ste esther jt pli” or jl {he sense ta # reprodacs or cfs th lal tases a espa ex ‘hanger, dani oth cen nd ich eb ‘Se scumult and contol eas diplacag Suga an coo ote ‘ical roa he conan pee, What eth et hi span? The disin of noted a powe. Capital pdctin, Paes ons stk a 0a vn of abr hat pe nlean Ite fom mama! work bya seurtoa of eile ror he res ‘Se ty a orate elton between spre tcl work and ‘cl dolaion latin between Knowledge sad power, The State Incorporates this vison no all of fi appraise. ein the apis Sn tha he epic latonship etree lea abou and itil dominion, knowledge and power, else nthe mt con Ft maner (1980, 8). Ths St coli sd te product. hs dision, 0 plying ts ot rein he son's constitu ad ‘epoca, ‘These aparuses «imply pecely te scting wp and contol of nowledge and smu wht dty inetd othe dma Slog reed ou of mine slg oration wi ‘he pope mans se exci), His he permanent mec dato of knowlege by Wir sent Sn, by apart se gen, which aso detenioe the rganizea fstons an he de Teton of he Sue, fnctos which se cea i he specie Separation fom the msss. Is aquly ede tata sees of insiins of epesemie denery—eat nds deme) (Polical pres, pune, ee) i ri, nto fh elton Nerween the Suie aad the mae, arte fom the tne osha, (0078, 61-62 wan) ‘The Sate takes knowlege ad pats ni iran ito langage and uals ht seve wo Sept Azowiede fom mas cn spin and from mans ws th proces of ies pedo. ‘This epi areal he dome Dorp lcs and reonshy canta jail eng it #2 of eh ‘rate “Yes al dections tse on aceie ae, o "eape they" ee, But, Poulaas argues, the Enowledge power no ‘ya cola legis he cp separation of mela "fom mal work ao cncems sence it The Seite ores sein into mechan of power—inlleson xperts aby puis sd peso ae come tg tr anil de pendence. They tae lgely bce fntionaes, soe Frm or ante, ‘the Site, Per example, he United Stas ey hgh pening oF tf profesional ant 3 pen) ae dl mp yer, se fecal gover may in elveaton, wie ater 2 pret depend inet om Se expegines forth eon! (pon eens resach conc pratense). Research sly infec ty sch ovement contac, an heya veo important eet on re technology ‘The Sate oly at an important old on the geen of we Ino ete sci. bet ao on how that kaos we. Po Tapas 805 tat the dco inthe Ste appre scson thai separated fm he nes y the elton pow and awe ‘isa discus of action, of sayy. Kaobledge ted by he Ste pa tz seaegy for poi acton wine dont aogy i fs ‘Socanon tht parsed ye Koes aa tote Sate oa fi "erpers." The Snel dete experi y fsa andemplonne Ines, ses wes ths exes parca way 0 rinseexcision ofthe masis fm decison making while a hese ne Ietimising i lew csr of pone ed eke naling. "wine Pols ifs ten Cunt on this pt sos pw be clear Although Gralla he leo ete the x tna te drain ass egetony and opie ha te Dorsecsc ‘eth inline teed, n crete el he ont Clas, ty of gmc elicits who led tie nd een dominant begemny (or example, the oof Elie et ionophore wenden oe burs eon), Po tte prs hese nla st he ea of he meer apa Se cet re the Sate tte cria one formats of he ion of olde i anes, ening the separa teeta ‘ror rm mantal wor, Is aoe Ste whee an pot pa of Theseus fr maseance and expo of dat lass Neg ytd "expert veloped Furtete, Poulan Sees Sch uses of knowedge—experise cared ot te Seas pt ofa tls stale, See infenced exert ha to devsop rates of ops, of how main damian cas been a he ae of ‘stoi clas demands. How many of tee tei" wes of ronledge respond dewey maori: Goals depends he wer minions in he set. ouuna's pout is that 0 aot alk ‘Soucy or Kaoedge wid king aoa ower The posse f developing sounebepeony Is part of the pees of class tae, lecloing the sugue wit the Ste apes “dbaiaton. Teugh sue gal em and pola ie ology, Polatan erin 1968, hepa Sie snes bth wok {rr capt manager rom thei snag cls ont pion ‘2 prods (194). I coors and wet each meme of Sey ‘edd, wht wort or apts. This tester feds ose fate both weer an cepa rom tei especie prota based ‘oc ses Each indivi, wheter wor er aps or manager, ons in psn nih ter member 9 fs oer clas. The Sine then rei hve ite in he emo sre) ios within te verte clecve wil of waters an caps, Ths, nite the redaction tse ls ers fens ar of Works supposed tobe represented the workings ofthe pial tem, tn act yt Pralanzas, the Sate tot neural function to keep workers from sn ee ee oc cane ch ee ch Swit zing police «cas hep thm nite fom thei as Interests) hie silanes eps obec nd he man gos tack fo tr ed pein (an lig tht he Si ha elped create in oe eset hei dona poston tog te The “inidaizaticn” of a member separtion fm hie lass by the capi State a funda ot of Ponies ok ‘beon of why the bourgeois has chosen the modem, "emer Sate as te epresion of i clas power Bat he er version bad fanctoealitoveones, which lata coed at bok (1978 1940, hs at vein the nvidia ofthe woke a i ete lathe spuatoe ft ware tothe mean rain nthe pti ‘moe, This separation tis sosion~dat i the basa he extaon (Usps ite by omnes of capital an heir mange snd ce ‘ork fen hich nda wakes Beste apes of aches, 2s the hss of he intonation of he apts Ste In the Ste apprat, tb ison of labor ian baed om he tnzton ‘of fusctn Yt the Ste ately 2 econ fhe disn of ib Indie rest of epistles of the soi sion of abr by reprdicing the soa" aconaiaton Invicta” inbereo t vsn. Tis fof elon arms ofthe Sa "This ecg of inulin nt oly seve ‘Sma ober cla rato he cpl tate neve pee ait ‘ls State), bt ls lays am atv prin he vison nd labo (odin) ote pope masses (Pola 198, 68), For Plas, hen, he invaation nad paint of the 50 cies theres ofthe exercise of Ste power wach de people from ter rotction tse soil cases, lt te, a en ees "hem end the spi of the maton Stes het, wee, ‘nh age of te Sia ct. The Sate retin nibs em, homogeaes them, and paces them in new Bvisn a aor oot wth he soll pce Snel by he maton Stat, Neve ies, ite pvt ots isnot tation o, bt acho of he pow ‘fe moder Se, he dees at mena thats poet ha 00 rea Tims rater be nis ae nt deta ye pvt nil. They ke poplar srggles andi th power es beeen he ans, ‘ena he Stari ao th mul and specie cndesaon of sen ream of forces, whch i fal le rele, Thi vate individual appears ely ashe eu of is elton oes, df i condematon nthe Sn If privat nial do thaneis esence ta laces, a wh, sous era bares the power of he Ste, hey do iit hs power hough being oe of the plead moder eesenons a he cs laesip win the Snes We me fair with hs bit alld represceave ‘dmc, whih at mich ste tid Wyte emia clases Sad by the tralian of the St, nts nied tte ee fh tials, of popalrsrgae and ressince 1 it snl the nyo Sate power, ron ese (Pots 197, 80; my wasaton) ‘The individu wanted bythe Sue and cass hea thet © ‘ste power inf evious fr, the fo ln which he cold he ean of production nd ws rue a pat cleciiy—the ila, {hela re far) prodocsonuit. The aw india ls omopeted inte of ine Fanconi epi polo sem, Separated ffomis ols and pend to ey capil He nolan ed Ino the new Rents, the vin of ior ascites ‘lie sinh frm hat he Ste rcass te sal ad ‘sor yin gts, ee betore te na ‘Stsuninvsalexeson, idl poli power ong) hath context of the nto SI the State a ase the xpeso of clive wil ning the “expert Kole pce tee dvs finale fn sul sk I he for of select tr me theaciesomgeizd io te new “onlin” nia. Buti his cootest 1 wel he Sees power othe invitee repeentive decry, ad # i oh fom atthe ntl id= ‘adalat of pola le gee mae uns of poner Wile the Sine By bolting up the nvidia te sou of power, he Inodem palit Stalls presenta democracy tbe an area of sree “rhe lm Poulan has wo basi fomulsions conceming the le of loin he apt te a te repoftivefncon of at own he fin he dian Be felipe the Iw and repression: Bt ei pout thre em im econ laws pein FE thr cpt Ste, but thr tha awd epson re ites ‘mined Inthe send, he agus hate ons the formal abesvemeweek fr idl separ om thc Meus of 7O- acto the lw defines te politcal spaces whch thee india fe rgred and the no hey ae tered. Tos, is che ae hat Stine the nemaliatien psex dicased tov, ch inci, fr trample, sytem of anions nhl ef propery (eons ‘ewccn capital nd worker) an he ls cms (eters {nd cbgatns of ir eer "The fs formulation ical #9 Founin's argument, discesed corr, that he reps and eo gprs sd nt be a ‘Syl separated (as they ae in Grama work on he oe ad and ty Fem onthe ter Its alo rch to tnledaning hy te hoisted mses “comet the le fhe burg Sa. Grams ‘mes tht he dominance hegemony is eae bythe mass, ‘shots consent dominant ule Agha hs a fale Consciousness that could be token down by 8 vangn, omc, ‘orkingclss par, Gransl understood te the Ste wat nel i “elie inthe eponionof Gmina las egetey by extsing ey Ino the elo Tomine nd renercement of hit hp, wich incoded bourpeos lw. Fuhemore, albaugh lax waved Pret law ad he jal pla! ptf the reve apts ‘ote Sh, Grind ew itouch mre pt of sell ‘ssc if the dominat-clss egetony cae noes, Gram ie. wa ental the repesve ocen were og ly the Surgeive Polat ets rama sagan tht eines he slg agparatses an! bet cigs er msintanng seeding dot "tess poner implies eatin of pal repent the to Fors ff wang power me ubates foreach ther ner an cose Fo Pants, he capil Sue seltr separate nf lense sor subsites machine of manpaliionpeaion Gaeta) fr Tepestion To the coor, thecal Ste develope a mop on Teint physical vile; the capi Sit accumaltion he ‘mens of corral cone goo and in and with hr th State (faa ort. This moeeply "unde he cigs of pow nd the mechanisms of conser hs insite th ne of eiiay and \ologeal deve: and even when ot diet xed, shapes he ‘ater of te socal body upon wich domination Bot Rat (G980, 1. Ts, he goes on, isin) iesttaons and he emerpee fof Meola isans le the parame andthe soo ane te ‘monopoly of voence by he Sse a ts lee, nt, i cba {jth placement of esa va Iepltys th av Naty ht, bar te mor aseument of ea sks the my seven ‘eel fr the oration of schools sn rst Het bth "We tum pow to oalne's stad fomstn ofthe ole of law, wich dee th nial in the epi con Ste, the Sea a (es the aw) crating nd reeseting the ity ofthe people.Copii aw, asconing to Poulan, ds no abscue el ferences timing popes, rer, mes snipes tse ailesences th Indus ln) Toe lw corsets indian el ttutanely making everyone sel ele he evs inal ae eld oe iferen and pre at wid Iranework of homoge, ‘alent ener ifr in nd the nya ne people aan ‘Under enlistees precept Cutch snd ce of vac wath cach inital Bat hy also te individ’ earthy poets and privlges wer Rod on mati! aw. Umer ea ‘Ssor te li embod he capitation of ower and knowlege: ‘here miter knowledge north in nin excep sts ined by bourgeois in kesping wih is peer lets mel, Pout ses in bh tes fools te cotatictons ht shape tesla stale. Ft, Iw dpe the lt sue frm the conn the pola ena ty otining the rls of sonic away fom a seul vee pe 0a "ugle oer the Sate apart This was ended inl to pri ‘he pst of poner saps ong diferent ractos oh Bouse ‘He (workers, women ander sorte ction of he working ‘kobe te igh vo), banner he parison ff dposessed ous uough tc tg to part) the moi fat of poet elon nthe St alan ln provoked ceria “mergetaon a tare he woking as Copii aw spear the aces form of Sie that has ‘mains elaive moony ofthe facto f power bh, in cet to orn thoy en the epemony oc oa acto of ‘lan Bw capa Iwao re the exer of poe fe the “loins cles. Conid bythe ug of te wring ea tt plicl sen, law opines he emenedk of 3 permanet eq rs of compose peso on he dia clases by the dos ‘ie, This awl a he vets of pial een he ria ‘ae, formal” and "abarct” iteres ae a, we Rave 0 ‘eaze, he congas of he poplar mses fis seme, nd yn estat ern la pos imine ore of power nd the intcrveton ofthe apaates ofthe See (Poulet 1978, 100101; my eanaton) +n eg ein tn vet ep rie i tn ‘ce avo oh yee cone Bourges when, iste det the nnoply ofpysilvilnce by the Ste, the dsposession of he meas of ofan fe he Worker an is incorporation sta “idl” egal Bele he ‘The inva workers deed, epmasy, by isons whos hi {tcc of poner ae sl ted inte neal dls podsine em ‘cluding the Site). Thus tougcis lan aso has low te sea ‘overpower i te Sn, stg hatin anda sel allows he poss ‘The maton, Poulan hry ofthe Scones at ough te capil Sta etnies the dspossesson of he worker Com the ‘mea proto, snd hal he Ste ete he ile he Unica he peopeton, «atone the Ste) i ot est Insaco cline an omnes tet (ete Ste) nei ‘ere te dvs of clase fed.” Thea te me {the Sia the apt Sate ry incor setts, Sa 5 ‘he Aus langaan Empire (1980, 9). Ever, the epi Sate crn, pala 10 bea national Sat workcell, ‘ronal wy a moe ations gnelly move tw oring he Fo then eis, the nna an the aig of he ain become import out lene in Pola’ stale the St, He ot {fe tndiioal Mart oto ha atone nets red unt eatin {nt th icra markt or te fcc of borg desc, ‘This dbes not expan—accoring to Pouamas— ny is ieton took ace rece a he eve fh on or why he eal oan {ta were coven forthe denon of th teal marker were nes (1980, 96). Furthermore, why ate terry language, snd tradition al part tis “nana dfn intel markt” Polantas forts he tenn part) of tery, ad a wens won. Terr, fr Puno, ste moder space Invshich the wage worer—factonlied ose, seed fom Bs ‘tea af rducon an the pce dled by We erat) ‘eco end amid. The mode nae ree ne and ‘epotucion of cap the geerlaaton of exchange, and monty ‘cations (980, 103), Th moder Stes appre ary oo, ental bureaerac, at pontine hi spt mat He fez at he people aon ofthe capa Sta i he objeve and ‘rene of th Ste hone foto ae the oan ofthe mater ‘ion of power 0, Tor te Sue oor das the border wih ‘ic ims eu be deterred workers sig mealsrotation, st at nw aber the cots under which he iia ‘Srouited ino a homogeneous, ut ented who. The national Sterne this ent of individ he pope naton i he same ‘on, it were, by which topes hei fulton and he ‘eepuatoe. Ths Satdost tun) a previouly eed icra mare, ‘nels atonal nied market when dees he anders, das at as deine th inde a compre wth eee A he sane tine, noweter, Pulnzas agus th the power whic allow the Stet dene sana hodr, ao allows etn those bode though te exeson of capi. markets, and tre. And the her ‘se of he coin sta itis posi exend atonal mis without st dleas an sua (a ornpenian, ened nto) tat can en be ‘extended intel (eves to eae soc) "The second clement of Points orlacon of mato i ono Sige ue eats he argues) the teyral aie respi concepe fin nt as Hotoptes, revel rept, {nd oot univenaly sare, You ip at sped seal ‘vided no eqel moment, and connie and inverse sca |s crewed tod rodrton, and tosh prodstn, nef ened ‘ard a clare fod, aed for uses eal). I pect wees, the ome of priv wb he se of efor ad after. To nr iis of tings in peat tines 1 ot mean fo rece te his of scan oF exons now, of vent) er poet tat let he presen, bet re 0 sui he origin crnsccce. Te being ah ea he ere a ‘esr, mee wholly co-sctlzedim thealayspeset n. Truh Embodied in he vvreign, The body plc dd no emer history ‘ae, resided in cotinine a homogeneity. ich over tsclf was unserped. Only te faa tl ta scp nt power hanged. The wor asocite with histor pace had to etn, ao inde and oad "Presa tere bee bo Novel of et ova sl patel ne be neo te prc Dey ‘os apbl of extension, coat, ad rosea in cootins {nd nomogencus Spee (1980110) ‘On tebe han, capist in Is measurable a sey ood ty Gocin cloner ad pees clr, Tis pe of time poses ‘ew pfcblea i hs Tobe ied a universe Ber ha fe ete» igus and Homopess measure of ate hat wis te vey Sante ena iy (werk ae, burgess een, sn pln uine}~sepred by he eal rodcion proces nd extensions, th capes sool ptr (ses) nd politi tems te Sinte)—smo a "anivenslzed” capil const of iene. This mae for ste ne out he prac emperis ws ifr em povlies—tat so ay, as hth ad mil Vritions fl, {Spentd, evel snd cule tne" (1980, 110, “Theat, eloped ite epi Site, togeer with tion, en, and language, fom of uae af people dvd By ‘Spits production into elses seamentd, spars, inddled ‘Sn sae anew concep of pce aad te, w sommpt at Intended © Sep the domintes case fom ling who sad wy an, [ested momen of hat ca oar onthe ein sconsones ce coon eh as (en the Ste) hh members of he ‘eople maton he sk sini ameter, th sa ta ‘i ad enaged athe se ces of change ml her nee {te people-oton. aon, ac nial Feed eal bye ‘The Se a on Arena of Clase Srasle With the undestaing of hese our ment in Polis’ fr lion of te capa repofocto, we can amlye bil he Leal eatnaton of ts ormaon. Captain a postin sear td Indvdualze works. The Steet the init Be Feopl-ain unde et fotos that hopes sed oie fem, ecg thc der nw se len norms es, hey tadon, lagging nd covets of knowledge Wt erat fem he ‘ona ls anit tine Tht ene ringtone ae the et of elas gale sol he estat ace ling te Site re the pode of tat sg, This is Poulan’: pre ‘uot fo ters ofthe Stee shows hw the cpt State movies te famenok for stugles tomy factions of te dominant ns, and emp the working cls, a nis detached fom {tetas of podcton and hela sana niin set ‘oles and into At th sn timo the Sue provides he pol Space or clas srl, doje ep Sut coer fo {Snuggle Sate tees shed by el stele The Ss ey {oe mrt of workers (anf tous) it ned whole Srl nerd api soit alae tree Se {ruon 1 genron, even whee working hn reins Spur, teste Sled. and ext. Ye, crac arae a the spe Sac isan the Sees hiner king pte nlosa's eli of ese coon sie it oo pas(the reas of the Ste wo the doin asses, nd (the Innonstpof he Sat 1 he ass and thee soz ‘oe St and ow Pola diingues hs emcee wo tes (renewed ate) For Leni, th tte aed with nop capitan bd i tthe sevice of movopaly capita. ether onan no fy polcal relevance oft nthe St rebel a ppendage tthe pomerel the mine urges hence Pp [195] rg). ‘Ths what Pours cals te "Sted." On he ber fad the "Suto sbjec," the Sti alone nat atte wy tony dered mit wn wl aa" iste of ‘oc Polanzas 1980, 12) Tis she "stanton "The Sate-bjet™ view aus tt police a dete by the Sue's poston subset wo the power of «single faction of the tourgee~mnepaly apa. Conraccton inthe Ste ae so ‘day tbe moval Ste banging nly asa ul of changes oe ‘lst ower fone facts ome he ares, Cosine te plate stad the Sate a be "Suet" vw “The "Sute-sjet” tas Hs Own power, an asoite autonomy wih ‘elton fo sail cae, ava ote of the este, posing "Ta pol —ta ofa buco of pola cies -on he rset and comers ieests ci soi) nhs heey oie Se, ee ‘Sosa, Poul linn, ae ao nconiy, cena nd op Ide dae wo con owe poli lis or Bureaucratic grape oer eter os lises* ‘Nom we cn fr a) Pols ew of terion tetwoen the ‘ute td the dominant lsc, to of hich preserved fom heater ‘ork. The States pica a ogame wih gud ose esses I eeprseet and oraszs he dona cs or les 0 oe ey eens al is eer i to ‘Theta i aes ply wis olf egaarieg an unin he bop tthe per los nsf as iene rola ava gen actos (reamgonen, solo varias pacar tera” 1980, 127. For Poul as we have stove, he capt Sta nt a ise yu ea ef hts asa i ey ‘San! expt apt pen Baw ul a et ‘Sysco eo" et “ee 3 iy, a “arclato, mor ext a mati codersion ofthe eon ‘t confit between sista ron of cess they ee exes ‘Subsea of Sate poly has tobe consed she wu fs “eras nberet nthe seat ofthe Steel” 197, 145 ry tn). Cla creations conse the See preset nit tri ‘famevork, and in anes erganiatiog The dene rato and ‘lnwee in he power Hoe priate fn pts dominaon on 0 he ‘et da ty we esa in te Sate, Ad "bower parla ay ‘Ser, the pay of thse condone Sse matey aan, ‘mas pole he Site's ranean role” (1960, 159) Fo he ‘Ste a wnfer hat nals ito at sae pode, weston means fhe exiere of conan of ait, hetween ret props, Ihe inane, te bourses Sus sectrdto aw conic oly rong meas ous wh arin the pow lo. The pos of te Sate luton eee facta of te per bos reste tei ea. Ts ves hate and inert image tte Sie, each aston ei ‘anyone of ie, Plas pint, one tions ont, othe Ste rhe = ll sty ta favor hs rion But his unity of over fhe State deste tl by monopoly ‘spss ysl lear of he Ste sad he caerent wl Ta encaliztonany sini inte here baaoraied sate he apa Ste the esl ofthe repro theo ison ‘abr he hea te Sainte une the al rk nls work frm) ad he ea of pce sept fom he ‘lato of foficon | ato of hs redointplace f Cat flss or hegemonic facto ithe bea he Ste [Vins esas whol cif akornaton of ein spares o others at by he Jnaaton fen pyro rane ff the Ste (he aay, a phar, a wins) which sles Fors, ces of fessans of ote Hats ofthe power Boe {ibn 80-51: my enaltion Plaza these dserbes State where sonic not nya ple ‘pars. The ceaaliedunty of e Sate, he tgs, dbs res a {pyrams whose summit hao conn rr coe he St ‘io Sue appa cod be conte by he harp, fr x tpl, even ite Left were to contol the Iga oa he Chan‘me he cteciive rnc). “The Stat is no mona lc ut a ‘irate bane” (1078, 152 ws als ad) sie Stork Polen des forthe Sate wht Grams di fore sie Plata taker the Grnsetan concep of dominant hegemony a sila complet ad pevasvenss and acl for te Ste, The Site ef bsomes an se fees Proceed 1 (the elanip of the Sie to the muses and hei seul, th Sate, te, not oly sles confi ame actions ee [over boc tu ao between te power be andthe dominated elses, Plata jc th Lent an Grama) le ate onan ‘ernen dominant and dominate clases nay tie he Ste In ha ‘Se He des ape tht pone and miss sougleegate oasie to Sie, afr a heya oil srl, fey be ocd he ‘a organizations he specie presence ote dma cases “nd te srg nether wordy tis poset understand theo ‘ian ad fenton br Sine witout cain le of editng ‘rfl bcwee dominat ad emina caes, parila ate to vide and ogee the dominated mane Cat te ae ne ‘Serominng wit any of th derma) owevet, Pols oo ares ht is false 0 conte tht he wesc of popular cles in the St pie ta toy can tay tee try ogg wiht nia tanto ofthe Sut, “Bu he pope ‘lass hve alins bse pet in the Se, ithot tha ever ane ‘hanged sang of ef core” (198, 143) "(Tue Ste sac] ‘te lned etn the dined claves wt at, bat eaten reso doninnd clans The aon of poplar mass within Sufi contin "1980, 138. ” “dominated clases ae mediate by the src of the Sale (an the power ‘elton expressed in ht sac) tee is a ees apee a {hy ven time tong the facto fhe omer on boo eal with ‘uch contacts ad te sage withthe mses Al his conde inthe eral sonal corso in th Ste, among dives “Thus, the Stat, in all ts fonctions (nological, repressive, and eco- om) marked by conctns, case ls Sop ks lce the oot of the State een a eso mia extemal domi ‘lass heeton. Poulan sist tha he Steele an iseume {ait deotory (tec of einat clas power, or sabe a sess an seat power of is en aside he clas sauce. eis aer Slae forthe dat cls rani i erly nt lio {othe dood cases Ia place ad cemr fhe exec of omer tn it does nt pois is on power. Farm, under mnopay ‘Soin te Meslgial ud repre etn of Ste ost {0 Pounas) ae ss inporat than decom ep "The aly fhe operation fhe Sate are carey being Forze ‘elton te commer" (1980, 158). The Sante ot only pecs iter ower andthe elaons of prodton tough clegy aed es ‘on, tone det te cries of practising vate freuen ahem nds th Unie Ste, or ex) and by profane, reste set of indy that hve eco wt {he bt ae cei employer an domes perf res oe, ‘Thismaks event case aga inpducton cert Sapa, sine the State a pce. Cconcteso ‘urls view ofthe Stat into ene that sore hsorca specie sad where ‘oval movement aye. Scr was andi wiley teed {or ieee ed ena view ta the She Comes fo aoe of rout, frm ao functne deerme Wyte Setar of "he cn retain, ad at Altus am fe the aialt mode, de termined by econo cla ans. Pls cially appl! ch 1 toa © the cpa See, sscentunting te Venlo le of he te determined By the castro af Fresco Tis nse relatively utoeomoas cis Sat pyar above clas gale whee fact repraces the doinnc ofthe cpt laser Plats Srl Sta the cops moe radu "tei! Infuling hs eeu action, aby de col fhe capi ‘lay, ut athe yt lay mata of he elope ad epee Sate Sparse. Pulm could argue tin aps ode, capital {an aby i atonal, at ton (or co) of et an — ‘peal roagh theca Ste eganie ts heparan. And becase te Se a cope Ste, bar esa com ete Shae inthe sane way" Teron of hi psiton came gil Ia England om Mind 1 SS Cr Si oein German, from he destin an Oe (ce Chal); n ay, ‘om lp Go Chae an in Ame, umes O'Connor ee CChptr 8) Possns's reaction to tee riche na retain Bt fandament tapi of eave cnet eS ots cst ‘aoe, bos tandon the demon rc tre of tht tomes ce State, Tse dla ow Inport way, rsh aus ht expan evo he capt Ste changed ‘Tous, cops relson of poison, the cas sacra the Sate tre hstorcl-pcibe wii the caps mae of prodcon. Thre ‘Shop y clin tule naptime Sa’ li tat se Secod, be raed thal he "scene of be cls sae roan a the le eis that stage th heat fe St (097s, 11) Toe fom ad funsios of he Sat ae to ined Dy ‘he econo cas elas in some abst ese byte strc ‘gression of hoe felis th form of sogpe. The storia Slane rte al supe he State even het clas Sate, and ven while is wel by te mit ction to exuhish aed euend "A Sie cots by sabre lise uy besome daft ‘ste where the dint clases cin esl tegen In tht fas, te Sate ay ave tote change dasa ef ecome wth ‘eran rier than democrats), Planta eae convince tat demo (oven “bourgeos™ Gano: Gat I simulatesly « wong est ‘isto ans ail fom of subelement class Sie se Che 6) "Tete exists umber of ifs cen in hist wok, primacy in sndentining how astoorna he cpt Snes zl hat the el ship bebcrn aol mores, ng and he "sa! Sn, fhe Sa ste whore dominates ranze he egeminy or whet a atoronous Ste bueaxacy despa ‘ends captain for ypaliss intron em eres? AS onal ‘las soil movements efi the cl oan the tte) dls Sagal nthe State chnges socal elation ow ithe mae of hss sgl te allet? These ae Key ost tht Pols i tans even hough is aa cera ed sig those gestions. Frere, he ned nhs wrk ection chats al commen tw Altusse bt wo the Peach plop vain Bu Pouuts's ‘sctritogis setae is dons aia, speci ha erties. Oke, ie Caron and Flt ce Chapter Tia Latin Ane ‘ce showed hat an tra strc aproach oundetnting the Ste Appbel to specie case ties als tngrtnt deesions, aking a Prlansa's more saat frmsons,t Ste thane. Despite hese ‘pat into, Polat ges sl heal een pst for cent dcnsos ofc nd Ste