Modeling of a Coal-Fired Natural

Circulation Boiler
K. S. Bhambare
Modeling of a natural circulation boiler for a coal-fired thermal power station is pre-
Sushanta K. Mitra1 sented here. The boiler system is divided into seven subcomponents, and for each section,
e-mail: skmitra@me.iitb.ac.in models based on conservation of mass, momentum, and energy are formulated. The
pressure drop at various sections and the heat transfer coefficients are computed using
U. N. Gaitonde empirical correlations. Solutions are obtained by using SIMULINK. The model is validated
by comparing its steady state and dynamic responses with the actual plant data. Open
Department of Mechanical Engineering, loop responses of the model to the step changes in the operating parameters, such as
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, pressure, temperature, steam flow, feed water flow, are also analyzed. The present model
Mumbai, 400076, India can be used for the development and design of effective boiler control systems.
DOI: 10.1115/1.2719209

Keywords: natural circulation, boiler, drum, downcomer, waterwall, furnace, riser,

steady state, transient

Introduction
Large boilers with pulverized coal firing and natural circulation
are widely used in power generation. A well designed control
system and trained operators are essential for reliable, safe and
efficient operation of the plant. Simulators play an important role
in achieving these objectives. Hence, simulation of the boiler
helps to understand its behavior under both steady and transient
operations.
In the last decade or so, a number of models are suggested in
literature to study the dynamic response of natural circulation
boiler. Chein et al. 1 presented a model for dynamic simulation
of boiler where the boiler is divided into lumped-parameter sec-
tions. In their model, it is assumed that the steam quality is same
through out the riser section in the waterwalls. Their model pre-
dicted pressure changes with the variation in steam and feed water
flows. Kwan and Anderson 2 enhanced the model presented by
Chein et al. 1 for a 200 MW coal-fired, drum type, natural cir-
culation boiler by incorporating models for attemperator and tur-
bine. The effect of number of guns in service and their tilt on the
boiler performance was modeled by Usoro 3. It was found that
the order in which the guns are in operation has an effect on the
boiler performance. Tysso 4 suggested a model for parameter
estimation of a ship boiler, where modeling is carried out for
drum, waterwalls, and downcomers only. The model assumed that
the condensation of steam does not take place in the drum. A more
fundamental model was developed by Lu 5 where two models,
one for single-phase water/steam and another for two-phase, are
used for volume calculations. Astrom and Bell 6 presented a
model for simulation of natural circulation boiler that incorporates
steam distribution in drum and waterwall components. The distri-
bution of steam in risers was considered in a linear model. They
assumed that the steady state results obtained from conservation
equations also hold under dynamic condition. The water level in
the drum can be modeled by mass and energy balances, as carried
out by Liu et al. 7 for a 300 MW power unit.
On the other hand, simulations have also been performed to
understand the steady state behavior of the boiler. Lo et al. 8
developed a mathematical model of a 300 MW, natural circulation
drum type boiler, based on the work done by Kwan and Anderson
1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Fuels & Combustion Technologies Division of ASME for
publication in the JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received
May 2, 2005; final manuscript received April 1, 2006. Review conducted by C.
Thomas Avedisian.
2. Here, the drum level modeling was not considered by the
authors. Adam and Marchetti 9 have developed a model for
simulation of drum and evaporator tubes. Their model consists of
two sub-models: one for vertical riser tubes, which the other rep-
resents the phase separation in the drum.
Hence, in order to understand the complete steady state and
dynamic behavior of the boiler, it is important to model each
component, i.e., drum, downcomer-riser loop, radiant superheat-
ers, furnace, and reheaters, separately. Existing models tried to
address this issue in a limited sense under certain restricted sim-
plifications. The present work addresses these submodels in a de-
tailed manner and also incorporates the effect of number of guns
in service and the burner tilt on boiler performance. The simula-
tion is performed for both the steady state and transient conditions
using SIMULINK. The results are compared with the steady state
and transient plant data.
Plant Description
The plant data used for simulation are from a thermal power
station whose boiler is a natural circulation, single drum, single
reheat, balanced draft type with tilting tangential burners for pul-
verized coal firing. The gross output of the unit is 250 MW with a
typical steam flow rate of 760 t / h, drum pressure of 165 kg/ cm2,
and the superheater and reheater outlet temperature of 540 C.
Such a boiler system can be modeled by dividing it into the fol-
lowing subsystems:
Downcomer
Riser
Waterwall
Drum
Superheater and reheater
Attemperator
Furnace
The simplified block diagram of the boiler system used in the
thermal power station is shown in Fig. 1, where the solid lines
denote the water and steam paths and the broken lines denote the
flue gas path. The inputs for each subsystem are fed from the
outputs of the adjoining subsystem, thereby achieving a closely
coupled overall system. In the next section, models are proposed
for individual subsystem to obtain the various inputs and outputs,
as labeled in Fig. 1.

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 Fig. 1 Block diagram of the boiler system
Methodology
Models are developed for each subsystem by applying conser-
vation of mass, momentum, and energy principles. The pressure
drop and heat transfer coefficients are computed using empirical
correlations. The choice of correlation is such that the rms error
associated with it for a given flow situation is minimum 10. The
following general assumptions are made in developing the boiler
model. Assumptions specific to a subsystem are discussed in re-
spective section modeling.
A lumped parameter approach is used in modeling the sys-
tem.
Any property of a component at a given cross section is
suitably represented by a single effective value. For ex-
ample, temperature of the steam at inlet to platen super-
heater varies across the cross section, but this is represented
by a single effective inlet temperature. This allows working
in one-dimensional framework.
Feed water temperature is assumed to be constant.
Heat transfer coefficients are determined from steady state
operating conditions.
Downcomer. It is assumed that the downcomer liquid tempera-
ture is same as the drum liquid temperature and that there is neg-
ligible heat loss from downcomer tubes. The mass conservation
for the downcomer section can be written as
d
do = Vd d
di m
m 1
dt
where m do are the mass flow rates at the inlet and outlet of
di and m
the downcomer, respectively, Vd is the volume of the downcomer,
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and d is the density of the water at drum pressure. The momen-
tum conservation yields the following equation
2
CLmdi fldm 2
di di
ld dm
Pdr Pdo = + drgld + 2
2
2Adf dr 2
2dAdf dr Adf dt
where Pdr is the drum pressure, Pdo is the pressure at downcomer
outlet, ld is length of the downcomer pipe, Adf is the downcomer
flow area, f is the friction factor, and CL is the loss coefficient, the
value of which is taken as 0.04 11. Each term in the RHS of Eq.
2 refers to the pressure drop corresponding to entry, friction
P f , gravity Pg and inertia Pa, respectively. Darcy-
Weisbachs formula for pressure drop due to friction is used here.
For the boiler system under consideration, there are six downcom-
ers, which start from the drum sideways and end up in forming a
ring header at the bottom of the furnace. Single-phase pressure
drop for a network of a parallel pipe system is used for this cal-
culation.
Riser. For the riser section, it is assumed that water enters the
riser at saturation temperature corresponding to the drum pressure.
The variation in drum pressure causes a change in heat transfer
rate, which results in a change in evaporation rate. The momen-
tum conservation for the riser subsystem can be written as
wo
lw dm
Pdo Pwo = P f + Pg + Pa + 3
Awf dt
where Pwo is the pressure at the waterwall outlet, lw is length of
wo is the mass flow
the riser pipe, Awf is the riser flow area, and m
rate at the waterwall outlet. The first three terms in the RHS of Eq.
3 can be combined together as the total pressure drop, PTP, for
Transactions of the ASME
 two-phase flow, which can be obtained by using homogeneous
model 12. The last term represents the pressure drop due to
inertia and is calculated using correlation proposed by Thom 13.
In the downcomer-riser loop, total pressure drop in the down-
comer is equal to the total pressure drop in riser, which can be
written as
Pdr Pdo = Pdo Pwo 4
It is assumed that the mass flow rates at the inlet and outlet of the
downcomer are equal, which results into the following expression
for the mass flow rate in the downcomer-riser circuit
d2wo
Pgravitation Pfriction Pentry PTP + Lw2
di
dm dt2
=
dt ld lw
+
Adf Awf
5

Waterwall. For the waterwall, one can write the conservation

of mass as Fig. 2 Schematic of a boiler drum
d
do m
m wo = Vw 6 expression for xe can be obtained, which is written as
dt
Vwhfg dxe d
where m do and m
wo are the mass flow rate at the downcomer and dohdo hwo + Vwhwo h + TPAwTm T
=m
waterwall outlet, respectively. The corresponding energy balance 2 dt dt
for the fluid flow within the waterwall can be written as 11
dh where hfg is the enthalpy of vaporization.
wohwo + TPAwTm T = Vw
dohdo m
m 7
dt Drum. The drum receives the feed water from economizer at
In Eq. 7, hdo is the enthalpy of saturated water at downcomer subcooled condition. At the waterwall outlet, the steam water mix-
ture passes through the separators. After separation, the saturated
outlet, hwo is the enthalpy of the steam water mixture at waterwall
water is returned to the drum, whereas the saturated steam leaves
outlet, TP is the two-phase flow heat transfer coefficient 14, Aw
the drum. Water from the drum then enters downcomers at satu-
is the convective area of waterwall, T is the saturation tempera- rated condition. As shown in Fig. 2, water in the drum exists in
ture. The heat transfer that occurs between the waterwall and the two phases: saturated liquid and saturated steam. It is assumed
furnace can be modeled as that both phases are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Bubble distri-
1 + F 4 dTm bution below drum level is neglected in the model.
A r g Tg Tm
4
TPAwTm T = M wCw 8 The conservation of mass yields
2 dt
d
where Ar is the radiant area, Tg is effective flue gas temperature, wo + m
m eo m
di m
s= gV g + f V f 12
dt
Tm is waterwall metal temperature, M w is the mass of waterwall
tubes, and Cw is the specific heat of waterwall metal. The bulk where m wo is the steam water mixture flow rate at the waterwall
density for the steam-water mixture in waterwalls is calculated outlet, m eo is the feed water flow rate at the economizer outlet, m
di
from the following equation is the flow rate of the saturated water at the downcomer inlet, and
m s is the saturated steam flow at the drum outlet. The total drum
xe volume V is the sum of the steam volume Vg and water volume
1
1 xe 2 V f . Hence, after rearrangement of terms, one can write the tran-
= + 9
2g f sient equation for the drum liquid volume as 10
Similarly, the bulk enthalpy of the steam-water mixture can be
written as dV f
=
m eo m
wo + m di m
s V V f
dg
dp
+ Vf
d f dP
dp dt

h = h + xe h dt f g
f fg 10
2 13
It is assumed that the dryness fraction changes linearly from zero Similarly, one can arrive at the equation of transient response of
to a value xe at the exit. Combining Eqs. 610, a transient the drum pressure by applying energy conservation as 10

dV f
dihwo hdi + m
m sh s f h f gh g
eoh f heo m
eoheo m
dP dt

= 14
dt dhg dg dh f d f d
Vg 2g + hg 2 + V f 2 f + hf 2 + Vwhwo
dp dp dp dp dp

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 where heo is the enthalpy of feed water at economizer outlet, hwo
is the enthalpy of the steam water mixture at the outlet of the
waterwall, hdi is the enthalpy of the saturated water at the down-
comer inlet, hs is the enthalpy of saturated steam, f is the density
of saturated water, g is the density of saturated steam, u f is the
internal energy of saturated water, ug is the internal energy of the
saturated steam, h f is the enthalpy of saturated water, and hg is the
enthalpy of saturated steam.
Superheater and Reheater. Simplified models are used for
longitudinal superheater LTSH, platen superheater PSH, final
superheater FSH and reheater RH, which are shown in Fig. 1.
The mass balance equation for the superheater can be written as
ds
si m
m so = Vs 15
dt
where m si is the mass flow rate of steam at inlet of superheater,
m so is the mass flow rate of steam at the outlet of superheater, and
s is the density of the steam at the bulk temperature T. The
energy balance for the liquid flow in the superheater can be writ-
ten as
d h over which the flame ball moves when the guns tilt through X deg
sohso = Vs s s
sihsi + Qmw m
m 16
dt
where hsi is the enthalpy of the steam at inlet to superheater, hso is
the enthalpy of the steam leaving the superheater, Qmw is the heat
transfer rate from superheater tube metal to steam flowing inside
the superheater, and hs is the enthalpy of the steam at the bulk
fluid temperature. The heat transfer between the metal tube and
the flue gas for the radiant and convective superheaters can be
modeled as
4 T4
Qfm = ArgT 17
g m
T
Qfm = oAoT 18
g m
where Tm is the tube metal temperature, Ar is the radiant area, g
is the emissivity of the gas, and Tg is the average temperature of
flue gas. The outer heat transfer coefficient o is calculated using
the correlation provided by Zukauskas 15. The platen superheat-
ers, located above the fireball, receive heat solely by radiation,
and its emissivity value g is obtained by using Guruvich method
16 based on mean beam length. The convective heat transfer
from the tube metal to the flowing steam can be written as
Qmw = iAsTm T 19
where i is the forced convective heat transfer coefficient deter-
mined by using Petukhov correlation 15 and As is the inner
surface of the tube.
Attemperator Model. Attemperators are situated in the steam
line after the primary superheaters and before the point where the
steam enters the secondary superheaters. Temperature control is
obtained by varying the flow of attemperator spray water. It is
assumed that there is no pressure drop in the attemperator. Boiler
feedwater is used for attemperator spray. The conservation of
mass and energy for this subsystem can be written as
m a=m
ai + m si 20 ness fraction xe = 0.17. As observed in Fig. 3, there is a negligible
aihai + m
m ah a = m
sihsi 21
where, m ai, m
a, m
si are the mass flow rates of steam at the attem-
perator inlet, mass flow rate of spray water, and mass flow rate of
steam at superheater inlet, respectively.
Furnace. The heat transfer rate from the furnace flue gases to
the waterwall is by radiation only. The effective gas temperature is
calculated by using the following relation
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T = T + 1 T 22
g adb FEGT
In Eq. 22, Tg is effective flue gas temperature, Tadb is adiabatic
flame temperature, and TFEGT is furnace exit temperature of flue
gas. The value of the is calculated iteratively by performing heat
balance for the furnace. If the amount of heat released in the
furnace is not equal to the sum of heat absorbed by the waterwalls
and heat carried by flue gas at exit, then is changed iteratively in
steps of 0.001 until heat balance is achieved. The calculation of
TFEGT involves evaluating the emissivity of the water-cooled fur-
nace, which is done using the Guruvich method 16.
The effect of the burner tilt and non-operating guns are ac-
counted for by assuming that the effective furnace length changes
with the burner tilt and number of guns in service. This change in
effective furnace length is then related to the effective heat trans-
fer coefficient. The flame ball position determines the effective
furnace length. Following factor is used to account for the effect
of the burner tilt on the furnace heat transfer
Z0 Z Z
Ugt = =1 23
Z0 Z0
where Z0 is the furnace length at zero tilt and Z is the distance
and can be related to the furnace geometry as
1D
Z = tanX 24
22
Here, D is the the furnace diagonal cross section. The effect of
non-operating guns is also taken into consideration in terms of the
location of the flame ball. A factor Ugn given as a ratio of the
effective furnace length to the furnace length when all the guns
are operating is used for this purpose and is given by
Ng1Zg1 + Ng2Zg2 + Ng3Zg3 + Ng4Zg4 + Ng5Zg5
Ugn = 25
NggZ0
Here, Ng1, Ng2, Ng3, Ng4, Ng5 are the number of guns at levels 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, respectively, and Ngg is total number of guns in service,
which can be written as
Ngg = Ng1 + Ng2 + Ng3 + Ng4 + Ng5 26
Hence, the overall rate of heat transfer from the furnace wall can
be written as
Q fw = UgtUgnAgTfo
4
Tw4 27
Results and Discussion
Inputs for the boiler model are design parameters such as boiler
geometry and operational parameters such as steam flow, fuel fir-
ing rate, and feed water flow. The outputs are various thermal
parameters like main steam pressure, temperature, dryness frac-
tion, etc. The subsystems described above are connected together
using SIMULINK. Various subroutines are written in MATLAB for
calculating the properties of water, steam, and flue gas. A fourth-
order Runge-Kutta scheme is implemented in the numerical cal-
culations. Each subsystem is tested for its characteristics, the re-
sults of which are described here.
Figure 3 shows the response of the mass flow rate in the
downcomer-riser circuit for drum pressure P = 16180 kPa and dry-
difference between the two time steps, hence a time step of 1 s is
used for all subsequent calculations. It is found that a steady state
is obtained for a mass flow rate of 1666 kg/ s. The effect of ramp
unity slope increase in pressure on circulation rate is shown in
Fig. 4. The increase in pressure decreases the density difference
between saturated water in downcomer and steam water mixture,
which causes a drop in the circulation rate. The effect of step
increase in dryness fraction is shown in Fig. 5. The initial values
of pressure drop are Pa = 1550.7 Pa, Pg = 251,106 Pa, P f
Transactions of the ASME
 Fig. 3 Response of mass flowrate in the downcomer-riser
loop
= 17,298 Pa, and total two-phase pressure drop is 269,956.4 Pa. It
is observed that by increasing the dryness fraction, Pg decreases
while Pa and P f both increase. As the length of the waterwall
increases, the gravitational pressure drop has more impact on the
total pressure drop, and hence a decrease in the two-phase pres-
sure drop is observed.
Figure 6 shows the response of the waterwalls when the gas
temperature is decreased from 1290 C to 1280 C. It is observed
that as the heat flux falls, there is a sharp decrease in the value of
TP. It is also found that there is a decrease in the radiative heat
transfer to waterwall tubes. The tube metal temperature remains
unchanged while the dryness fraction falls as there is a decrease in
the heat transfer from tubes to flowing steam-water mixture. On
the other hand, the decrease in dryness fraction results in the
increase in PTP, which in turn reduces the mass flow rate in
downcomer-riser loop. The transient response of the model to the
step decrease in pressure is shown in Fig. 7. The sudden pressure
drop results in the rise of the temperature difference between the
waterwall and steam-water mixture. This causes the dryness frac-
tion to increase initially with the increase in the heat transfer, but
it further falls due to the decrease in heat transfer from the water-
wall. The circulation rate improves due to the rise in dryness
Fig. 4 Effect of ramp increase in pressure on circulation rate
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Fig. 5 Effect of 10% increase in dryness fraction on circula-
tion rate
fraction. It is also observed that with the fall in pressure, the
density difference, which is the driving potential for circulation
rate, increases.
Figure 8 shows the response of drum pressure, circulation rate,
dryness fraction, and drum level to a step increase in gas tempera-
ture from 1290 C to 1305 C. It is observed that the evaporation
rate in the waterwall increases but the steam flow rate at the exit
of the drum is constant, which causes the drum pressure to rise. It
is also found that the circulation rate first increases due to the
sudden rise in dryness fraction, but it falls as the drum pressure
decreases. The drum level shows a decreasing trend due to the
increase in evaporation rate. Figure 9 shows the response of boiler
model to a step increase in steam flow rate by 5%. It is found that
the drum pressure decreases gradually as the steam flow rate is
increased at constant heat input. This reduces the total water vol-
ume and hence the drum level also decreases. It is also observed
that the circulation rate increases with the steam flow rate. The
dryness fraction increases first due to the increased heat transfer
rate, but then it decreases due to the further drop in the tube metal
temperature. The response of the boiler to a step increase in feed-
water flow rate is shown in Fig. 10. It is found that the drum
pressure decreases slowly due to the increase in the condensation
Fig. 6 Effect of step decrease in gas temperature from
1290 C to 1280 C
JUNE 2007, Vol. 129 / 163
 Fig. 7 Effect of step decrease in pressure by 10%
flow rate. As the feedwater flow rate increases, there is an increase
in the total water volume, which causes the drum level to increase.
The decrease in pressure reduces the saturation temperature, and
hence an initial swell in dryness fraction is observed here.
The steady state plant data are collected for a commercial ther-
mal power plant using coal, the ultimate analysis for which is
provided in Table 1 SET 1. The plant has a control system de-
veloped by ABB. The instrumentation allows the recording of
temperature and pressure at various locations in the plant. The
process parameters after measuring are sent to one central proces-
sor where values are stored, and the stored data are used in this
paper. The error involved in the measurement is 1%. From the
ultimate analysis of coal and excess air percentage, the amount of
air required and weight of the flue gas produced per kg of coal is
calculated. The main steam pressure is calculated by subtracting
the pressure drop in superheaters from that in the drum. Table 2
shows the data recorded for the given boiler and those obtained
from the steady state simulation. A good agreement is found be-
tween the simulation and actual parameters of the boiler.
Another set of plant data is obtained for which the boiler master
pressure setpoint is changed almost instantaneously from
145 kg/ cm2 to 140 kg/ cm2. Response of the boiler to this change
until it attains the set-point pressure is observed. Table 3 gives the
Fig. 8 Effect of step increase in gas temperature by 15 C
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Fig. 9 Effect of step increase in boiler steam flow by 5%
ultimate analysis of the coal for this data set SET 2. The input
data used for the dynamic simulation is provided in Table 4. Fig-
ure 11 shows the response of the plant data where the set-point for
the main steam pressure is achieved after 400 s. The correspond-
ing drum pressure variation is shown in Fig. 12. It is observed that
the main steam pressure reaches the set-point value much
earlieraround 200 s. This difference can be accounted for by the
fact that the time delay of the firing system is not incorporated in
the present model, which would require input from the ball and
tube mills. It is found that after some oscillations, the main steam
pressure reaches the set-point value, similar to the plant data.
Conclusions
In the present work, a mathematical model for a coal-fired natu-
ral circulation boiler has been developed. The boiler system is
divided into seven submodels, viz., downcomer, riser, waterwall,
Fig. 10 Effect of step increase in boiler feed water flow by 5%
Table 1 Ultimate analysis of coal SET 1
C H S O N Ash Moisture GCV kCal/kg
47.63 3.26 0.4 9.45 1.55 21.23 16.48 4552
Transactions of the ASME
 Table 2 Comparison of steady state plant data and simulation

Parameter Unit Actual From simulation

Main steam flow T/h 782 782

Feed water flow T/h 782 782
Coal flow T/h 134 134
Burner tilt deg 20 20
O2 set-point 2.27 2.27
Feedwater temp C 305 305
Drum pressure kg/ cm2 165 166.3
Drum liquid temperature C 349 348.9
Steam temp. at LTSH outlet C 390.5 391
Steam temp. at PSH outlet C 485.5 473.9
Steam temp. at FSH outlet C 529.5 532.4
Reheater steam flow T/h 694 694
Steam temp. at RH inlet C 338 338
Steam temp. at RH outlet C 535 525.7
Gas temp. at PSH outlet C 910 899.1
Gas temp. at RH outlet C 665 659.9 Fig. 11 Simulated main steam pressure in response to the
Gas temp. at FSH outlet C 561 561.6 steam pressure set-point change by 5 kg/ cm2
Gas temp. at LTSH outlet C 444 431

namic response of the model to the change in boiler pressure

set-point is also compared with the plant data and the trends are in
drum, superheater and reheater, attemperator, and furnace. For good agreement. Hence, this boiler model can be used to develop
each subcomponent, a detailed model based on conservation laws better boiler control systems.
is derived. The complete system is solved by using SIMULINK. The
boiler model takes fuel flow, burner tilt, feedwater flow, and steam Nomenclature
flow as inputs and predicts various thermal parameters, such as
A area m2
main steam pressure and temperature, drum pressure, circulation,
etc. Steady state results of the model are compared with the actual C specific heat J/kg K
plant data of a 250 MW boiler and it is found that good agreement d diameter m
is obtained between the simulation and the plant data. The dy- f friction factor
g gravitational acceleration m / s2
h specific enthalpy J/kg
Table 3 Ultimate analysis of coal SET 2 heat transfer coefficient W / m2 K
l length m
C H S O N Ash Moisture GCV kCal/kg
L liquid level m
44.29 3.09 0.37 10.91 1.57 21.23 18.02 4412
m mass flow rate kg/s
M mass kg
P pressure Pa
Table 4 Input data for dynamic simulation Q heat input rate W
t time s
Parameter
T temperature K
Main steam flow 775 T / h u specific internal energy J/kg
Feed water flow 775 T / h V volume m3
Coal flow 134 T / h x dryness fraction
Burner tilt 20 deg
O2 outpoint 2.27 Greek Symbols
Feedwater temp 305 C factor for mean radiating temperature
calculation

Fig. 12 Simulated drum pressure in response to the steam pressure set-point change by
5kg/ cm2

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 emissivity a Boiler, Trans. ASME, 80, pp. 18091819.
2 Kwan, H. W., and Anderson, J. H., 1970, A Mathematical Model of a
density kg/ m3
200 MW Boiler, Int. J. Control, 126, pp. 977998.
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 3 Usoro, P. B., 1977, Modelling and Simulation of a Drum Boiler-Turbine
Power Plant Under Emergency State Control, Masters thesis, Massachusetts
Subscripts
Institute of Technology.
a attemperator spray 4 Tysso, A., 1981, Modelling and Parameter Estimation of a Ship Boiler,
adb adiabatic temperature Automatica, 17, pp. 157166.
ai attemperator inlet 5 Lu, S., 1999, Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Power Plant Systems,
d downcomer Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part A, 213, pp. 722
df downcomer flow 6 Astrom, K. J., and Bell, R. D., 2000, Drum-Boiler Dynamics, Automatica,
di downcomer inlet 33, pp. 363378.
do downcomer outlet 7 Liu, C., Liu, J., Niu, Y., and Liang, W., 2001, Nonlinear Boiler Model of
300 MW Power Unit for System Dynamic Performance Studies, IEEE Trans.
dr drum
Ind. Electron., 2, pp. 12961300.
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Kamalesh Bhambare is currently working as a CFD analyst in Mahindra Engineering Design & Devel-
opment Company Ltd., India. Prior to this assignment, he was a member of Research and Development
group in Thermax Babcock and Wilcox Ltd., India. He received his M.Tech. in Energy Systems Engineering
from IIT Bombay in July 2004. Prior to his Masters degree, he worked for three years as an operation and
maintenance engineer in Reliance Energy Ltd, India. His research interests are in boiler design and control,
combustion, and computational fluid dynamics.

Sushanta K. Mitra received his Ph.D. from University of Waterloo, Canada. He worked in the Nuclear
Safety Analysis Division of Ontario Power Generation, Canada. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in
Mechanical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and also the Principal Investigator of
IITB-ONGC Joint Research Centre and Co-Investigator of Suman Mashruwala Engineering Laboratory.
He is a registered professional engineer of Ontario, Canada.

166 / Vol. 129, JUNE 2007 Transactions of the ASME

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 Uday N. Gaitonde obtained his B.Tech. and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay where he is
currently Professor of Mechanical Engineering. He has also worked as an Engineer in Bharat Heavy
Electricals Ltd., India. He has been a consultant for leading industries in India and his research has been
published in leading international journals. He is also the recipient of Excellence in Teaching Award from
the Institute.

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