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Farming:
Land is farmed in the flat valley bottom. Crops include coffee and cotton.
Steps are cut into slopes called terraces, to allow farming on hillsides.
People keep animals that are suited to the environment e.g. llamas (for milk and wool).
HEP:
Hydroelectric power uses the steep slopes to provide electricity to local homes.
Water flows down the slopes and drives turbines. Dams are used to control the water
flow.
The Yuncan Project Dams are in Northeast Peru
Mining:
Gold is mined in Peru - Yanacocha is the largest open-cast gold mine in the
world
Tin is mined in Peru and Bolivia
Copper is mined at Escondida in Chile.
Tourism:
Tourists are attracted by the mountain scenery.
Tourists are also attracted by highland lakes e.g. Lake Titicaca
The ruins of the buildings left by the Incas at Machu Pichu attract thousands of
visitors each year.
How Humans adapt to limited communications, steep relief & poor soils
Causes
Mount Pinatubo is a volcano located in the Philippines in South East Asia. It is located at the
plate boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Plate. The oceanic Philippine plate is
being subducted under the lighter continental Eurasian plate.
Positive Effects
Volcanic rocks are hard and make good building materials.
Minerals, formed from the weathering of lava and ash, have attracted many farmers to
work on the slopes of Mount Pinatubo.
Geothermal Power - heat generated by volcanoes can be used to heat local homes.
Tourists visit Mount Pinatubo and take treks up to see the crater lake.
Background
Primary Effects Secondary Effects Short Term Responses Long
Information
On Tuesday, January
Main roads were
12, 2010 at 16:53 a As o
Estimated 230,000 blocked for 10 days
7.0 magnitude Initially there was much
people died with after the shock
earthquake struck confusion due to little rub
300,000 more meaning transport
25km west of Port- planning or preparation. qu
seriously injured. was extremely
Au-Prince at a depth
difficult.
of 13km.
The damage to
Aid was slow to arrive
250,000 houses houses left over 1
Haiti lies on a due to the lack of
were destroyed, million people
destructive Boundary preparation and damage
electricity supplies homeless, whilst the One
between the to communications.
were disrupted & damage to hospitals quake
Caribbean Plate and People resorted to
the main port and and medical liv
the North American looting due to the lack
airport were facilities delayed
Plate. of food, water &
damaged. medical care for the
medical supplies.
injured.
It is the poorest Services were T
country in the overwhelmed and in
More than 1,300
Western Hemisphere, The Haitian Economy corpses buried in the comm
schools and 50
and is ranked 149th is in ruins 1 in 5 rubble began to that
health care facilities
of 182 countries on jobs were lost. decompose. Mass mas
were destroyed.
the Human graves began to rec
Development Index. decompose. recov
Causes/Background Information:
The Indian Ocean tsunami that occurred on 26 December 2004 was the result of the
Indo-Australian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
The tsunami was caused by an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 on the Richter scale.
The tsunami travelled at speeds of up to 800 km/h.
The wave devastated areas of Sumatra (especially Banda Aceh) as well as areas of Sri
Lanka, India, Malaysia, the Maldives & Thailand.
Effects:
More than 220,000 people died.
650,000 people were seriously injured.
2 million people were made homeless.
Public buildings including schools and hospitals were wiped out in some areas.
The tourism industry suffered because of the destruction and because people were
afraid to go on holiday there.
Mangroves, coral reefs, forests and sand dunes were all destroyed by the waves.
Millions of fishermen lost their livelihoods.
There was massive environmental damage. Salt from the seawater has meant plants
cant grow in many areas.
Responses:
There was an immediate response from the international community. Fresh water,
food, sheeting and tents all poured in as aid.
Tents and temporary shelters were put up to provide shelter for the homeless.
Medical teams set up aid stations to treat the injured and prevent disease from
contaminated water.
Heavy equipment was brought to the area to clear roads destroyed by the force of
the water.
The immense amount of money donated - 372 million by the British public alone - is
being used to build new and stronger housing for the people affected.
By 2006, an early warning system like the one in the Pacific Ocean was in place, and
education programmes ensure people know what to do in the event of an alert being
sounded.
Yellowstone Supervolcano
Background Information:
Likely effects:
Com
200 mm of rain fell in w
36 hours. The Children lost out on pro
3 people died and People were evacuated
continuous rainfall education one supp
around 3000 people from areas that
saturated the soil, school was closed for pra
were made homeless. flooded.
increasing runoff into months pe
the River Eden. af
A
Carlisle is a large 4 schools were sche
Reception centres were
urban area severely flooded. & Stress-related up t
opened around Carlisle
impermeable materials 350 businesses were illnesses increased defe
to provide food and
like concrete shut down. after the floods. up ba
drinks for evacuees.
increased runoff. Ed
A case study of flooding in a poor part of the world (an LEDC) Bangladesh, 2004
Secondary Short Term Long Term
Causes Primary Effects
Effects Responses Responses
Economic Effects/Issues:
The reservoir boosts the local economy - it's a popular tourist attraction because of
the wildlife and recreation facilities.
Around 6 km2 of land was flooded to create the reservoir. This included farmland, so
some farmers lost their livelihoods.
Social Effects/Issues:
Lots of recreational activities take place on and around the reservoir, e.g. sailing,
windsurfing, birdwatching and cycling.
Many jobs have been created to build and maintain the reservoir and to run the nature
reserve and recreational activities.
Schools use the reservoir for educational visits.
Two villages were demolished to make way for the reservoir.
Environmental Effects/Issues:
Rutland Water is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSCI) - an area where wildlife
is protected.
Hundreds of species of birds live around the reservoir and tens of thousands of
waterfowl (birds that live on or near water) come to Rutland Water over the winter.
A variety of habitats are found around the reservoir, e.g. marshes, mudflats and
lagoons. This means lots of different animals live in or around the reservoir.
Ospreys (fish-eating birds of prey that were extinct in Britain) have been
reintroduced to central England by the Rutland Osprey Project at the reservoir.
A large area of land was flooded to create the reservoir, which destroyed some
habitats.
The need for sustainable supplies:
The supply of water from the reservoir has to be sustainable. This means that people
should be able to get all the water they need today, without stopping people in the
future from having enough water.
Basically, people today can't deplete the water supply or damage the environment too
much, or the supply won't be the same in the future.
To use the reservoir in a sustainable way people can only take out as much water as is
replaced by the rivers that supply it. That way, the supply will stay the same for the
future.
NAME: _____________________
A case study to illustrate the impact of coastal flooding: East Anglia and the Thames
Causes:
The main cause of sea-level rise is thermal expansion of the sea water as it absorbs heat
from the atmosphere. As the volume of water expands, sea levels rise.
The melting of ice on land (e.g. the Antarctic ice sheet) may also increase the amount of
water in the oceans. As the volume of water increases, sea levels rise.
Both of the above causes are linked to global warming.
Economic Impacts:
The Norfolk Broads is a popular tourist destination bringing over 5 million to the local
area. Sea level rise would flood the Broads, destroying the economy.
Valuable agricultural land (the Fens) will be at greater risk from flooding.
Social Impacts:
In 1953 a storm surge killed 300 people in East Anglia. People are worried that such an
event may occur again.
Settlements such as Kings Lynn may be under threat as sea levels rise.
Environmental Impacts:
22 per cent of East Anglias salt marsh could be lost by 2050. Areas of salt marsh are
being squeezed between sea walls and rising sea.
Low-lying mud flats in Essex are vulnerable to sea level rise.
Political Impacts:
As sea levels rise, erosion rates are likely to increase, threatening coastal settlements
such as Overstrand and Happisburgh. Current sea defences will need strengthening,
which will be expensive.
The Thames Barrier currently protects buildings worth 80billion. It will probably need
to be replaced in the next 30 to 50 years.
A case study of an area of recent or threatened cliff collapse
Holbeck Hall, Scarborough, 1993
Background/Causes:
On June 5th 1993 the section of cliff supporting the Holbeck Hall hotel slumped,
dramatically, into the sea.
Cracks at the surface of the clay cliffs had allowed rain to seep deep into the cliffs.
A period of heavy rain had added additional weight and made the clay very unstable.
A large crack opened up parallel to the coast and then rotational slide occurred and a
large section of the cliff slumped out into the sea.
Buildings on the cliff top may have contributed by increasing the weight of the cliff and
interfering with drainage, making it more vulnerable to collapse.
Businesses are at risk from erosion e.g. caravan sites, farms, hotels and cafes. When
businesses, such as Holbeck Hall hotel, fall into the sea, jobs are lost.
A case study of coastal management: Mappleton on the Holderness coast
Mappleton is a small village of about 100 people. By 1990 it was under threat and could have
become the 30th village lost along the Holderness coast.
Holderness Council - We are a small authority with an annual budget of only 4 million.
Spending a large amount of money to protect a village is hard to justify. Many people
agree that the village should be allowed to disappear. However, the B1242, which runs
through Mappleton, is a vital road link along the coast it would be expensive to find a
new route for it.
Farmer living just south of Mappleton - My farm is at greater risk from the sea than
ever because of the coastal protection works at Mappleton. Groynes at Mappleton have
trapped sediment and caused increased erosion further down the coastline. Cowden Farm,
located south of Mappleton, is now at risk of falling into the sea.
Strategies to ensure the environment is conserved, but also allow sustainable use of the
area:
Increasing demands for leisure and tourism have meant that increasing numbers of
tourists want to visit the marshes. Tourist visits are carefully managed to prevent
damage by trampling, parking and pollution.
During storms, the Keyhaven Marshes are under threat from the sea breaching the spit
that the marshes lie behind. In 1996, 5million was spent on rock armour and beach
nourishment to increase the height and width of the spit in an attempt to stop breaching.
This has so far protected the salt marshes.
Part of Keyhaven Marshes is a National Nature Reserve. The area is carefully monitored
to ensure that wildlife and plants are protected. Access to the marshes is limited and
development is restricted.