:

5YCTO+PVGNNKIGPEGHQT1RVKOK\CVKQPKPVJG
7TDCP9CVGT+PFWUVT[

-RDTXtQ,]TXLHUGR,GHO0RQWDOYR5DIDHO3pUH]*DUFtD &DUORV'$ORQVR
&HQWUR0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDUGH0RGHODFLyQGH)OXLGRV
8QLYHUVLGDG3ROLWpFQLFDGH9DOHQFLD
&DPLQRGH9HUDVQ9DOHQFLD
6SDLQ


+PVTQFWEVKQP

0DQ\HQJLQHHULQJGHVLJQSUREOHPVFDQEHFDVWDVRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPV7KHXUEDQZDWHU
LQGXVWU\ LV QR H[FHSWLRQ 'HVLJQ LV QHFHVVDU\ WR LPSOHPHQW QHZ FRQILJXUDWLRQV LPSURYH
H[LVWLQJ V\VWHPV FRQWLQXH VDWLVI\LQJ FRQVXPHU QHHGV DQG WR H[SDQG WR PHHW QHZ
FRQGLWLRQV ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W ZH FRQVLGHU WKH GHVLJQ RI QHZ :DWHU 'LVWULEXWLRQ 6\VWHPV
:'6 DQG :DVWHZDWHU 6\VWHPV ::6 DV ZHOO DV WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG HQODUJHPHQW RI
H[LVWLQJ V\VWHPV 7DNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ RI PXFK RI WKH GDWD RQ SUREOHPV LQ
H[LVWLQJFRQILJXUDWLRQVLWLVIUHTXHQWO\QHFHVVDU\WRVROYHGLIILFXOWLQYHUVHSUREOHPVZKHUH
RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV DUH RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH 7KH FDOLEUDWLRQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG
GHWHFWLRQRIOHDNVLQD:'6ZKLFKDUHWUXO\LPSRUWDQWSUREOHPVLQWKHZDWHULQGXVWU\FDQ
EHDGGUHVVHGDVRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPV'XHWRLQFUHDVLQJXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWRSWLPLVDWLRQ
UHSUHVHQWV D SHUPDQHQW VRXUFH RI FKDOOHQJH IRU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI PDQ\ UHVRXUFHV
HVSHFLDOO\ZDWHU7KHFKDOOHQJHRISODQQLQJGHVLJQLQJDQGPDQDJLQJXUEDQZDWHUV\VWHPV
LVLQFUHDVLQJO\GLIILFXOWEHFDXVHYDULRXVV\VWHPVDUHQHHGHGDQGQHZV\VWHPVDUHFRQVWDQWO\
EHLQJGHYHORSHGZKLOHH[LVWLQJV\VWHPVQHHGHQODUJHPHQWDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUH
WKHUH LV D JUHDW GHDO RI FRQFHUQ UHJDUGLQJ WKH VHDUFK IRU PHFKDQLVPV RI VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU
VXSSO\DWDUHDVRQDEOHFRVW

,Q WKLV FKDSWHU 3DUWLFOH 6ZDUP 2SWLPL]DWLRQ 362 D ZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG HYROXWLRQDU\
RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXH LV DSSOLHG WR SUREOHPV LQ WKH XUEDQ ZDWHU LQGXVWU\ 2ULJLQDOO\
GHVLJQHG WR GHDO ZLWK FRQWLQXRXV YDULDEOHV WKH 362 YDULDQW FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU
RYHUFRPHVWKUHHW\SLFDOZHDNQHVVHVLQWKLVRSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXH)LUVWO\LWLVDGDSWHGWR
FRQVLGHU PL[HG GLVFUHWHFRQWLQXRXV RSWLPL]DWLRQ DV WKH SUREOHPV ZH FRQVLGHU LQYROYH WKH
XVH RI ERWK FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFUHWH YDULDEOHV 6HFRQGO\ RQH RI WKH PDLQ GUDZEDFNV
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK 362 QDPHO\ WKH GLIILFXOW\ LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ JRRG OHYHOV RI SRSXODWLRQ
GLYHUVLW\ DQG EDODQFHG ORFDO DQG JOREDO VHDUFKHV LV RYHUFRPH 7KLV IRUPXODWLRQ ILQGV
RSWLPXP RU QHDURSWLPXP VROXWLRQV PXFK PRUH HIILFLHQWO\ DQG ZLWK FRQVLGHUDEO\ OHVV
FRPSXWDWLRQDO HIIRUW EHFDXVH LW LQWURGXFHV D ULFKHU SRSXODWLRQ GLYHUVLW\ 5HTXLULQJ IHZHU
JHQHUDWLRQV LV D PDMRU DGYDQWDJH LQ UHDO ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ RU ZDVWHZDWHU V\VWHPV ZKHUH

www.intechopen.com
  $ # 
  
 
 

FRVWDQGWLPHFRQVWUDLQWVSURKLELWUHSHDWHGUXQVRIDQDOJRULWKPDQGK\GUDXOLFHYDOXDWLRQV
)LQDOO\ WKH FXPEHUVRPH DVSHFW FRPPRQ WR DOO PHWDKHXULVWLFV RI FKRRVLQJ WKH ULJKW
SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV LV WDFNOHG WKURXJK VHOIDGDSWLYH DQG G\QDPLF SDUDPHWHU FRQWURO 7KH
YDULDQW KHUHLQ SURSRVHG LV DSSOLHG WR L GHVLJQLQJ D :'6 LL GHVLJQLQJ ZDVWHZDWHU
QHWZRUNVDQGLLLFDOLEUDWLQJDQGLGHQWLI\LQJOHDNVLQD:'67KHVHDUHRQO\WKUHHDPRQJ
WKHKXJHSRRORIRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPVWKDWFDQEHDGGUHVVHGE\WKHSURSRVHG362YDULDQW
7KLV WHFKQLTXH KDV DOVR SURYLGHG H[FHOOHQW FRQYHUJHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG JRRG ILQDO
VROXWLRQVZKHQDSSOLHGWRGLIIHUHQWUHDOZRUOGSUREOHPV

#PVGEGFGPVU

2SWLPL]DWLRQ LQ ZDWHU V\VWHPV LV FRQVLGHUDEO\ PRUH GLIILFXOW WKDQ VLPXODWLRQ RI WKHVH
V\VWHPV 7\SLFDOO\ RSWLPL]DWLRQ LV D FRQVWUDLQHG QRQOLQHDU VHDUFK SUREOHP LQYROYLQJ ERWK
FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFUHWH YDULDEOHV 7KXV WKH SUREOHP LV D PL[HG FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFUHWH
FRQVWUDLQHGQRQOLQHDURSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPWKDWLVRIWHQKLJKO\GLPHQVLRQDO7KHUHPD\EH
PDQ\ORFDORSWLPDLQWKHVHDUFKVSDFHDQGWKHUHLVQRVLQJOHRSWLPL]DWLRQPRGHORUVHDUFK
DOJRULWKPIRUVROYLQJWKHSUREOHPZLWKRXWFRPSURPLVLQJVROXWLRQDFFXUDF\FRPSXWDWLRQDO
HIILFLHQF\DQGSUREOHPFRPSOHWHQHVV

&ODVVLFDOPHWKRGVRIRSWLPL]DWLRQLQYROYHWKHXVHRIJUDGLHQWVRUKLJKHURUGHUGHULYDWLYHV
RI WKH ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH\ DUH QRW ZHOO VXLWHG IRU PDQ\ UHDOZRUOG SUREOHPV
EHFDXVHWKH\FDQQRWSURFHVVLQDFFXUDWHQRLV\GLVFUHWHDQGFRPSOH[GDWD7KHUHIRUHUREXVW
PHWKRGVRIRSWLPL]DWLRQDUHRIWHQUHTXLUHGWRJHQHUDWHVXLWDEOHUHVXOWV

'XULQJWKHODVWGHFDGHPDQ\UHVHDUFKHUVLQWKHZDWHUILHOGKDYHVKLIWHGGLUHFWLRQOHDYLQJ
DVLGHWUDGLWLRQDORSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHVEDVHGRQOLQHDUDQGQRQOLQHDUSURJUDPPLQJDQG
HPEDUNLQJRQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIHYROXWLRQDU\DOJRULWKPV*HQHWLF$OJRULWKPV6DYLF 
:DOWHUV  :X  6LPSVRQ  0DWtDV  :X  :DOVNL  $QW &RORQ\
2SWLPL]DWLRQ0DLHUHWDO=HFFKLQHWDO6LPXODWHG$QQHDOLQJ&XQKD 6RXVD
 6KXIIOHG &RPSOH[ (YROXWLRQ /LRQJ  $WLTX]]DPDQ  DQG +DUPRQ\ 6HDUFK
*HHPDPRQJRWKHUV

3DUWLFOH 6ZDUP 2SWLPL]DWLRQ 362 LV RQH RI WKH HYROXWLRQDU\ DOJRULWKPV WKDW KDV VKRZQ
JUHDW SRWHQWLDO DQG JRRG SHUVSHFWLYHV IRU WKH VROXWLRQ RI YDULRXV RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHPV
'RQJ HW DO  +HUUHUD HW DO  -DQVRQ HW DO  -LQ HW DO  ,]TXLHUGR HW DO
D,]TXLHUGRHWDOE/LDRHWDO0RQWDOYRHWDOE3DQHWDO7KH
362 DOJRULWKP ZDV GHYHORSHG E\ .HQQHG\  (EHUKDUW  DQG LV D PXOWLDJHQW
RSWLPL]DWLRQV\VWHPLQVSLUHGE\WKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURIDJURXSRIPLJUDWLQJELUGVWU\LQJWR
UHDFKDQXQNQRZQGHVWLQDWLRQ7KHDLPRIWKLVFKDSWHULVWRVKRZWKDWWKLVDOJRULWKPZLWK
VHYHUDO PRGLILFDWLRQV FDQ EH XVHG WR ILQG VROXWLRQV IRU VHYHUDO RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHPV LQ
XUEDQ ZDWHU V\VWHPV 362 LV VLPLODU WR RWKHU HYROXWLRQDU\ WHFKQLTXHV LQ WKDW LW GRHV QRW
JXDUDQWHHWKHJOREDORSWLPXPDQGPD\SUHPDWXUHO\FRQYHUJHWRORFDORSWLPDHVSHFLDOO\LQ
FRPSOH[PXOWLPRGDOVHDUFKSUREOHPV1HYHUWKHOHVV362FDQEHHDVLO\LPSOHPHQWHGDQGLV
FRPSXWDWLRQDOO\LQH[SHQVLYHVLQFHPHPRU\DQG&38VSHHGUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHORZ

7KHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFKDSWHULVDVIROORZV:HILUVWEULHIO\GHVFULEHWKUHHNLQGVRILPSRUWDQW
SUREOHPV LQ WKH ZDWHU LQGXVWU\ QDPHO\ WKH GHVLJQ RI :'6 WKH GHVLJQ RI ::6 DQG WKH

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 0

FDOLEUDWLRQDQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIOHDNVLQD:'66HFRQGO\ZHSUHVHQWDPL[HGFRQWLQXRXV
GLVFUHWHYDULDQWRI362HQGRZHGZLWKDQHQULFKHGGLYHUVLW\IHDWXUHZKLFKJUHDWO\LPSURYHV
WKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIFRQYHQWLRQDO3627KLVYDULDQWFDQDOVRDYRLGWKHFXPEHUVRPHWDVNRI
SDUDPHWHU VHOHFWLRQ EHFDXVH LW XVHV D VHOIDGDSWLQJ WHFKQLTXH PDQDJHG E\ WKH DOJRULWKP
LWVHOI)LQDOO\ZHVKRZWKHUHVXOWVRIVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQVWRVHOHFWHGFDVHVWXGLHVVRPHRI
ZKLFK DUH ZHOONQRZQ EHQFKPDUN SUREOHPV LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH ,Q WKH FDVH RI WKH GHVLJQ RI
:'6VDUHDOZRUOGZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHGZKLFKVKRZVWKHDELOLW\
RIWKHSUHVHQWHGWHFKQLTXHWRVROYHUHDOZRUOGSUREOHPV

6JGCFFTGUUGFRTQDNGOU

,QWKLVVHFWLRQGLIIHUHQWSUREOHPVLQWKHZDWHULQGXVWU\DUHFRQVLGHUHGQDPHO\WKHGHVLJQ
RI :'6V DQG ::6V DQG WKH FDOLEUDWLRQ DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI OHDNV LQ D :'6 7KHVH
SUREOHPV KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ DGGUHVVHG XVLQJ YDULRXV RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV E\ RWKHU
DXWKRUV 0DULOHV  1DYD  %RWURXV HW DO  0DUWtQH]  =HFFKLQ HW DO 
DPRQJRWKHUV

6JGFGUKIPQHC9&5
7KHRSWLPDOGHVLJQRID:'6FRQVLVWVLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHYDOXHVRIDOOWKHLQYROYHGYDULDEOHV
LQVXFKDZD\WKDWWKHLQYHVWPHQWDQGPDLQWHQDQFHFRVWVRIWKHV\VWHPDUHPLQLPDOVXEMHFW
WRDQXPEHURIFRQVWUDLQWV,]TXLHUGRHWDO$JHQHUDOVWUDWHJ\IRUVROYLQJWKHRSWLPDO
GHVLJQSUREOHPRID:'6LQYROYHVWKHEDODQFLQJRIVHYHUDOIDFWRUVILQGLQJWKHORZHVWFRVWV
IRUOD\RXWDQGVL]LQJXVLQJQHZFRPSRQHQWVUHXVLQJRUVXEVWLWXWLQJ H[LVWLQJFRPSRQHQWV
FUHDWLQJ D ZRUNLQJ V\VWHP FRQILJXUDWLRQ WKDW IXOILOV DOO ZDWHU GHPDQGV DGKHULQJ WR WKH
GHVLJQFRQVWUDLQWVDQGJXDUDQWHHLQJDFHUWDLQGHJUHHRIUHOLDELOLW\IRUWKHV\VWHP*RXOWHU 
&RDOV*RXOWHU %RXFKDUW

7KHEHQFKPDUNFDVHVZHLQLWLDOO\FRQVLGHUKDYHEHHQXVHGWUDGLWLRQDOO\LQWKHOLWHUDWXUHDQG
DUH VWDQGDUG H[DPSOHV XVHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI D ZLGH UDQJH RI WHVWV DQG
DQDO\VHV7KHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQWKDWKDVEHHQWUDGLWLRQDOO\XVHGWDNHVRQO\SLSHOLQHFRVWVLQWR
DFFRXQW 1HYHUWKHOHVV D JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ WR EURDGHU FODVVHV RI ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQV LV
VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDVVKRZQEHORZ+HQFHLQRUGHUWRIDFLOLWDWHFRPSDULVRQVZLWKWKHUHVXOWV
REWDLQHGE\RWKHUDXWKRUVIRUWKHVHEHQFKPDUNFDVHVZHVWDUWE\XVLQJWKHIROORZLQJILWQHVV
IXQFWLRQWRHVWLPDWHWKHFRVWV
3
)  ' & 'L  /L  
L 
3LVWKHQXPEHURISLSHVLQWKHQHWZRUN' 'LLVWKHYHFWRURISLSHGLDPHWHUVZKLFKLV3
GLPHQVLRQDO DQG LWV FRPSRQHQWV EHORQJ WR D GLVFUHWH VHW RI FRPPHUFLDOO\ DYDLODEOH
GLDPHWHUV&'LLVWKHXQLWFRVWSHUXQLWOHQJWKRIGLDPHWHU'LDQG/LLVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHL
WKSLSH,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDW&LVDQRQOLQHDUIXQFWLRQRIGLDPHWHU

7R UHVWULFW RXUVHOYHV WR WKH VDPH UXOHV XVHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH WR GHDO ZLWK WKH EHQFKPDUN
SUREOHPV RQO\ WKUHH NLQGV RI FRQVWUDLQWV DUH FRQVLGHUHG KHUH FRQWLQXLW\ HTXDWLRQV DQG
HQHUJ\ HTXDWLRQV VWURQJO\ QRQOLQHDU HQIRUFHG LQ WKH K\GUDXOLF PRGHO DQG ODFN RI
VDWLVIDFWLRQ RI PLQLPXP SUHVVXUHV DW GHPDQG QRGHV $FFRUGLQJO\ WKH WRWDO FRVW RI WKH

www.intechopen.com
 01 $ # 
  
 
 

QHWZRUNLVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHVXPRIWKHQHWZRUNFRVWDQGDSHQDOW\FRVW7KLVWRWDOFRVW
LVGHILQHGDV

3 .
) & 'L  /L  S M Y M  
L  M 

. LV WKH QXPEHU RI FRQVWUDLQWV YM  3PLQ 3M +3PLQ 3MZKHUH + LV WKH +HDYLVLGH VWHS
IXQFWLRQ LV WKH MWK FRQVWUDLQW YLRODWLRQ DQG SM UHSUHVHQWV WKH SHQDOW\ SDUDPHWHU
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR FRQVWUDLQW M ZLWK D ODUJH YDOXH WR HQVXUH WKDW LQIHDVLEOH VROXWLRQV KDYH D
FRVWJUHDWHUWKDQDQ\IHDVLEOHVROXWLRQ

,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI IORZUDWHV WKURXJK WKH QHWZRUN DQG WKH SLH]RPHWULF KHDG
YDOXHV PXVW VDWLVI\ WKH FODVVLFDO HTXDWLRQV RI FRQWLQXLW\ DQG HQHUJ\ HQIRUFHG LQ WKH
K\GUDXOLF PRGHO 7KH FRPSOHWH VHW RI HTXDWLRQV PD\ EH ZULWWHQ E\ XVLQJ EORFN PDWUL[
QRWDWLRQ,]TXLHUGRHWDODV


$ T  $ T  $ + I

W  
$  + 4

ZKHUH $ LV WKH VRFDOOHG FRQQHFWLYLW\ PDWUL[ WKDW GHVFULEHV WKH ZD\ GHPDQG QRGHV DUH
FRQQHFWHGWKURXJKWKHOLQHV,WVVL]HLV3u1SZLWK1SEHLQJWKHQXPEHURIGHPDQGQRGHVDQG
3 WKH QXPEHU RI OLQHV T LV WKH YHFWRU RI WKH IORZUDWHV WKURXJK WKH OLQHV + WKH YHFWRU RI
XQNQRZQKHDGVDWGHPDQGQRGHV$LVDQ3u1IPDWUL[ZLWK1IEHLQJWKHQXPEHURIIL[HG
KHDG QRGHV ZLWK NQRZQ KHDG +I  DQG 4 LV WKH 1SGLPHQVLRQDO YHFWRU RI GHPDQGV )LQDOO\
$T LV DQ 3u3 GLDJRQDO PDWUL[ 6\VWHP  LV D QRQOLQHDU SUREOHP ZKRVH VROXWLRQ LV WKH
VWDWHYHFWRU[ T+WRIWKHV\VWHP&RQWLQXLW\DQGHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQVDUHHQIRUFHGE\WKH
XVH RI (3$1(7 5RVVPDQ  ZKLFK LV WKH EHQFKPDUN K\GUDXOLF DQDO\VLV WRRO XVHG
ZRUOGZLGH

7KH ILUVW FDVH FRQVLGHUHG LV WKH 1HZ <RUN 7XQQHO ZDWHU VXSSO\ QHWZRUN VHH )LJ  OHIW
ZKLFKKDVEHHQH[DPLQHGVHYHUDOWLPHVLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH6DYLF :DOWHUV0DWtDV
0DLHUHWDO$FRPSOHWHGHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQFDQEHVHHQLQ'DQG\HWDO7KH
V\VWHPKDVDIL[HGKHDGUHVHUYRLUWXQQHOVDQGQRGHV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKH1HZ<RUN
7XQQHO1<7SUREOHPLVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHPRVWHFRQRPLFDOO\HIIHFWLYHGHVLJQIRUDGGLQJWR
WKHH[LVWLQJV\VWHPRIWXQQHOVIRUPLQJWKHSULPDU\ZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPIRUWKHFLW\RI
1HZ <RUN %HFDXVH RI DJH DQG LQFUHDVHG GHPDQGV WKH H[LVWLQJ JUDYLW\ IORZ WXQQHOV ZHUH
IRXQG WR EH LQDGHTXDWH WR PHHW WKH SUHVVXUH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH SURMHFWHG FRQVXPSWLRQ
OHYHO7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDGGLWLRQDOJUDYLW\IORZWXQQHOVSDUDOOHOWRWKHH[LVWLQJWXQQHOVZDV
FRQVLGHUHG $OO  WXQQHOV DUH FRQVLGHUHG IRU GXSOLFDWLRQ 7KHUH DUH  DYDLODEOH GLVFUHWH
GLDPHWHUV DQG RQH H[WUD SRVVLEOH GHFLVLRQ ZKLFK LV WKH GR QRWKLQJ RSWLRQ 7KH VHFRQG
FRQVLGHUHGFDVHLVWKH+DQRLSLSHQHWZRUN)LJULJKWDOVRVWXGLHGH[WHQVLYHO\E\YDULRXV
UHVHDUFKHUV6DYLF :DOWHUV0DWtDV=HFFKLQHWDO&XQKD 6RXVD
=HFFKLQ7KHFRPSOHWHVHWWLQJFDQEHIRXQGLQ:X 6LPSVRQ7KLVQHWZRUN
FRQVLVWV RI D VLQJOH IL[HG KHDG VRXUFH DW DQ HOHYDWLRQ RI P  SLSHV DQG  GHPDQG
QRGHV RUJDQL]HG LQ WKUHH ORRSV DQG WZR UDPLILHG EUDQFKHV 7KH REMHFWLYH LV WR VSHFLI\ WKH
GLDPHWHUVIURPDVHWRIVL[FRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHGLDPHWHUVIRUWKHSLSHVVRWKDWWKH

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 02

WRWDOFRVWRIWKHQHWZRUNLVPLQLPDODQGWKHSUHVVXUHDWHDFKQRGHRIFRQVXPSWLRQLVDWOHDVW
P

7KH SUREOHPV IDFHG LQ WKH RSWLPDO GHVLJQ RI :'6V DUH FRQVLGHUDEOH )XUWKHUPRUH WKLV
VLPSOHYDULDQWIRUWKHGHVLJQRID:'6LV13KDUG7KH1<7V\VWHPZLWKSLSHVDQG
SRWHQWLDO FRPPHUFLDO SLSH GLDPHWHUV KDV  SRVVLEOH SLSH GLDPHWHU FRPELQDWLRQV
LQFOXGLQJ WKH QXOO RSWLRQ WKDW FRQVWLWXWH WKH VHDUFK VSDFH RI WKH SUREOHP 7KH +DQRL
SUREOHP ZLWK  SLSHV DQG  SRWHQWLDO SLSH GLDPHWHUV KDV  SRVVLEOH SLSH GLDPHWHU
FRPELQDWLRQV7KHVHPRGHVWQHWZRUNVZRXOGUHTXLUHDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIWLPHIRUDQ
H[KDXVWLYHVHDUFKDOJRULWKPWRQDYLJDWHWKHHQWLUHVHDUFKVSDFHRIDOPRVWDQG
SRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\










)LJ1<7OHIWDQG+DQRLULJKWZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNV

,Q WKH FDVH RI UHDOZRUOG SUREOHPV GHVLJQ PXVW FRQVLGHU RWKHU DVSHFWV LQ SDUWLFXODU
UHOLDELOLW\7KHWHUPUHOLDELOLW\UHIHUVWRWKHDELOLW\RIWKHQHWZRUNWRSURYLGHFRQVXPHUVZLWK
DGHTXDWHDQGKLJKTXDOLW\VXSSO\XQGHUQRUPDODQGDEQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQV%RWKK\GUDXOLF
DQGPHFKDQLFDOUHOLDELOLW\DUHFRQVLGHUHG7KHIRUPHUUHIHUVWRXQFHUWDLQW\UHVXOWLQJPDLQO\
IURP QRGDO GHPDQG DQG SLSH URXJKQHVV 7KH ODWWHU XVXDOO\ UHIHUV WR IDLOXUHV RI V\VWHP
FRPSRQHQWV VXFK DV SLSH EUHDNDJH +RZHYHU WKHUH LV QR XQLYHUVDO DJUHHPHQW DERXW WKH
EHVW PHDVXUH RI UHOLDELOLW\ UHGXQGDQF\ RU UHVLOLHQFH QRU ZKDW DUH DFFHSWDEOH OHYHOV IRU
WKHVH FRQFHSWV VHH IRU H[DPSOH 6DYLF  ,Q WKLV FKDSWHU ZH FRQVLGHUHG D SURSRVDO
UHFHQWO\UDLVHGLQ0DUWtQH]VLQFHLWHQIRUFHVDFHUWDLQOHYHORIUHOLDELOLW\RQDV\VWHP
E\FRQVLGHULQJFRVWVLQFXUUHGE\DODFNRIVXSSO\VDWLVIDFWLRQ,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQDOOWKHFDVHV

www.intechopen.com
 03 $ # 
  
 
 

ZH KDYH DQDO\]HG WKH V\VWHP LPSURYHPHQW REWDLQHG E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKHVH FRVWV LQ WKH
ILWQHVVIXQFWLRQLPSOLHVRQO\DPRGHUDWHLQFUHDVHLQWKHLQLWLDOLQYHVWPHQWFRVWV2IFRXUVH
RWKHUSURSRVDOVFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH

)ROORZLQJ 0DUWtQH]  UHOLDELOLW\ LV DGGHG IURP DQ HFRQRPLF SRLQW RI YLHZ E\
FRQVLGHULQJWKHFRVWVRIWKHZDWHUQRWGHOLYHUHGGXHWRSUREOHPVLQWKHV\VWHP$VDUHVXOW
WKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQDGGVWKLVDGGLWLRQDOFRVW

/ 1 /
)  ' F ' /  + +
L 
L L L
M 
PLQ  + L  S  + PLQ  + L   Z
L 
L /L 'L X  

+HUHZLLVDFRHIILFLHQWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHDFKSLSHLQWKHIRUP D W I F I  F D 9 I   D / '  X 
JLYHVWKHQXPEHURIH[SHFWHGIDLOXUHVSHU\HDURIRQHSLSHDVDIXQFWLRQRIGLDPHWHU'LDQG
OHQJWK/LDDQGXDUHNQRZQFRQVWDQWVWILVWKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIGD\VUHTXLUHGWRUHSDLU
WKH SLSH FI LV WKH DYHUDJH GDLO\ UHSDLU FRVW FD LV WKH DYHUDJH FRVW RI WKH ZDWHU VXSSOLHG WR
DIIHFWHGFRQVXPHUVLQPRQHWDU\XQLWVSHUXQLWYROXPHDQG 9 I  4 EUHDN LVWKHGDLO\
YROXPHRIZDWHUWKDWVKRXOGEHVXSSOLHGWRWKHDIIHFWHGFRQVXPHUGXHWRWKHORVVRIZDWHURI
4EUHDNLQFXELFPHWHUVSHUVHFRQG

7KHVFHQDULRVFRQVLGHUHGKHUHIROORZWKHDSSURDFKRIEUHDNLQJLQWXUQDOOWKHSLSHVRID
VSHFLILFGHVLJQWRFKHFNLIDOOWKHFRQVWUDLQWVDUHIXOILOOHGE\WKHGHVLJQ,IWKHWHVWLVQHJDWLYH
WKH GHVLJQ LV VXLWDEO\ SHQDOL]HG ,Q WKLV ZD\ GHVLJQV GHYHORS LQFUHDVLQJ UHOLDELOLW\ 7R
XQGHUJRWKHVHWHVWVWKHV\VWHPPXVWEHDQDO\]HGIRUDQ\RIWKHVSHFLILFEUHDNDJHV

,QWKHFDVHVWXG\ZHSUHVHQWKHUHZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRDUHDOZRUOGQHWZRUNVHH)LJ
WKHPLQLPXPSUHVVXUHDOORZHGLVPDQGWKHDYDLODEOHFRPPHUFLDOGLDPHWHUVDUHJLYHQLQ
7DEOH


















)LJ/D\RXWRIWKHVWXGLHGQHWZRUN

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 04

7KLVWDEOHDOVRLQFOXGHVWKH+D]HQ:LOOLDPVFRHIILFLHQW&XVHGLQWKHK\GUDXOLFPRGHODQG
WKHXQLWFRVWRIWKHDYDLODEOHDQGYDULRXVO\VL]HGSLSHV

7KLVQHWZRUNZKLFKLVIHGE\DWDQNKDVOLQHVDPRXQWLQJWRNPRISLSHVDQG
QRGHVFRQVXPLQJOVLQWRWDO7KHGLPHQVLRQDOLW\RIWKLVSUREOHPZKLFKLVRIPRGHUDWH
VL]HLVLPPHQVH

'LDPHWHUPP &+: &RVWXQLWV
  
  
  
  
  

7DEOH&RPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHGLDPHWHUVIRUWKHFDVHVWXG\LQ)LJ

6JGFGUKIPQH995
7KHGHVLJQRIZDVWHZDWHUFROOHFWLRQQHWZRUNVLQYROYHVWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVXVHRIFRQWLQXRXV
DQGGLVFUHWHYDULDEOHV)RUWKHVDNHRIVLPSOLFLW\DQGFRPSDULVRQOHWXVFRQVLGHUDQHWZRUN
ZLWK QR VSHFLDO HOHPHQWV VXFK DV SXPSV GURSV WDQNV DQG RWKHU VHZHU V\VWHP HOHPHQWV
7KH GHFLVLRQ YDULDEOHV ZLOO WKHQ EH SLSH GLDPHWHUV DQG VORSHV :KLOH VORSHV DUH FOHDUO\
FRQWLQXRXVYDULDEOHVGLDPHWHUVPXVWEHWUHDWHGDVGLVFUHWHVLQFHWKH\KDYHWRDGMXVWWRWKH
UDQJHRIFRPPHUFLDOSLSHVWKDWDUHDYDLODEOHIRUWKHGHVLJQ7KH362YHUVLRQZHSUHVHQWLQ
6HFWLRQ  LV DEOH WR GHDO VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ ZLWK ERWK FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFUHWH YDULDEOHV 7R
HYDOXDWHWKHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPDVPDOOZDWHUFROOHFWLRQV\VWHPKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGXVLQJ
ERWKFRQWLQXRXVDQGGLVFUHWHYDULDEOHV7KHQHWZRUNLVVKRZQLQ)LJ

3HDNIORZVLQOLWUHVSHUVHFRQGDWWKHLQOHWVRIWKHQHWZRUNDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHQRGHV
QXPEHUHG  WR  $ PRUH JHQHUDO WUHDWPHQW RI WKLV SUREOHP VKRXOG FRQVLGHU VHWV RI
K\GURJUDSKVDWV\VWHPLQOHWSRLQWVUDWKHUWKDQIL[HGSLSHGHVLJQIORZV$VZHLQWHQGWRXVH
G\QDPLFSURJUDPPLQJIRUFRPSDULVRQSXUSRVHVZHRQO\FRQVLGHUVWHDG\VWDWHEHKDYLRXU
1HYHUWKHOHVV YDULRXV GLVWULEXWLRQV RI LQSXW IORZV HQDEOLQJ PRUH UHDOLVWLF GHVLJQV WKDW DUH
FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK GLIIHUHQW ORDGV PD\ EH VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGO\ FRQVLGHUHG E\ WKH 362EDVHG
WHFKQLTXH,Q)LJWKHOLQHOHQJWKVDQGJURXQGHOHYDWLRQRIWKHQRGHVDUHJLYHQ

7KH GHVLJQ FRQVWUDLQWV FRQVLGHU WKH UDWLR RI IORZ GHSWK IRU WKH GLDPHWHU RI DQ\ SLSH WR EH
ORZHU WKDQ  DQG WKH YHORFLW\ QRW WR H[FHHG PV ,Q DGGLWLRQ DOO WKH SLSHV PXVW EH
EXULHGDWOHDVWRQHPHWUHGHHS7KHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQDFFRXQWVIRUWKHFRVWVRIWKHSLSHVDQG
H[FDYDWLRQ ZRUNV )LQDOO\ DV LQ DQ\ K\GUDXOLF SUREOHP FRQWLQXLW\ DQG HQHUJ\ HTXDWLRQV
FRPSOHWHWKHVHWRIFRQVWUDLQWVVHH,]TXLHUGRHWDO1RQOLQHDULW\LVDVVRFLDWHGWRWKH
HQHUJ\HTXDWLRQVDOOWKHRWKHUFRQVWUDLQWVDQGILWQHVVIXQFWLRQEHLQJOLQHDU


www.intechopen.com
 0 $ # 
  
 
 


)LJ$VDPSOHQHWZRUN

7KHWRWDOFRVWRIWKHQHWZRUNLVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHVXPRIWKHQHWZRUNFRVWDQGDSHQDOW\FRVW
GHILQHGDV

 SLSHV  SLSHV FRQVWU  SLSHV
) & L /L  ([ L  S M YLM  
L  L  M  L 


ZKHUH &L  GLDPHWHU FRVW /L  OHQJWK DQG ([L  H[FDYDWLRQ FRVWV IRU SLSH L YLM LV WKH MWK
FRQVWUDLQW YLRODWLRQ DW SLSH L DQG SM UHSUHVHQWV WKH SHQDOW\ SDUDPHWHU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR
FRQVWUDLQW MZLWKDODUJHYDOXHWRHQVXUHWKDWLQIHDVLEOHVROXWLRQVKDYHDFRVWJUHDWHUWKDQ
DQ\IHDVLEOHVROXWLRQ

%CNKDTCVKQPQHC9&5CPFNGCMKFGPVKHKECVKQP
&RPSXWDWLRQDOPRGHOOLQJRI:'6KDVEHFRPHLPSRUWDQWIRU:'6DXWKRULWLHV1HYHUWKHOHVV
K\GUDXOLFPRGHOVFDQRQO\RIIHUDYHU\DFFXUDWHGHVFULSWLRQRISURFHVVHVSURYLGHGWKHUHLV
QR PLVVLQJ RU XQFHUWDLQ GDWD DQG SURYLGHG WKDW LQLWLDO DQGRU ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV DQG
WKHIRUFLQJWHUPVDUHSUHFLVHO\GHILQHG,QUHDOOLIHDSSOLFDWLRQVLWLVDYHU\GLIILFXOWWDVNWR
FUHDWHSUHFLVHFRQGLWLRQVIRUPRGHOV7REHXVHIXODQ\:'6K\GUDXOLFPRGHOVKRXOGILUVWEH
FDOLEUDWHG &DOLEUDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV E\ ZKLFK D FHUWDLQ QXPEHU RI PRGHO SDUDPHWHUV DUH
DGMXVWHG XQWLO WKH PRGHO FORVHO\ PLPLFV WKH EHKDYLRXU RI WKH UHDO V\VWHP )RU :'6V SLSH
URXJKQHVVDQGOHDNVDUHWKHFODVVHVRISDUDPHWHUVZKHUHXQFHUWDLQW\FRQFHQWUDWHV)RUQHZ
SLSHVURXJKQHVVLVDVVHVVHGGLUHFWO\E\ODEWHVWV+RZHYHUIRUDQDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJ:'6WKH
ROGPDQXDOPHWKRGVXVHGIRUPHUO\DQGHYHQFXUUHQWO\DUHLQDFFXUDWH0XFKEHWWHUUHVXOWV
FDQ EH DFKLHYHG LI FDOLEUDWLRQ RI WKH DQDO\]HG :'6 PRGHO LV IRUPXODWHG YLD RSWLPL]DWLRQ
SUREOHPVXVLQJDILWQHVVIXQFWLRQWKDWWULHVWRUHFRQFLOHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPHDVXUHG
SUHVVXUHVDQGWKHSUHGLFWHGSUHVVXUHVWKDWWKHK\GUDXOLFVLPXODWLRQFRPSXWHUPRGHO\LHOGV
ZLWKDVVXPHGV\VWHPSDUDPHWHUV7KLVLVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIVRFDOOHGLQYHUVHDQDO\VLV


www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 05

7R REWDLQ JRRG YDOXHV IRU WKH V\VWHP ORVVHV URXJKQHVV FRHIILFLHQWV DQG IORZUDWHV WKURXJK
WKH SLSHV PXVW EH NQRZQ ZLWK DFFXUDF\ 1HYHUWKHOHVV IORZUDWHV FDQQRW EH DFFXUDWHO\
DVVHVVHGLIWKHUHDUHDQ\OHDNVLQWKHV\VWHP/HDNLGHQWLILFDWLRQLVDGLIILFXOWSUREOHPWKDW
FDQRIWHQRQO\EHDVVHVVHGJOREDOO\WKURXJKOXPSHGDXGLWVSHUIRUPHGLQFHUWDLQ]RQHVRIWKH
QHWZRUN RU LQ LWV HQWLUHW\ 7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI SURSRVDOV LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH IRU GHWHFWLQJ
DQGLGHQWLI\LQJDQRPDOLHVDQGWRSRORJLFDOHUURUVVHHIRUH[DPSOH,]TXLHUGRHWDO
DQGTXRWHVWKHUHLQ\HWWKLVVWDWHHVWLPDWLRQSURFHVVVWLOOUHSUHVHQWVDQLPSRUWDQWFKDOOHQJH
IDFLQJ ZDWHU VXSSO\ PDQDJHUV )RU WKH VWDWH HVWLPDWLRQ SURFHVV XVH LV PDGH RI WKH
PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHO RI WKH QHWZRUN 7KH QRQOLQHDU UHODWLRQV DPRQJ IORZUDWHV DQG KHDGV
GHVFULELQJ WKH V\VWHP EDODQFHV DUH FRQIURQWHG E\ WKH VSHFLILF PHDVXUHPHQWV WDNHQ XVLQJ
WHOHPHWU\ DQG RWKHU V\VWHPV 7KHVH PHDVXUHPHQWV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
PHDVXUHPHQWV SURYLGHG E\ WKH PRGHO 'LVFUHSDQFLHV DUH WKHQ PLQLPL]HG VR HQDEOLQJ
URXJKQHVVFRHIILFLHQWVDQGOHDNPDJQLWXGHVWREHFRPHWKHYDULDEOHVRIWKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQ
7KH FRPSOH[LW\ RI ZDWHU V\VWHPV RQO\ HQDEOHV D IHZ UHDOWLPH PHDVXUHPHQWV WR EH PDGH
ZKLFK RQO\ LQFRPSOHWHO\ UHSUHVHQW WKH QHWZRUN VWDWH 2EYLRXVO\ WKH ODUJHU WKH QXPEHU RI
UHDOPHDVXUHPHQWVWKHEHWWHUWKHDFFXUDF\ZLWKZKLFKURXJKQHVVFRHIILFLHQWVDQGOHDNVDUH
REWDLQHG 'LVFUHSDQFLHV EHWZHHQ PHDVXUHG DQG WKHRUHWLFDO JLYHQ E\ WKH PRGHO SUHVVXUH
KHDGVDUHWKHQPLQLPL]HGXVLQJWKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQEHORZ

Q
) S M + PM  + FM  
M 

ZKHUHQLVWKHQXPEHURIGHPDQGMXQFWLRQVZKHUHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHDYDLODEOHDQG SMLVWKH
SHQDOW\IRUWKHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQ + P
M  ZKLFKLVWKHPHDVXUHGSLH]RPHWULFKHDGDWQRGH

MDQG + FM  ZKLFKLVWKHFDOFXODWHGSLH]RPHWULFKHDGDWQRGH M7KHSHQDOW\IDFWRULVWDNHQDV

DODUJHQXPEHULI + P F
M  + M LVODUJHUWKDQDWROHUDQFHWKUHVKROGDOORZHGIRUQRGHMDQG]HUR

RWKHUZLVH

%\PLQLPL]LQJWKHSUREOHPYDULDEOHVVKRXOGDSSURDFKWKHYDOXHVRIWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJ
UHDOSDUDPHWHUV

251CPFVJGEQPUKFGTGFXCTKCPV

$OO HYROXWLRQDU\ DOJRULWKPV VKDUH WZR SURPLQHQW IHDWXUHV )LUVWO\ WKH\ DUH SRSXODWLRQ
EDVHG $ FHUWDLQ QXPEHU RI LQGLYLGXDOV JURXSHG DV D SRSXODWLRQ DUH XVHG WR H[SORUH WKH
VROXWLRQ VSDFH DQG ILQG WKH RSWLPXP LQ WKH V\VWHP ,Q 362 HDFK ELUG RI WKH IORFN LV D
SRWHQWLDO VROXWLRQ DQG LV UHIHUUHG WR DV D SDUWLFOH 6HFRQGO\ WKHUH LV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG
LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH DPRQJ LQGLYLGXDOV LQ WKH WHVW SRSXODWLRQ ,Q WKLV IUDPHZRUN WKH
ELUGV EHVLGHV KDYLQJ LQGLYLGXDO LQWHOOLJHQFH DOVR GHYHORS VRPH VRFLDO EHKDYLRXU DQG
FRRUGLQDWHWKHLUPRYHPHQWWRZDUGVDGHVWLQDWLRQ.HQQHG\ (EHUKDUW,QLWLDOO\WKH
SURFHVV VWDUWV IURP D VZDUP RI 0 SDUWLFOHV ;L PRYLQJ ZLWKLQ WKH VHDUFK VSDFH 6  5G
ZKHUH G LV WKH QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV LQYROYHG HDFK UHSUHVHQWLQJ D SRWHQWLDO VROXWLRQ RI WKH
SUREOHP

)LQG PLQ ) ;  VXEMHFWWRDSSURSULDWHFRQVWUDLQWV
;6

www.intechopen.com
 06 $ # 
  
 
 

ZKHUH ) LV WKH ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH SUREOHP ZKLFK ZH FRQVLGHU WR EH D
PLQLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPZLWKRXWORVVRIJHQHUDOLW\7KHRSWLPDOVROXWLRQLVWKHQVHDUFKHGIRU
E\ LWHUDWLRQ 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI HDFK SDUWLFOH LV PHDVXUHG XVLQJ WKLV ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQ
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHSUREOHPLQKDQG

,QHDFKF\FOHRIWKHLWHUDWLRQWWKHLWKSDUWLFOHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJLLWVFXUUHQW
SRVLWLRQ ;L [L [LG LL LWV EHVW SRVLWLRQ <L  \L \LG  DUJPLQ);LW );LW
UHDFKHGLQSUHYLRXVF\FOHVDQGLLLLWVIOLJKWYHORFLW\ 9L YL YLGZKLFKPDNHVLWHYROYH
7KHELUGZKLFKLVLQWKHEHVWSRVLWLRQ<  DUJPLQ^);LWL 0`LVLGHQWLILHGIRUHYHU\
W

/CPKRWNCVKQPQHRCTVKENGU
,QHDFKJHQHUDWLRQWKHYHORFLW\RIHDFKSDUWLFOHLVXSGDWHGEDVHGRQLWVEHVWHQFRXQWHUHG
SRVLWLRQWKHEHVWSRVLWLRQHQFRXQWHUHGE\DQ\SDUWLFOHDQGDQXPEHURISDUDPHWHUV

9LZ9LFUDQG<L;LFUDQG< ;L 

,Q HDFK GLPHQVLRQ SDUWLFOH YHORFLWLHV DUH FODPSHG WR PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP YHORFLWLHV
ZKLFKDUHXVHUGHILQHGSDUDPHWHUV

9PLQd9LMd9PD[ 

LQ RUGHU WR FRQWURO H[FHVVLYH URDPLQJ E\ SDUWLFOHV RXWVLGH WKH VHDUFK VSDFH 7KHVH YHU\
LPSRUWDQW SDUDPHWHUV DUH SUREOHPGHSHQGHQW 7KH\ GHWHUPLQH WKH UHVROXWLRQ ZLWK ZKLFK
UHJLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH SUHVHQW SRVLWLRQ DQG WKH WDUJHW EHVW VR IDU SRVLWLRQV DUH VHDUFKHG ,I
YHORFLWLHVDUHWRRJUHDWSDUWLFOHVPLJKWIO\WKURXJKJRRGVROXWLRQV,IWKH\DUHWRRVORZRQ
WKH RWKHU KDQG SDUWLFOHV PD\ QRW H[SORUH VXIILFLHQWO\ EH\RQG ORFDOO\ JRRG UHJLRQV 
EHFRPLQJ HDVLO\ WUDSSHG LQ ORFDO RSWLPD DQG XQDEOH WR PRYH IDU HQRXJK WR UHDFK D EHWWHU
SRVLWLRQLQWKHSUREOHPVSDFH8VXDOO\9PLQLVWDNHQDV9PD[

7KHSRVLWLRQRIHDFKSDUWLFOHLVDOVRXSGDWHGHYHU\JHQHUDWLRQ7KLVLVSHUIRUPHGE\DGGLQJ
WKHYHORFLW\YHFWRUWRWKHSRVLWLRQYHFWRU

;L;L9L 

7KHSDUDPHWHUVLQDUHDVIROORZV FDQG FDUHWZRSRVLWLYHDFFHOHUDWLRQFRQVWDQWVFDOOHG
WKH FRJQLWLYH DQG VRFLDO SDUDPHWHUV UHVSHFWLYHO\ UDQG  UHSUHVHQWV D IXQFWLRQ WKDW FUHDWHV
UDQGRPQXPEHUVEHWZHHQDQGWZRLQGHSHQGHQWUDQGRPQXPEHUVHQWHU(TXDWLRQ Z
LV D IDFWRU RI LQHUWLD VXJJHVWHG E\ 6KL  (EHUKDUW  WKDW FRQWUROV WKH LPSDFW RI WKH
YHORFLW\KLVWRU\RQWKHQHZYHORFLW\

([SUHVVLRQLVXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHLWKSDUWLFOHVQHZYHORFLW\DGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWWDNHV
LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKUHH PDLQ WHUPV WKH SDUWLFOHV SUHYLRXV YHORFLW\ WKH GLVWDQFH RI WKH
SDUWLFOHV FXUUHQW SRVLWLRQ IURP LWV RZQ EHVW SRVLWLRQ DQG WKH GLVWDQFH RI WKH SDUWLFOHV
FXUUHQWSRVLWLRQIURPWKHVZDUPVEHVWH[SHULHQFHSRVLWLRQRIWKHEHVWSDUWLFOH7KXVHDFK
SDUWLFOHRUSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQPRYHVWRDQHZSRVLWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRH[SUHVVLRQ


www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 0

7KH SUHYLRXVO\ GHVFULEHG DOJRULWKP FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH VWDQGDUG 362 DOJRULWKP
ZKLFK LV DSSOLFDEOH WR FRQWLQXRXV V\VWHPV DQG FDQQRW EH XVHG IRU GLVFUHWH SUREOHPV
9DULRXV DSSURDFKHV KDYH EHHQ SXW IRUZDUG WR WDFNOH GLVFUHWH SUREOHPV ZLWK 362 $O
.D]HPL 0RKDQ5DVWHJDUHWDO/LDRHWDO6KLHWDO7KHDSSURDFK
ZHSURSRVHIRUGLVFUHWHYDULDEOHVSODLQO\LQYROYHVWKHXVHRIWKHLQWHJHUSDUWRIWKHGLVFUHWH
YHORFLW\FRPSRQHQWV7KLVZD\WKHQHZYHORFLW\RIGLVFUHWHFRPSRQHQWVZLOOEHDQLQWHJHU
DQG DV D FRQVHTXHQFH WKH QHZ XSGDWHG SRVLWLRQV ZLOO VKDUH WKLV FKDUDFWHULVWLF VLQFH WKH
LQLWLDO SRSXODWLRQ LQ LWV WXUQ PXVW DOVR KDYH EHHQ JHQHUDWHG XVLQJ RQO\ LQWHJHU QXPEHUV
$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVVLPSOHLGHDH[SUHVVLRQZLOOEHUHSODFHGE\

9LIL[Z9LFUDQG<L;LFUDQG< ;L 

IRU GLVFUHWH YDULDEOHV ZKHUH IL[ LV D IXQFWLRQ WKDW WDNHV WKH LQWHJHU SDUW RI LWV DUJXPHQW
+RZHYHU LW VKRXOG EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW WKDW WKH QHZ YHORFLW\ GLVFUHWH YDOXHV PXVW EH
FRQWUROOHG E\ VXLWDEOH ERXQGV DV LQ  7KHUH LV KRZHYHU D VLQJXODU DVSHFW UHJDUGLQJ
YHORFLW\ ERXQGV WKDW PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ VR WKDW WKH DOJRULWKP FDQ WUHDW ERWK
FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFUHWH YDULDEOHV LQ D EDODQFHG ZD\ ,Q ,]TXLHUGR HW DO D LW ZDV
IRXQG WKDW XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW YHORFLW\ OLPLWV IRU GLVFUHWH DQG FRQWLQXRXV YDULDEOHV SURGXFHV
EHWWHUUHVXOWV

/CPKRWNCVKQPQHRCTCOGVGTU
7KHUROHRIWKHLQHUWLD ZLQDQGLVFRQVLGHUHGFULWLFDOIRUWKHFRQYHUJHQFHEHKDYLRXU
RI WKH 362 DOJRULWKP $OWKRXJK LQHUWLD ZDV FRQVWDQW LQ WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI WKH DOJRULWKP
FXUUHQWO\ LW LV DOORZHG WR YDU\ IURP RQH F\FOH WR WKH QH[W $V LW IDFLOLWDWHV WKH EDODQFLQJ RI
JOREDO DQG ORFDO VHDUFKHV LW KDV EHHQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW Z FRXOG EH DOORZHG WR DGDSWLYHO\
GHFUHDVH OLQHDUO\ ZLWK WLPH  XVXDOO\ LQ D ZD\ WKDW LQLWLDOO\ HPSKDVL]HV JOREDO VHDUFK DQG
WKHQZLWKHDFKF\FOHRIWKHLWHUDWLRQLQFUHDVLQJO\SULRULWL]HVORFDOVHDUFKHV6KL (EHUKDUW
$VLJQLILFDQWLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI362ZLWKGHFUHDVLQJLQHUWLDZHLJKW
DFURVVWKHJHQHUDWLRQVLVDFKLHYHGE\XVLQJ-LQHWDO


Z    
 OQ W   

+RZHYHULQWKHYDULDQWZHSURSRVHWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVDQGFODPSLQJYHORFLW\DUH
QHLWKHUVHWWRDFRQVWDQWYDOXHDVLQVWDQGDUG362QRUVHWDVDWLPHYDU\LQJIXQFWLRQDVLQ
DGDSWLYH 362 YDULDQWV $UXPXJDP  5DR  ,QVWHDG WKH\ DUH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH
RSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHP0RQWDOYRHWDO(DFKSDUWLFOHLVDOORZHGWRVHOIDGDSWLYHO\VHW
LWVRZQSDUDPHWHUVE\XVLQJWKHVDPHSURFHVVXVHGE\362DQGJLYHQE\H[SUHVVLRQVRU
DQG7RWKLVHQGWKHVHWKUHHSDUDPHWHUVDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKUHHQHZYDULDEOHVWKDW
DUH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR SRVLWLRQ YHFWRUV ;L ,Q JHQHUDO LI G LV WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH SUREOHP
DQG SLVWKHQXPEHURIVHOIDGDSWLQJSDUDPHWHUVWKHQHZSRVLWLRQYHFWRUIRUSDUWLFOH LZLOO
EH

;L [L[LG[LG[LGS 

2EYLRXVO\ WKHVH QHZ YDULDEOHV GR QRW HQWHU WKH ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQ EXW UDWKHU WKH\ DUH
PDQLSXODWHG E\ XVLQJ WKH VDPH PL[HG LQGLYLGXDOVRFLDO OHDUQLQJ SDUDGLJP XVHG LQ 362

www.intechopen.com
 0 $ # 
  
 
 

$OVR9LDQG<LZKLFKJLYHWKHYHORFLW\DQGWKXVIDUEHVWSRVLWLRQIRUSDUWLFOH LLQFUHDVHWKHLU
GLPHQVLRQFRUUHVSRQGLQJO\

%\ XVLQJ H[SUHVVLRQV  RU  DQG  HDFK SDUWLFOH LV DGGLWLRQDOO\ HQGRZHG ZLWK WKH
DELOLW\ WR DGMXVW LWV SDUDPHWHUV E\ WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH SDUDPHWHUV LW KDG DW LWV EHVW
SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW DV ZHOO DV WKH SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH OHDGHU ZKLFK IDFLOLWDWHG WKLV EHVW
SDUWLFOHVPRYHWRLWVSULYLOHJHGSRVLWLRQ$VDFRQVHTXHQFHSDUWLFOHVXVHWKHLUFRJQLWLRQRI
LQGLYLGXDOWKLQNLQJDQGVRFLDOFRRSHUDWLRQWRLPSURYHWKHLUSRVLWLRQVDVZHOODVLPSURYLQJ
WKH ZD\ WKH\ LPSURYH WKHLU SRVLWLRQ E\ DFFRPPRGDWLQJ WKHPVHOYHV WR WKH EHVWNQRZQ
FRQGLWLRQV QDPHO\ WKHLU FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKHLU OHDGHUV FRQGLWLRQV ZKHQ WKH\ DFKLHYHG WKH
WKXVIDUEHVWSRVLWLRQ

'PTKEJGFFKXGTUKV[
362V PDLQ GUDZEDFN LV WKH GLIILFXOW\ LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ DFFHSWDEOH OHYHOV RI SRSXODWLRQ
GLYHUVLW\ ZKLOH EDODQFLQJ ORFDO DQG JOREDO VHDUFKHV DV D UHVXOW VXERSWLPDO VROXWLRQV DUH
SUHPDWXUHO\ REWDLQHG 'RQJ HW DO  6RPH HYROXWLRQDU\ WHFKQLTXHV PDLQWDLQ
SRSXODWLRQ GLYHUVLW\ E\ XVLQJ VRPH PRUH RU OHVV VRSKLVWLFDWHG RSHUDWRUV RU SDUDPHWHUV
6HYHUDO RWKHU PHFKDQLVPV IRU IRUFLQJ GLYHUVLW\ LQ 362 FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH
$QJHOLQH  /YEMHUJ HW DO  3DUVRSRXORV HW DO D 3DUVRSRXORV HW DO E
=KDQJ  ;LH   ,Q JHQHUDO WKH UDQGRP FKDUDFWHU WKDW LV W\SLFDO RI HYROXWLRQDU\
DOJRULWKPVDGGVDGHJUHHRIGLYHUVLW\WRWKHPDQLSXODWHGSRSXODWLRQV1HYHUWKHOHVVLQ362
WKRVHUDQGRPFRPSRQHQWVDUHXQDEOHWRDGGVXIILFLHQWGLYHUVLW\$VVKRZQLQ0RQWDOYRHW
DOEIUHTXHQWFROOLVLRQVRIELUGVLQWKHVHDUFKVSDFHHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKWKHOHDGHUFDQEH
GHWHFWHG 7KLV FDXVHG WKH HIIHFWLYH VL]H RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ WR IDOO DQG WKH DOJRULWKPV
HIIHFWLYHQHVVWREHFRQVHTXHQWO\LPSDLUHG7KHVWXG\LQ,]TXLHUGRHWDODLQWURGXFHVD
362GHULYDWLYHLQZKLFKDIHZRIWKHEHVWELUGVDUHVHOHFWHGWRFKHFNFROOLVLRQVDQGFROOLGLQJ
ELUGVDUHUDQGRPO\UHJHQHUDWHGLIFROOLVLRQRFFXUV7KLVUDQGRPUHJHQHUDWLRQRIWKHPDQ\
ELUGV WKDW WHQG WR FROOLGH ZLWK WKH EHVW ELUGV KDV EHHQ VKRZQ WR DYRLG SUHPDWXUH
FRQYHUJHQFHDVLWSUHYHQWVFORQHSRSXODWLRQVIURPGRPLQDWLQJWKHVHDUFK7KHLQFOXVLRQRI
WKLV SURFHGXUH LQWR 362 JUHDWO\ LQFUHDVHV GLYHUVLW\ DV ZHOO DV LPSURYLQJ FRQYHUJHQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHILQDOVROXWLRQV

6JGCNIQTKVJO
7KHPRGLILHGDOJRULWKPFDQEHJLYHQE\WKHIROORZLQJSVHXGRFRGHZLWK WDVWKHLWHUDWLRQ
QXPEHU

x W 
x *HQHUDWHDUDQGRPSRSXODWLRQRI0SDUWLFOHV ^;L W `L0 DFFRUGLQJWR
x (YDOXDWHWKHILWQHVVRIWKHSDUWLFOHVRQO\WKHILUVWGYDULDEOHVHQWHUWKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQ
x 5HFRUGWKHORFDOEHVWORFDWLRQV ^<L W `L  WKHYDOXHVRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSDUDPHWHUVDUH
0

DOVRUHFRUGHG
x 5HFRUG WKH JOREDO EHVW ORFDWLRQ < W DQG WKH OLVW RI WKH P EHVW SDUWLFOHV WR FKHFN
FROOLVLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJSDUDPHWHUV
x :KLOHQRWWHUPLQDWLRQFRQGLWLRQSHUIRUPWKHIROORZLQJ

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 00

R 'HWHUPLQHWKHLQHUWLDSDUDPHWHUZWDFFRUGLQJWR
R %HJLQF\FOHIURPWRQXPEHURISDUWLFOHV0
6WDUW
&DOFXODWHQHZYHORFLW\ 9L W   IRUSDUWLFOHLDFFRUGLQJWRDQGWDNHLWV
LQWHJHU SDUW IRU GLVFUHWH RSWLPL]DWLRQ IRU WKH ILUVW G YDULDEOHV
DFFRUGLQJWR
8SGDWHSRVLWLRQ ; L W   RISDUWLFOHLDFFRUGLQJWR
&DOFXODWHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQIRUSDUWLFOHL
,I SDUWLFOH L KDV EHWWHU ILWQHVV YDOXH WKDQ WKH ILWQHVV YDOXH RI WKH EHVW
SDUWLFOHLQKLVWRU\WKHQVHWSDUWLFOH LDVWKHQHZEHVWSDUWLFOHLQKLVWRU\
DQGXSGDWHWKHOLVWRIWKHPEHVWSDUWLFOHV
,ISDUWLFOH LLVQRWFXUUHQWO\RQHRIWKH PEHVWSDUWLFOHVEXWFRLQFLGHVZLWK
RQHRIWKHVHOHFWHGPEHVWSDUWLFOHVWKHQUHJHQHUDWHSDUWLFOHLUDQGRPO\
LQFOXGLQJLWVSDUDPHWHUV
(QG
R W W
x 6KRZWKHVROXWLRQJLYHQE\WKHEHVWSDUWLFOH

'LIIHUHQW WHUPLQDWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV WKH QXPEHU RI ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQ HYDOXDWLRQV
PD[LPXP UXQ WLPH FRQYHUJHQFH LQ WKH ILWQHVV RU VHDUFK VSDFH PD\ EH VWDWHG 6KL HW DO
)RUPRVWRIWKHFDVHVFRQVLGHUHGKHUHWKHWHUPLQDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVWRSVWKHSURFHVVLI
DIWHUDSUHIL[HGQXPEHURILWHUDWLRQVQRLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHVROXWLRQKDGEHHQREWDLQHG

7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH DSSURDFK LQWURGXFHG KHUHLQ FDQ EH REVHUYHG LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ 
XVLQJWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIRUWKHSUREOHPVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ

#RRNKECVKQPQHVJG251EQPUKFGTGFXCTKCPVVQVJGCFFTGUUGFRTQDNGOU

&GUKIPQH9&5U
,Q ,]TXLHUGR HW DO D LW LV VKRZQ WKDW IRU WKH 1<7 DQG +DQRL QHWZRUNV D VPDOO
UHSUHVHQWDWLYH VDPSOH RI WKH DOJRULWKPV UXQV FDQ EH XVHG WR FRQVLVWHQWO\ DFKLHYH QHDU
RSWLPDO UHVXOWV DW D PXFK UHGXFHG FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRVW ZKLFK LV RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH
IURPDSUDFWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZ%\XVLQJWKHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVWKHSUREDELOLW\RIDVLQJOHUXQ
REWDLQLQJDVROXWLRQGLIIHULQJE\OHVVWKDQDFHUWDLQSHUFHQWDJHIURPWKHEHVWNQRZQVROXWLRQ
ZDVREWDLQHG7KHVHSUREDELOLWLHVKDYHEHHQSORWWHGLQ)LJXUH,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWIRU
ERWKVWXGLHGSUREOHPVIRUH[DPSOHRQHVLQJOHUXQRIRXUDOJRULWKPJLYHVDVROXWLRQWKDWLV
OHVV H[SHQVLYH WKDQ  RI WKH EHVWNQRZQ VROXWLRQV ZLWK D SUREDELOLW\ RI 
$GGLWLRQDOO\ WKHUH LV DQ DOPRVW FRPSOHWH JXDUDQWHH WKDW LQ RQO\ RQH VLQJOH UXQ RI WKH
DOJRULWKPDVROXWLRQZLOOEHREWDLQHGZLWKDFRVWXQGHUWLPHVWKHEHVWNQRZQVROXWLRQ
FRVW

7KH EHVW VROXWLRQ IRXQG E\ WKH XVHG 362 YDULDQW LV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH  IRU WKH 1HZ <RUN
V\VWHPDQGLQ7DEOHIRUWKH+DQRLV\VWHPWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUEHVWVROXWLRQVIRXQGLQWKH
OLWHUDWXUH

www.intechopen.com
 511 $ # 
  
 
 









3UREDELOLW\














                    
DGGLWLRQDOFRVW

+DQRL 1HZ<RUN

)LJ3UREDELOLW\RIILUVWUXQJRRGVROXWLRQ

0HWKRG *$ *$ $&2 *$ 362 362
5HI 0DWtDV =HFFKLQ 0DLHUHW 6DYLF  0RQWDOYRHW 0RQWDOYR
  DO :DOWHUV DOD HWDO
&RVW      
7DEOH2SWLPDOGHVLJQFRVWuIRUWKH1<7QHWZRUN

0HWKRG *$ *$ *$ $&2 362 362
5HI 0DWtDV :X  6DYLF  =HFFKLQHW 0RQWDOYR 0RQWDOYR
 6LPSVRQ :DOWHUV DO HWDO HWDO
  D
&RVW      
7DEOH2SWLPDOGHVLJQFRVWuIRUWKH+DQRLQHWZRUN

3DUDPHWHU 9PD[ZDVVHWWRRIPD[LPXPYDULDEOHUDQJHDQGWKHVWRSSLQJFRQGLWLRQWR
LWHUDWLRQV7KHQXPEHURIXVHGSDUWLFOHVZDV

7KH UHDOZRUOG SUREOHP LQ )LJXUH  LV VROYHG ,]TXLHUGR HW DO E E\ XVLQJ WKH WZR
ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQV GHILQHG LQ  DQG  ZLWK DQG ZLWKRXW UHOLDELOLW\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV
UHVSHFWLYHO\ $ FRORXU FRGH KDV EHHQ XVHG WR DLG DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH UHVXOWV :LWK
UHIHUHQFHWRWKHSLSHVWKHEOXHJUHHQ\HOORZDQGUHGFRORXUVUHSUHVHQWDQG
PP SLSHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 5HJDUGLQJ QRGHV GDUN EOXH UHSUHVHQWV SUHVVXUH DERYH P

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 512

OLJKWEOXHEHWZHHQDQGPJUHHQEHWZHHQDQGP\HOORZEHWZHHQDQGP
DQGILQDOO\QRGHVZLWKDSUHVVXUHXQGHUPDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQUHG

7KLVQHWZRUNZKLFKLVIHGE\DWDQNKDVOLQHVDPRXQWLQJWRNPRISLSHVDQG
QRGHVFRQVXPLQJOVLQWRWDO)LJXUHOHIWSUHVHQWVWKHVROXWLRQREWDLQHGE\XVLQJ
ZKLFK LQFOXGHV UHOLDELOLW\ 7KLV VROXWLRQ LV D PHUH  PRUH H[SHQVLYH WKDQ WKH VROXWLRQ
REWDLQHGXVLQJZLWKQRUHOLDELOLW\FRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHGLDPHWHUVIRUWKLVODVWFDVHFDQEH
REVHUYHGLQ)LJXUHULJKW7DEOHSUHVHQWVDFRPSDULVRQRIWKHLQLWLDOLQYHVWPHQWFRVWVIRU
ERWKVROXWLRQV

:LWKRXWUHOLDELOLW\ :LWKUHOLDELOLW\ 
'LDPHWHUPP
/HQJWKP &RVWXQLWV /HQJWKP &RVWXQLWV 
     
     
     
     
     
7RWDOFRVWXQLWV   
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFRVWVIRUERWKVROXWLRQV



)LJ1HWZRUNGHVLJQDQGVWDWHOHIWZLWKUHOLDELOLW\QRPDWWHUZKDWSLSHLVRXWRIVHUYLFH
ULJKWZLWKRXWUHOLDELOLW\ZLWKWKHPDUNHGSLSHRXWRIVHUYLFH

7KHHIIHFWRIFORVLQJWKHSLSHLQGLFDWHGE\WKHDUURZFDQEHREVHUYHGLQ)LJXUHULJKWIRU
WKHVROXWLRQZLWKRXWUHOLDELOLW\,WVKRZVWKHFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSDFWSURGXFHGE\DFORVHGSLSH
DOPRVW KDOI RI WKH QRGHV WKRVH QRW LQ GDUN EOXH GR QRW KDYH WKH PLQLPXP UHTXLUHG
SUHVVXUHRIP)LJXUHOHIWVKRZVWKDWWKLVGRHVQRWKDSSHQIRUWKHPRUHUHOLDEOHGHVLJQ
REWDLQHGE\XVLQJVLQFHQRPDWWHUZKLFKSLSHLVRXWRIVHUYLFHDOOWKHQRGHVDUHLQGDUN
EOXH


www.intechopen.com
 513 $ # 
  
 
 

6JGFGUKIPQH995
)ORZ EHKDYLRXU WKURXJK WKH SLSHV FDQ EH PRGHOOHG E\ DQ\ RI WKH FRGHV WR DQDO\]H VHZHU
V\VWHPV DYDLODEOH LQ WKH PDUNHW ,Q WKLV SDUWLFXODU FDVH ZH KDYH XVHG WKH (3$6:00
SDFNDJH 5RVVPDQ  (YHQ WKRXJK DQ\ SDUW RI WKH DQDO\VLV SURYLGHG E\ WKLV SDFNDJH
PD\EHXVHGZLWKLQWKHHYROXWLRQDU\DOJRULWKPLQWKHFDVHRIWKLVSDSHURQO\VWHDG\VWDWH
IRUPXODWLRQIRUSHDNIORZVZLOOEHSHUIRUPHGIRUFRPSDULVRQSXUSRVHV,QHIIHFWJLYHQWKH
ORZGLPHQVLRQDOLW\RIWKHQHWZRUNXQGHUVWXG\JRRGUHVXOWVFDQEHREWDLQHGXVLQJG\QDPLF
SURJUDPPLQJ:HXVHWKHVHUHVXOWVDVDUHIHUHQFHWRFRPSDUHZLWKWKHUHVXOWVJLYHQE\362
VLQFHG\QDPLFSURJUDPPLQJLVWKHRUHWLFDOO\FDSDEOHRIILQGLQJWKHJOREDORSWLPXPVROXWLRQ
ZLWK WKH RQO\ OLPLWDWLRQ RI WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ XVHG IRU FRQWLQXRXV YDULDEOHV SLSH VORSHV LQ
RXUFDVH

,QWKLVFDVHSDUDPHWHU 9PD[ZDVVHWWRRIPD[LPXPYDULDEOHUDQJHIRUGLDPHWHUVDQG
RIYDULDEOHUDQJHIRUVORSHVFRQWLQXRXVYDULDEOHVDQGWKHVWRSSLQJFRQGLWLRQZDVVHW
DWLWHUDWLRQV

6L[W\H[HFXWLRQVZHUHSHUIRUPHGIRUWKHSUREOHPDWKDQG,QRQO\RQHRIWKHVL[W\FDVHVZDV
WKHDOJRULWKPXQDEOHWRILQGDIHDVLEOHVROXWLRQ,QWKHRWKHURIFDVHVGLIIHUHQWIHDVLEOH
VROXWLRQV ZHUH IRXQG 7KH DYHUDJH FRVW IRU WKHVH EHVW VROXWLRQV LV u 7KH EHVW
VROXWLRQ LV u $OVR WKH VDPH QHWZRUN ZDV GHVLJQHG E\ XVLQJ G\QDPLF
SURJUDPPLQJJLYLQJDFRVWRIu7KHUHIRUH362KDVIRXQGDEHWWHUVROXWLRQWKDQ
WKH VROXWLRQ SURYLGHG E\ G\QDPLF SURJUDPPLQJ VLQFH D GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI P IRU WKH
H[FDYDWLRQGHSWKKDVEHHQXVHGZLWKWKLVODVWWHFKQLTXH+RZHYHUDQDGGLWLRQDOH[SHULPHQW
XVLQJ G\QDPLF SURJUDPPLQJ ZLWK D ILQHU GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI P ZDV DOVR SHUIRUPHG DQG
WKH REWDLQHG UHVXOW ZDV u 2I FRXUVH WKLV YDOXH LV ORZHU WKDQ WKH YDOXH REWDLQHG
ZLWKWKHFRDUVHUGLVFUHWL]DWLRQEXWLWVWLOOGRHVQRWLPSURYHXSRQWKHEHVWVROXWLRQREWDLQHG
ZLWK 362 7KXV WKLV DOJRULWKP VKRZV LWVHOI DEOH WR JR EH\RQG WKH OLPLWV RI YHU\ ILQH
G\QDPLFSURJUDPPLQJGLVFUHWL]DWLRQV

%CNKDTCVKQPQH9&5UCPFNGCMKFGPVKHKECVKQP
7KH SURSRVHG SURFHGXUH KDV EHHQ DSSOLHG WR WKH +DQRL QHWZRUN DOUHDG\ FRQVLGHUHG LQ
VHFWLRQ  7KH QHWZRUN WRSRORJ\ XVHV WKH GHVLJQ GDWD JLYHQ LQ :X  6LPSVRQ 
UHJDUGLQJ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH SLSHV DQG WKH GHPDQG DW WKH MXQFWLRQV $V VWDWHG E\ :X 
6LPSVRQ  SLSH GLDPHWHUV ZHUH XQNQRZQ VLQFH LW ZDV D GHVLJQ SUREOHP +HUH ZH
KDYH DVVLJQHG GHVLJQ YDOXHV WR WKH GLDPHWHUV RI WKH SLSHV $OVR D URXJKQHVV FRHIILFLHQW RI
 & RI +D]HQ:LOOLDPV KDV EHHQ DVVLJQHG WR DOO WKH SLSHV $GGLWLRQDOO\ ILYH QHZ
GHPDQG QRGHV KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG LQ RUGHU WR PLPLF WKH V\VWHP OHDNV %\ XVLQJ
(3$1(75RVVPDQWKHQHWZRUNZDVDQDO\]HGDQGWKHFRPSXWHGKHDGYDOXHVDWWKH
MXQFWLRQV ZHUH VWRUHG 7KHVH SUHVVXUH KHDGV WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH DVVLJQHG +D]HQ:LOOLDPV
FRHIILFLHQWDQGWKHORFDOL]DWLRQDQGPDJQLWXGHRIWKHOHDNVV\QWKHWLFDOO\UHSUHVHQWWKHUHDO
PHDVXUHGYDOXHVRIWKHQHWZRUN

7R DVVHVV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH DOJRULWKP URXJKQHVV FRHIILFLHQWV ZHUH DOORZHG WR YDU\
EHWZHHQ  DQG  DQG OHDN H[SRQHQWV EHWZHHQ  DQG  IRU WKH RULJLQDO QHWZRUN ZLWK
LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIOHDNLQJSLSHV


www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 514

7KH DOJRULWKP ZDV UXQ  WLPHV DQG DOZD\V WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ PHDVXUHG DQG
FDOFXODWHGSUHVVXUHKHDGVZDVVPDOOHUWKDQPFD

3DUDPHWHU 9PD[ ZDV VHW WR  RI PD[LPXP YDULDEOH UDQJH 7KH H[HFXWLRQ VWRSSHG LI QR
LPSURYHPHQWZDVREWDLQHGDIWHULWHUDWLRQVRULIWKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQUHDFKHGDYDOXHRI
$SRSXODWLRQRISDUWLFOHVZDVXVHG

%QPENWUKQP

2SWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPVLQWKHILHOGRIXUEDQK\GUDXOLFVDUHFRPSOH[E\QDWXUHDQGGLIILFXOW
WR VROYH XVLQJ FRQYHQWLRQDO RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV ,Q SDUWLFXODU IRU ODUJH :'6V DQG
::6V WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SURFHVV IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH UHTXLUHV FRQVLGHUDEOH
UHVRXUFHVHYHU\\HDU$OVRJURZLQJFRQFHUQKDVDULVHQRYHUZDWHUORVVLQH[LVWLQJ:'6VDV
WKH\RIWHQFRQWDLQPDQ\DJLQJHOHPHQWVDQGVRWKHFDOLEUDWLRQRIIULFWLRQDQGOHDNDJHLVRI
SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH LQ XUEDQ ZDWHU V\VWHPV 7KHVH SUREOHPV FDQ LQYROYH ERWK
FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFUHWH YDULDEOHV 362 LV DQ HYROXWLRQDU\ RSWLPL]DWLRQ DOJRULWKP WKDW FDQ
EHDGDSWHGWRGHDOZLWKERWKW\SHVRIYDULDEOHV

,Q WKLV ZRUN 362 KDV EHHQ DSSOLHG WR WKUHH GLIIHUHQW SUREOHPV DQG JRRG VROXWLRQV KDYH
EHHQIRXQGLQDOOWKHFRQVLGHUHGFDVHVWXGLHV7KHDELOLW\WRGHDOZLWKERWKFRQWLQXRXVDQG
GLVFUHWHYDULDEOHVDVZHOODVDIHDWXUHWKDWLQFUHDVHVWKHGLYHUVLW\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQRIELUGV
KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG 7KLV IHDWXUH PDNHV WKH DOJRULWKP FRQYHUJH ZLWK OHVV LWHUDWLRQ WKXV
VDYLQJ WLPH ZKLFK LV RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH LQ UHDO SUREOHPV UHODWHG WR ZDWHUV\VWHPV
)LQDOO\ WKH ODERULRXV DVSHFW WKDW SHUYDGHV DOO PHWDKHXULVWLFV UHJDUGLQJ KRZ WR SHUIRUP
DSSURSULDWH SDUDPHWHU DGMXVWPHQWV KDV EHHQ RYHUFRPH E\ XVLQJ D VHOIDGDSWLYH SDUDPHWHU
FRQWUROZKLFKUHQGHUV362SDUDPHWHUVVXEMHFW WRHYROXWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\WKLVIRUPXODWLRQ
REYLDWHVWKHWHGLRXVSUHSURFHVVLQJWDVNRISDUDPHWHUILQHWXQLQJ

7KHILUVWSUREOHPLVWKHGHVLJQRI:'6V7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHFRQVLGHUHG362YDULDQWKDV
EHHQ LOOXVWUDWHG E\ DSSOLFDWLRQ WR WZR ZHOONQRZQ EHQFKPDUN QHWZRUNV DQG WKH UHVXOWV
KDYHEHHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHREWDLQHGXVLQJRWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\DOJRULWKPV&RPSDULVRQ
RIWKHUHVXOWVVKRZVWKDWWKLVIRUPXODWLRQILQGVRSWLPXPRUQHDURSWLPXPVROXWLRQVPXFK
PRUH HIILFLHQWO\ DQG ZLWK FRQVLGHUDEO\ OHVV FRPSXWDWLRQDO HIIRUW ,W LV QRWHZRUWK\ WKDW IRU
WKH+DQRLV\VWHPWKHDYHUDJHFRVWRIWKHSHUIRUPHGUXQVZDVPLOOLRQGROODUVRQO\
KLJKHUWKDQWKHEHVWNQRZQVROXWLRQ,QWKHFDVHRIWKH1HZ<RUNV\VWHPWKHUHVXOWLV
PLOOLRQGROODUVRUKLJKHUWKDQWKHEHVWNQRZQVROXWLRQ7KHDYHUDJHQXPEHURI
JHQHUDWLRQVQHHGHGWRREWDLQWKHEHVWVROXWLRQIRUWKH+DQRLV\VWHPLVZLWKEHLQJ
WKHPLQLPXPQXPEHURIJHQHUDWLRQVWRREWDLQWKHEHVWVROXWLRQ)RUWKH1HZ<RUNV\VWHP
WKHVHILJXUHVDUHJHQHUDWLRQVIRUWKHEHVWVROXWLRQVDQGIRUWKHPLQLPXPQXPEHURI
JHQHUDWLRQVWRREWDLQWKHEHVWVROXWLRQ

:H DOVR KDYH WDFNOHG WKH UREXVW GHVLJQ RI VXFK D :'6 7KH VROXWLRQ FDQQRW LJQRUH WKH
HYDOXDWLRQ RI DVSHFWV UHODWHG WR GLIIHUHQW VFHQDULRV DQG FHUWDLQ IDLOXUH FRQGLWLRQV %\
FRQVLGHULQJ RQO\ WKH LQLWLDO LQYHVWPHQW FRVWV FKHDSHU GHVLJQV ZLOO EH SURGXFHG EXW WKHVH
GHVLJQV ZLOO VXIIHU VHULRXV GLIILFXOWLHV FRSLQJ ZLWK DEQRUPDO VLWXDWLRQV :H KDYH VKRZQ
WKURXJK RQH UHDOZRUOG FDVH VWXG\ WKDW PRUH UHOLDEOH GHVLJQV GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQYROYH
LPPRGHUDWHLQFUHDVHVLQLQYHVWPHQW,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHVDPHFDVHVWXG\VKRZVQRQHWKHOHVV

www.intechopen.com
 51 $ # 
  
 
 

PXFKEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHVIRUUHOLDEOHGHVLJQVZKHQIDLOXUHHYHQWVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGE\SLSHV
EHLQJ RXW RI VHUYLFH 7KH FRQFHSW RI UHOLDELOLW\ XVHG KHUH WDNHV LQWR DFFRXQW WKH HFRQRPLF
LPSDFWRIWKHZDWHUQRWGHOLYHUHGGXHWRWKLVW\SHRIIDLOXUHGXULQJWKHOLIHRIWKHQHWZRUN

,QWKHSUREOHPRIWKHGHVLJQRIZDVWHZDWHUV\VWHPV362SHUIRUPDQFHZDVFRPSDUHGZLWK
DQ H[DFW PHWKRG QDPHO\ G\QDPLF SURJUDPPLQJ 362 IRXQG D EHWWHU VROXWLRQ WKDQ WKDW
SURYLGHGE\G\QDPLFSURJUDPPLQJZKHQDGLVFUHWL]DWLRQRIPIRUWKHH[FDYDWLRQGHSWK
ZDVXVHG+RZHYHUDIWHUUHILQLQJWKLVGLVFUHWL]DWLRQWRP362VWLOORXWSHUIRUPVG\QDPLF
SURJUDPPLQJ7KHUHIRUH362LVDEOHWRJRIXUWKHUEH\RQGWKHOLPLWVRIYHU\ILQHG\QDPLF
SURJUDPPLQJ GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV DQG LQWHUHVWLQJO\ DYRLGV EHFRPLQJ WUDSSHG LQ WKH
GLPHQVLRQDOLW\FXUVH

7KLV DOJRULWKP KDV DOVR VKRZQ JRRG SHUIRUPDQFH ZKHQ DSSOLHG WR WKH SUREOHP RI
FDOLEUDWLRQDQGOHDNLGHQWLILFDWLRQLQD:'63UHVVXUHGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHORZHUWKDQPLQ
DOOWKHDOJRULWKPH[HFXWLRQVIRUWKHFRQVLGHUHGFDVHVWXG\DIWHUKDYLQJIRXQGVXLWDEOH
YDOXHV IRU SLSH URXJKQHVV DQG OHDN PDJQLWXGHV 1HZ VWXGLHV VKRXOG EH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK
UHGXFHGUHGXQGDQF\LQWKHQXPEHURIPHDVXUHGSDUDPHWHUV7KHVDPHDSSURDFKVKRXOGEH
DOVRDSSOLHGWRRWKHUQHWZRUNVVLQFHWKLVLVDSUREOHPWKDWKDVUHFHLYHGOLWWOHDWWHQWLRQLQWKH
OLWHUDWXUH

7KHPDLQDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHPHWKRGDUHWKDWLWGRHVQRWUHTXLUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGRSHUDWRUVQRU
SDUDPHWHUVDQGLVWKXVVLPSOHUWKDQRWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\WHFKQLTXHV7KLVPHWKRGGRHVQRW
QHHG LQLWLDO IHDVLEOH SDUWLFOHV QRU GR WKH UHJHQHUDWHG SDUWLFOHV QHHG WR EH IHDVLEOH DQG
ILQDOO\ LW LV UREXVW LQ KDQGOLQJ GLYHUVH ILWQHVV IXQFWLRQV DQG YDULRXV FRQVWUDLQWV
)XUWKHUPRUH KDYLQJ IHZHU JHQHUDWLRQV LV D PDMRU DGYDQWDJH LQ UHDO ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ
V\VWHPV ZKHUH FRVW DQG WLPH FRQVWUDLQWV SURKLELW UHSHDWHG UXQV RI DQ DOJRULWKP DQG
K\GUDXOLF HYDOXDWLRQV )URP WKH VWXGLHG EHQFKPDUN SUREOHPV LW FDQ EH LQIHUUHG WKDW
REWDLQLQJJRRGVROXWLRQVZLWKWKHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPLVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGVLQFHWKHUHLVQR
QHHG IRU D SULRUL SDUDPHWULF VWXG\ 7KLV DOJRULWKP LV DOVR UHODWLYHO\ LQH[SHQVLYH DV WKH
FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRVW LQFUHDVHG RQO\ VOLJKWO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO LQFUHDVH LQ WKH
GLPHQVLRQDOLW\RIWKHVHDUFKVSDFH7KHUHIRUHWKHDOJRULWKPLVGHVLUDEOHZKHQWKHJRDOLVWR
TXLFNO\REWDLQJRRGVROXWLRQVWKDWDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\YHU\FORVHWRWKHRSWLPXP

2SWLPL]DWLRQ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ D YDULDQW RI 362 GHYLVHG E\ WKH DXWKRUV WKDW
FRQVLGHUV ERWK GLVFUHWH DQG FRQWLQXRXV YDULDEOHV 7KLV YDULDQW KDV LQFUHDVHG SRSXODWLRQ
GLYHUVLW\DQGVHOIDGDSWLYHO\PDQDJHVLWVSDUDPHWHUV7KLVRSWLPL]DWLRQWRROLVYHU\XVHIXO
VLQFH RWKHU WHUPV ORDG RU VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQV UHKDELOLWDWLRQ FRVWV OLIHORQJ FRVWV RWKHU
UHOLDELOLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVDQGVRRQFDQEHDGGHGWRWKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQZLWKRXWUHQGHULQJ
WKHSUREOHPPRUHFRQFHSWXDOO\FRPSOH[,QDGGLWLRQWKLVWRROFDQEHHDVLO\FRPELQHGZLWK
K\GUDXOLF QHWZRUN VLPXODWLRQ PRGXOHV VR DOORZLQJ JUHDW YHUVDWLOLW\ LQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI
FDQGLGDWHVROXWLRQV

)LQDOO\WKHDELOLWLHVRIWKHVHSDUWLFOHVWRGHFLGHDVDJURXSKRZWRPRYHLQVLGHWKHVHDUFK
VSDFHDQGFKDQJHWKHLUEHKDYLRXUGXULQJWKHVHDUFKSURFHVVHVDVZHOODVILQGLQJYHU\JRRG
VROXWLRQV LQ D UHODWLYHO\ VKRUW SHULRG RI WLPH FRQVWLWXWHV DQ RSHQGRRU HQYLURQPHQW WKDW
FRXOGEHSHUIHFWO\H[SORLWHGWRDGGUHVVPXOWLREMHFWLYHIRUPXODWLRQVUHJDUGLQJRSWLPL]DWLRQ
SUREOHPVLQGLIIHUHQWILHOGV,IRQHRIWKHVHFDSDELOLWLHVLVPLVVLQJWKH362DOJRULWKPZRXOG
QRWEHVRXVHIXODVDQRSWLPL]DWLRQWRRODQGLWLVSUHFLVHO\WKHDVVHPEO\RIWKHVHFDSDELOLWLHV

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 515

WKDW PDNHV WKH 362 DOJRULWKP D SRZHUIXO PXOWLDJHQW V\VWHP IRU VROYLQJ SUREOHPV LQ WKH
ZDWHULQGXVWU\

4GHGTGPEGU

$O.D]HPL% 0RKDQ&.0XOWLSKDVHGLVFUHWHSDUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]DWLRQ-&,6
SS
$QJHOLQH3-8VLQJVHOHFWLRQWRLPSURYHSDUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]DWLRQ 3URFHHGLQJVRI
WKH,(((&RQJUHVVRQ(YROXWLRQDU\&RPSXWDWLRQSS$QFKRUDJH$ODVND86$
$UXPXJDP 06  5DR 09&  2Q WKH LPSURYHG SHUIRUPDQFHV RI WKH SDUWLFOH
VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ DOJRULWKPV ZLWK DGDSWLYH SDUDPHWHUV FURVVRYHU RSHUDWRUV
DQG URRW PHDQ VTXDUH 506 YDULDQWV IRU FRPSXWLQJ RSWLPDO FRQWURO RI D FODVV RI
K\EULGV\VWHPV$SSO6RIW&RPSXW
%RWURXV $ (O+DWWDE ,  'DKDE 0  'HVLJQ RI ZDVWHZDWHU FROOHFWLRQ QHWZRUNV
XVLQJG\QDPLFSURJUDPPLQJRSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXH 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$6&(1DW
&RQI RQ  (QYLURQPHQWDO DQG SLSHOLQH (QJLQHHULQJ SS  .DQVDV &LW\ 02
8QLWHG6WDWHV$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHUV
&XQKD0& 6RXVD-:DWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNGHVLJQRSWLPL]DWLRQVLPXODWHG
DQQHDOLQJ DSSURDFK -RXUQDO RI :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV 3ODQQLQJ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW  

'DQG\*&6LPSVRQ$5 0XUSK\/-$QLPSURYHGJHQHWLFDOJRULWKPIRUSLSH
QHWZRUNRSWLPL]DWLRQ:DWHU5HVRXUFHV5HVHDUFK
'RQJ<7DQJ%;- :DQJ'$QDSSOLFDWLRQRIVZDUPRSWLPL]DWLRQWRQRQOLQHDU
SURJUDPPLQJ&RPSXWHUV 0DWKHPDWLFVZLWK$SSOLFDWLRQVSS
*HHP =:  2SWLPDO FRVW GHVLJQ RI ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ QHWZRUNV XVLQJ KDUPRQ\
VHDUFK(QJLQHHULQJ2SWLPL]DWLRQSS
*RXOWHU,& &RDOV$94XDQWLWDWLYHDSSURDFKHVWRUHOLDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQWLQSLSH
QHWZRUNV-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ
*RXOWHU ,&  %RXFKDUW )  5HOLDELOLW\FRQVWUDLQHG SLSH QHWZRUN PRGHO -RXUQDO RI
+\GUDXOLF(QJLQHHULQJ
+HUUHUD 0 ,]TXLHUGR - 0RQWDOYR , *DUFtD$UPHQJRO -  5RLJ -9 
,GHQWLILFDWLRQ RI VXUJLFDO SUDFWLFH SDWWHUQV XVLQJ HYROXWLRQDU\ FOXVWHU DQDO\VLV
0DWKHPDWLFDODQG&RPSXWHU0RGHOOLQJGRLMPFP
,]TXLHUGR - 3pUH] 5  ,JOHVLDV 3/  0DWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOV DQG PHWKRGV LQ WKH
ZDWHULQGXVWU\0DWKHPDWLFDODQG&RPSXWHU0RGHOOLQJ
,]TXLHUGR-/ySH]3$0DUWtQH])- 3pUH]5)DXOWGHWHFWLRQLQZDWHUVXSSO\
V\VWHPV XVLQJ K\EULG WKHRU\ DQG GDWDGULYHQ PRGHOOLQJ 0DWKHPDWLFDO DQG
&RPSXWHU0RGHOOLQJ
,]TXLHUGR - 0RQWDOYR , 3pUH] 5  )XHUWHV 96 D 'HVLJQ RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI
ZDVWHZDWHUFROOHFWLRQQHWZRUNVE\362 &RPSXWHU 0DWKHPDWLFVZLWK$SSOLFDWLRQV

,]TXLHUGR - 0LQFLDUGL 5 0RQWDOYR , 5REED 0  7DYHUD 0 E 3DUWLFOH 6ZDUP
2SWLPL]DWLRQ IRU WKH ELRPDVV VXSSO\ FKDLQ VWUDWHJLF SODQQLQJ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK
%LHQQDO 0HHWLQJ L(06V  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQJUHVV RQ (QYLURQPHQWDO 0RGHOOLQJ DQG
6RIWZDUHSS%DUFHORQD6SDLQ

www.intechopen.com
 516 $ # 
  
 
 

,]TXLHUGR-0RQWDOYR,+HUUHUD0 3pUH]5D$GHULYDWLYHRI3DUWLFOH6ZDUP

2SWLPL]DWLRQ ZLWK HQULFKHG GLYHUVLW\ VXEPLWWHG WR &RPSXWDWLRQDO 2SWLPL]DWLRQ
DQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
,]TXLHUGR-0RQWDOYR,3pUH]5 +HUUHUD0E5REXVW'HVLJQRI:DWHU6XSSO\
6\VWHPV WKURXJK (YROXWLRQDU\ 2SWLPL]DWLRQ 3267$ 7KLUG 0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\
6\PSRVLXPRQ3RVLWLYH6\VWHPV7KHRU\DQG$SSOLFDWLRQVDFFHSWHG9DOHQFLD6SDLQ
-DQVRQ 6 0HUNOH '  0LGGHQGRUI 0  0ROHFXODU GRFNLQJ ZLWK PXOWLREMHFWLYH
3DUWLFOH6ZDUP2SWLPL]DWLRQ$SSOLHG6RIW&RPSXWLQJ
-LQ<;&KHQJ+=<DQ-, =KDQJ/1HZGLVFUHWHPHWKRGIRUSDUWLFOHVZDUP
RSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ QHWZRUN H[SDQVLRQ SODQQLQJ
(OHFWULF3RZHU6\VWHPV5HVHDUFK
.HQQHG\ -  (EHUKDUW 5&  3DUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,(((
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUNVSS3LVFDWDZD\1-86$
/LDR&-7VHQJ&7 /XDUQ3$GLVFUHWHYHUVLRQRISDUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]DWLRQ
IRUIORZVKRSVFKHGXOLQJSUREOHPV&RPSXW2SHU5HV
/LRQJ6< $WLTX]]DPDQ02SWLPDOGHVLJQRIZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNXVLQJ
VKXIIOHG FRPSOH[ HYROXWLRQ -RXUQDO RI WKH ,QVWLWXWLRQ RI (QJLQHHUV 6LQJDSRUH  

/YEMHUJ 0 5DVPXVVHQ 7.  .ULQN 7  +\EULG SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPLVHU ZLWK
EUHHGLQJ DQG VXESRSXODWLRQV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH *HQHWLF DQG (YROXWLRQDU\
&RPSXWDWLRQ&RQI
0DLHU+56LPSVRQ$5=HFFKLQ$&)RRQJ:.3KDQJ.<6HDK+< 7DQ&/
$QWFRORQ\RSWLPL]DWLRQIRUGHVLJQRIZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPV -RXUQDORI
:DWHU5HVRXUFHV3ODQQLQJDQG0DQDJHPHQWSS
0DULOHV$) 1DYD$3&DOLEUDFLyQGHOIDFWRUGHIULFFLyQ\ORFDOL]DFLyQGHIXJDV
HQ XQD UHG GH WXEHUtDV GH DJXD SRWDEOH 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 9,, 6(5($  6HPLQDULR
,EHURDPHULFDQRVREUH3ODQLILFDFLyQ3UR\HFWR\2SHUDFLyQGH6LVWHPDVGH$EDVWHFLPLHQWRGH
$JXD0RUHOLD0p[LFR
0DUWtQH]-%4XDQWLI\LQJWKHHFRQRP\RIZDWHUVXSSO\ORRSHGQHWZRUNV -RXUQDORI
+\GUDXOLF(QJLQHHULQJ$6&(
0DWtDV $6  'LVHxR GH UHGHV GH GLVWULEXFLyQ GH DJXD FRQWHPSODQGR OD ILDELOLGDG
PHGLDQWH DOJRULWPRV JHQpWLFRV 3K' WKHVLV 8QLYHUVLGDG 3ROLWpFQLFD GH 9DOHQFLD
9DOHQFLD6SDLQ
0RQWDOYR , ,]TXLHUGR - 3pUH] 5  7XQJ 00 D 3DUWLFOH 6ZDUP 2SWLPL]DWLRQ
DSSOLHG WR WKH GHVLJQ RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ V\VWHPV &RPSXWHU  0DWKHPDWLFV ZLWK
$SSOLFDWLRQV
0RQWDOYR,,]TXLHUGR-3pUH]5 ,JOHVLDV3/E$GLYHUVLW\HQULFKHGYDULDQWRI
GLVFUHWH 362 DSSOLHG WR WKH GHVLJQ RI :DWHU 'LVWULEXWLRQ 1HWZRUNV (QJLQHHULQJ
2SWLPL]DWLRQ
0RQWDOYR , ,]TXLHUGR - 3pUH] 5  +HUUHUD 0  ,PSURYHG SHUIRUPDQFH RI 362
ZLWK VHOIDGDSWLYH SDUDPHWHUV IRU FRPSXWLQJ WKH RSWLPDO GHVLJQ RI :DWHU 6XSSO\
6\VWHPVVXEPLWWHGWR&RPSXWHU$LGHG'HVLJQ
3DQ 4. 7DVJHWLUHQ )  /LDQJ <&  $ GLVFUHWH SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ
DOJRULWKPIRUWKHQRZDLWIORZVKRSVFKHGXOLQJSUREOHP &RPSXWHUVDQG2SHUDWLRQV
5HVHDUFK

www.intechopen.com
 
  
 
  
 
 
 51

3DUVRSRXORV .( 3ODJLDQDNRV 93 0DJRXODV *'  9UDKDWLV 01 D 6WUHWFKLQJ
WHFKQLTXH IRU REWDLQLQJ JOREDO PLQLPL]HUV WKURXJK SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH:RUNVKRSRQ3DUWLFOH6ZDUP2SWLPL]DWLRQ,QGLDQDSROLV,186$
3DUVRSRXORV .( 3ODJLDQDNRV 930DJRXODV *'  9UDKDWLV 01 E ,PSURYLQJ
SDUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]HUE\IXQFWLRQVWUHWFKLQJLQ$GYDQFHVLQ&RQYH[$QDO\VLVDQG
*OREDO2SWLPL]DWLRQ1RQFRQYH[2SWLPL]DWLRQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQVVHULHVSS
.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV7KH1HWKHUODQGV
5DVWHJDU 5 0H\ERGL 05  %DGLH .  $ QHZ GLVFUHWH ELQDU\ SDUWLFOH VZDUP
RSWLPL]DWLRQ EDVHG RQ OHDUQLQJ DXWRPDWD 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
5RVVPDQ /  6WRUP :DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW 0RGHO XVHU
V PDQXDO YHUVLRQ  86
(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\&LQFLQQDWL86$
5RVVPDQ /$  (3$1(7 XVHUV PDQXDO 86 (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ $JHQF\
&LQFLQQDWL86$
6DYLF '$  :DOWHUV *$  *HQHWLF DOJRULWKPV IRU OHDVW FRVW GHVLJQ RI ZDWHU
GLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNV -RXUQDORI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV3ODQQLQJDQG0DQDJHPHQW

6DYLF '$  &RSLQJ ZLWK ULVN DQG XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ XUEDQ ZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
UHKDELOLWDWLRQ SODQQLQJ $FTXD H FLWWj  L FRQYHJQR QD]LRQDOH GL LGUDXOLFD XUEDQD
6$JQHOOR1$SS
6KL;+/LDQJ<&/HH+3/X& :DQJ4;3DUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]DWLRQ
EDVHGDOJRULWKPVIRUWVSDQGJHQHUDOL]HGWVS,QI3URFHVV/HWWSS
6KL< (EHUKDUW5&$PRGLILHGSDUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]HU3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,(((
&RQJUHVVRQ(YROXWLRQDU\&RPSXWDWLRQSS3LVFDWDZD\1-86$
6KL< (EHUKDUW5&(PSLULFDOVWXG\RISDUWLFOHVZDUPRSWLPL]DWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRI
WKH,(((&RQJUHVVRQ(YROXWLRQDU\&RPSXWDWLRQ:DVKLQJWRQ'&86$
:X =<  6LPSVRQ $5  &RPSHWHQW JHQHWLFHYROXWLRQDU\ RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI ZDWHU
GLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPV-RXUQDORI&RPSXWLQJLQ&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ
:X =<  :DOVNL 7  6HOIDGDSWLYH SHQDOW\ FRVW IRU RSWLPDO GHVLJQ RI ZDWHU
GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHPV -RXUQDO RI :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV 3ODQQLQJ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW  

=HFFKLQ$0D[PLQDQWV\VWHPDSSOLHGWRZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPRSWLPLVDWLRQ
LQ02'6,0,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQJUHVVRQ0RGHOOLQJDQG6LPXODWLRQ
=HFFKLQ$&6LPSVRQ$50DLHU+5 1L[RQ-%3DUDPHWULFVWXG\IRUDQDQW
DOJRULWKP DSSOLHG WR ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP RSWLPL]DWLRQ ,((( 7UDQV
(YROXWLRQDU\&RPSXWDWLRQ
=HFFKLQ $& 6LPSVRQ $5 0D\HU +5 /HRQDUG 0 5REHUWV $-  %HUULVIRUG 0-
$SSOLFDWLRQRIWZRDQWFRORQ\RSWLPLVDWLRQDOJRULWKPVWRZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQ
V\VWHPRSWLPLVDWLRQ0DWKHPDWLFDODQG&RPSXWHU0RGHOOLQJSS
=KDQJ :-  ;LH ;)  '(362 K\EULG SDUWLFOH VZDUP ZLWK GLIIHUHQWLDO HYROXWLRQ
RSHUDWRU LQ ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQI RQ 6\VWHPV 0DQ DQG &\EHUQHWLFV  YRO 
SS

www.intechopen.com
 51 $ # 
  
 
 

www.intechopen.com
 Modelling Simulation and Optimization
Edited by Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta

ISBN 978-953-307-048-3
Hard cover, 708 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, February, 2010
Published in print edition February, 2010

Computer-Aided Design and system analysis aim to find mathematical models that allow emulating the
behaviour of components and facilities. The high competitiveness in industry, the little time available for
product development and the high cost in terms of time and money of producing the initial prototypes means
that the computer-aided design and analysis of products are taking on major importance. On the other hand,
in most areas of engineering the components of a system are interconnected and belong to different domains
of physics (mechanics, electrics, hydraulics, thermal...). When developing a complete multidisciplinary system,
it needs to integrate a design procedure to ensure that it will be successfully achieved. Engineering systems
require an analysis of their dynamic behaviour (evolution over time or path of their different variables). The
purpose of modelling and simulating dynamic systems is to generate a set of algebraic and differential
equations or a mathematical model. In order to perform rapid product optimisation iterations, the models must
be formulated and evaluated in the most efficient way. Automated environments contribute to this. One of the
pioneers of simulation technology in medicine defines simulation as a technique, not a technology, that
replaces real experiences with guided experiences reproducing important aspects of the real world in a fully
interactive fashion [iii]. In the following chapters the reader will be introduced to the world of simulation in topics
of current interest such as medicine, military purposes and their use in industry for diverse applications that
range from the use of networks to combining thermal, chemical or electrical aspects, among others. We hope
that after reading the different sections of this book we will have succeeded in bringing across what the
scientific community is doing in the field of simulation and that it will be to your interest and liking. Lastly, we
would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contributions in the different areas of simulation.

How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Joaqun Izquierdo, Idel Montalvo, Rafael Prez-Garca and Carlos D. Alonso (2010). Swarm Intelligence for
Optimization in the Urban Water Industry, Modelling Simulation and Optimization, Gregorio Romero Rey and
Luisa Martinez Muneta (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-048-3, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/modelling-simulation-and-optimization/swarm-intelligence-for-optimization-
in-the-urban-water-industry

InTech Europe InTech China

University Campus STeP Ri Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai

www.intechopen.com
Slavka Krautzeka 83/A No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 Fax: +86-21-62489821
www.intechopen.com