Open Pit Mine Planning Handbook

OPEN PIT MINE PLANNING HANDBOOK

Chapters

1. Geology and modelling Orebody modelling

2. Geostadistic Kriging y and geological resource estimation

3. Final Pit Mineral resource and Ore reserve estimation

4. Phase design Phase design theory

5. Scheduling Life of mine and dump design

6. Mining equipment Haul Road design by MineHaul

7. NPV Scheduler Sequential extraction optimal (optional)

8. Whittle Four X Milawa algorithm (optional)

9. Conditional Simulation Modelling Under Uncertainty

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1. GEOLOGY AND MODELLING OREBODY MODELLING
1.1 Project creation

The base of mining business begins with drillholes and orebody modelling, so we are going to create our
project.

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 :

1.2 Database

So we have 4 basics files: Header, Assays, Litho and Survey.

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We create file DAT201.IA with main data, then we create file 11 and 12 with 10211

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We load data to file 11 and 12 with 20101

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Is very important to have information of rock, alteration and mineralization.

El modelo clsico de Lowell y Gilbert (1970) Economic Geology V.65, p. 373-407;

Basado en el estudio de los depsitos de San Manuel - Kalamazoo.

Zonacin de tipos de alteracin hidrotermal relacionados a intrusiones gneas:

Zona potsica, en el ncleo del sistema: biotita, ortoclasa y cuarzo.

Zona Flica (Serictica), envuelve al ncleo potsico: cuarzo, sericita
y pirita (hasta 20% del volumen).
Zona arglica, externa a la serictica: minerales de arcilla,
montmorillonita, clorita, pirita.
Zona propiltica, halo de alteracin ms externo, normalmente fuera
del cuerpo de mena econmica: clorita, epidota, albita, calcita.
A niveles profundos reconocen un ncleo de cuarzo, sericita, clorita,
feldespato potsico y una zona externa de clorita, sericita, epidota,
magnetita.
Zonacin de mineralizacin hipgena (primaria):

Ncleo de baja ley: bajo contenido de calcopirita, pirita,

molibdenita; magnetita en porcin profunda.
Zona de mena, formando un cilindro en la parte externa de la zona
de alteracin potsica e interna de la zona de alteracin serictica:
calcopirita (1-3%), pirita (1%), molibdenita (0,03%).
Zona de Pirita, corresponde ~ zona flica: pirita (10%), calcopirita
(0.1-3%), trazas de molibdenita.
Zona de baja pirita, ~ coincidente con zona propiltica: 2% pirita.
Zona Perifrica: calcopirita, galena, esfalerita, Au, Ag.

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 Esquema general de prfido cuprfero indicando la zona de mena (ore zone) en
torno a un ncleo de baja ley (low grade core), el halo de pirita diseminada
(pyrite halo) y la aureola de alteracin hidrotermal hipgena.

Distribucin de zonas de alteracin hidrotermal en un prfido cuprfero de

acuerdo al modelo clsico de Lowell y Gilbert (1970). Ncleo de alteracin
potsica rodeado de alteracin flica (cuarzo-serictica), alteracin arglica local
en torno a zona flica y halo externo de alteracin propiltica.

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 Distribucin de minerales de mena en un prfido cuprfero tpico. py
= pirita, cpy = calcopirita , mo = molibdenita , mt = magnetita.

Zonacin por efectos supergenos en un prfido cuprfero: Gossan o sombrero de

hierro en la parte superior (minerales oxidados de hierro), seguido en
profundidad por una zona lixiviada (leached zone), luego de una zona oxidada
(minerales oxidados de cobre), luego una zona de enriquecimiento supergeno
(sulfuros secundarios) y la zona primaria o hipgena en profundidad.

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1.3 Drillhole view

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1.4 Load Topography

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So we have contour of topography each 1 m, then we triangulate.

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1.5 Grid set creation

We have drillholes with a peuso mesh of 50x50m.

We create grid set NS

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The same way for EW and Bench

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1.6 File 13 creation

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1.7 File 08 and 09 composite files.

Create file 08 and 09 with this procedure 10209

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After of that follow the procedure 50101

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1.8 Geologic modelling

We model the ore body, with cross section NS, EW and by benches.

We start EW cross sections.

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And finally we have EW sections of primary zone

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Now we continue with NS sections

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Now we continue with bench sections but before create a guide with triangulation of each section

Only in this way you can see where is the section in every bench.

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 PZ 201 Primary zone
SZ 202 Secondary zone
LZ 203 Leach zone
DYKE 204 Dyke
SILL 205 Sill

We have designed primary, secondary and leach zone.

We create material for each zone

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The same for each zone

1.9 Block model creation

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We add topography

We are going to codify in the block model primary, secondary and leach zone.

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1.10 Backload composites

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We clone 8 and 9 file with new item called MIN2, where will save backload mineral zones from block model.

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2. GEOSTATISTIC KRIGING AND GEOLOGY RESOURCE ESTIMATION
2.1 Variograms

This analysis should be very detailed; we are going to use the next software called MSDA

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We choose Variograms 0;0, 150;0, 240;30 and 330;0

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The same way for estimation domain 02

We choose Variograms 180;30, 210;60, 240;60, 270;30, 300;30, 330;0,

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You have to remember the elements: Au, Ag, PB, Zn, As and Mo, but for RMR and SG is not necessary to do a
variografic analysis because youll use inverse distance weighted method for interpolation.

2.2 Kriging

We use procedure 62401

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The same for primary zone but you have to use variograma VCU201.

2.3 Inverse Distance Weighted

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2.4 Geological Resource classification

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Adems necesitamos clasificar nuestras reservas en probadas, probables y posibles. Con respecto a las
restricciones del clculo de los Recursos, anteriormente se han tomado como parmetros distancias mnimas
de cierre krigeados y nmero de compsitos (comp. de 15 m.) para la estimacin de los bloques de 20x20x15
m. por el mtodo geoestadstico (Kriging Ordinario):

Para recursos Geolgicos se haba considerado Probado, Probable y Posible de acuerdo al siguiente criterio:

Probado: La distancia de cierre de los compsitos al centro del bloque est dentro de los 60 m. y el nmero de
compsitos debe ser mayor o igual a 3 compsitos en los clculos de kriging ordinario.

Probable: Criterio 1: La distancia de cierre de los compsitos al centro del bloque est dentro de los 60 m. y el
nmero de compsitos es igual a 2 compsitos en los clculos de kriging ordinario.

Criterio 2: La distancia de cierre de los compsitos al centro del bloque est entre los 60 m y 110 m. y el
nmero de compsitos es igual o mayor a 2 compsitos en los clculos de kriging ordinario.

Posible: La distancia de cierre de los compsitos al centro del bloque estn de 110 m. a 200 m. y el nmero de
compsitos es mayor o igual a 2 compsitos de los clculos de kriging ordinario.

En nuestro caso clasificaremos las reservas por distancias del bloque a la muestra y por el nmero de
muestras que toma el bloque para obtener su contenido de cobre. Asi que haremos un multirun

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3. FINAL PIT - MINERAL RESOURCE AND ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION
3.1 Model Preparation

Before to find the final pit, we have to prepare the model. We are going to codify MAT1 = 1 Primary zone,
MAT1 = 2 Secondary Zone and MAT1 = 3 Waste,

Model Preparation MAT1 = 1 Primary sulphide

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Model Preparation MAT1 = 2 Secondary sulphide

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3.2 GSF creation

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3.3 Geotechnical Parameters

We have four geotechnical zones with the following slope angles

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We codify in the model MAT2, but first we create materials for each Structural Domain or Geotechnical Zone

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Then the solids of geotechnical zones we put the code

Then we codify in the item MAT2

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After we extract Slope Code from Model, with this procedure you add information of geotechnical zones for
MSOPIT, so we are going to use complex angles.

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3.4 MSOPIT Economic Planner Mineral Resource Estimation

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Primary zone

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Secondary zone

Waste

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We suppose our cutoff grade is 0.14% Cut

Then we obtain a solid with the original topography.

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Then we get the final report

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 Mineral Resourse Estimation Cutoff 0.14% CUT
Tonnage CUT MO AU AG
Measured 374,483,852 0.418 0.017 0.017 5.988
Indicated 203,501,367 0.408 0.017 0.017 5.471
Inferred 77,618,502 0.420 0.017 0.016 5.019
Total 655,603,721 0.415 0.017 0.017 5.713

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3.5 MSOPIT Economic Planner Pit shell for Ore Reserve Estimation

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3.6 Final Pit Design Ore Reserve Estimation

We use Pit Expansion Tools

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4. PHASE DESIGN - THEORY
4.1 Phase Design Economic Planner

TM
Mineral 541,994,498
Desmonte 598,236,010
SR 1.10
Total Material 1,140,230,508

Mineral por Fase aos por fase

135,498,624.50 3.7

Material por Fase

285,057,627

Mill dia Planta ao Vida

120,000 43,800,000 12.37430361 aos
100,000 36,500,000 14.84916433 aos 4 fases que abastesca 3.7 aos
80,000 29,200,000 20.48753459 aos

Mining by year daily mining real mining by year real daily mining
76,787,520 210,376.77 82,125,000.00 225,000.00
2 palas 4100 o 495HR
1 cargadorLT 2350 o excavadora CAT 6060

mineral waste Total daily Shovel 495HR 4100 XPC Hydraulic Shovel CAT 6060
ao 1 36,500,000 12,775,000 49,275,000 135,000 90,000 45,000
ao 2 - 15 36,500,000 45,625,000 82,125,000 225,000 180,000 45,000

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4.2 Operative Phase Design

Based on nested pits from different copper price, so we design operative phase using Pit Expansion Tools

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 Total min lastre Total REM Aos Cu Fino % Ingreso Costo Cu Fino Indice
kt cut au ag recu reau reag kt kt Mineral kt Fino por Cu MUS$ MUS$ (Lb) (US$/lb)
Phase 01 113,461 0.59 0.02 6.4 86.4 39.2 64 45,564 159,025 0.40 3.1 579.7 29.5 2,940 1,145 1,278,048,821 1.40
Phase 02 101,173 0.37 0.02 6.4 87.5 39.7 64 46,373 147,546 0.46 2.8 329.5 16.8 1,671 1,032 726,452,815 0.88
Phase 03 158,196 0.37 0.02 5.6 85.2 38.7 63 168,423 326,619 1.06 4.3 499.6 25.4 2,533 1,784 1,101,396,427 0.68
Phase 04 170,515 0.37 0.02 5.3 87.7 39.9 65 314,037 484,552 1.84 4.7 557.6 28.4 2,827 2,158 1,229,299,321 0.54
Total 543,345 0.418 0.01694 5.817713 574,397 1,117,742 1.06 14.9 1,966.4 100 9,971 6,119 4,335,197,385

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4.3 Pre Scheduling MSVALP

Before MSVALP, we introduce phase design topography in File from PIT30 (initial) to PIT34

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5. SCHEDULING LIFE OF MINE AND DUMP DESIGN
5.1 Phase preparation

For phase preparation we have to follow the steps.

Create this csv file with 20 classes called ZONE.CSV

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Then we create partial files of every operative phase design

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With this last run we create scd files from partial files.

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5.2 MSSP Scheduling

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Now we need to see the scheduling 3D.

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Period 01

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Period 02

Period 03

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Period 04

Period 05

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Period 06

Period 07

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Period 08

Period 09

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Period 10

Period 11

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Period 12

Period 13

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Period 14

Period 15

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5.3 Final waste dump design

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6. MINING EQUIPMENT - HAUL ROAD DESIGN BY MINEHAUL
6.1 Data preparation

We do contours from every solid phase each 15 m.

And original topography 15m and 3m.

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6.2 Mine Haul

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 v

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Fix these periods for simulation, find a destination for these tonnages.

Our first calculation of number of trucks is

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After correction we have this

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And theorical number trucks are

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7. NPV SCHEDULER SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION OPTIMAL
7.1 New Project

For NPV Scheduler we have to follow the steps.

We create a new model with extension npv, with MAT3 and MAT4 added.

Where MAT3 is only mineral from secondary and primary zone, MINN = 201 and 202 and CONF=1 and 2

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7.2 Economic Model

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7.3 Pit Final

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7.3 Phase Design

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7.4 Scheduling

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8. WHITTLE FOUR-X - MILAWA ALGORITHM
8.1 New Model from Minesight for Whittle FX

For Whittle FX we clone a model to make some modifications

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Then, export the model with this run

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8.2 Whittle Four X

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Reblock the model 2x2x1

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8.3 Milawa algorithm

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According to Milawa Algorithm Pit 24 is the highest NPV, then this is the Optimum Pit, and the Pit36 with RF =1
is the Ultimate Pit, you can see graphic difference between this two PITS

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9. CONDITIONAL SIMULATION - MODELLING UNDER UNCERTAINTY
9.1 Conditional Simulation

We create a new model call min15.sim, where we are going to save simulations only 25 of CU, but we can
save 50, 100 or more.

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We do declustering

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We create the normal score with thee information of composites

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Then we do Gaussian transformation with MSDA

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Then model variograms for 201 and 202 zone

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Then we model the variogram 3D for 201 and 202

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9.2 Post - Simulation

 

Mean,
 Where  number of simulations




Variance,   

Standard deviation,  

Coefficient of variation  


Likelihood of each block was calculated above 0.14% de CU

"# $%&'($".)%
.%  *"('& "# $%&'($" 

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 Likelihood 80% above 0.14% CU

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REFERENCES

W. Hustrulid, M. Kuchta and R.K. Martin (2013). Open Pit Mine Planning and Design, Netherlands -
Estados Unidos, Tomo 2, Tercera Edicin.

Ratan Raj Tatiya (2013). Surface and Underground Excavations, 2nd Edition: Methods, Techniques
and Equipment

Gustavo. A. Garca (2012). Uso de la Incertidumbre de Leyes para Cuantificar Riesgo en el Diseo de
Pit Final Grueso Antapaccay, Cusco Per.

R. Dimitrakopoulos (2010). Advances in Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning I, Old and
New Dimensions in a Changing World, Australia.

Oy Leuangthong y Clayton Deutsch (2004). Geostatistics Banff 2004, Estados Unidos.

Margaret Armstrong (2011). Plurigaussian Simulations in Geosciences, Berlin Alemania.

R. Dimitrakopoulos (2010). Advances in Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning I, Old and
New Dimensions in a changing world, Australia.

Christian Lantujoul (2010). Geostatistical Simulation Models and Algorithms, Berlin Alemania.

Hans Wackernagel (2010). Multivariate Geostatistics, Berlin Alemania.

M. Armstrong, P. A. Dowd (2010). Geostatistical Simulations, Fontainebleau Francia.

Gustavo. A. Garca (2009). Optimizacin en el Planeamiento a Largo Plazo en Yacimientos de

prfidos cuprferos, con la aplicacin de secuencia de extraccion optima de Minado, Arequipa Per.

R. Dimitrakopoulos (2007). Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning, Uncertainty and Risk
Management Models, Australia.

Marco Alfaro (2008). La Simulacion Condicional en un Deposito Minero, Chile.

Marco Alfaro (2007). Estimacin De Recursos Mineros, Chile.

A. G. Journel, Ch. J. Huijbregts (2003). Mining Geostatistics, New Jersey Estados Unidos.

Margaret Armstrong (1998). Basic Linear Geostatistics, Berlin Alemania.

Pierre Goovaerts (1997). Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation, New York Estados
Unidos.

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