ATM working group

Cash machines
meeting consumer
needs
ATM working group

Cash machines
meeting consumer
needs

Published on 13 December 2006

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Contents
Report Page

Summary 3
Letter from John McFall MP, Chairman of the ATM working group,
to Ed Balls MP 3

1 Introduction 5
Background 5
The Treasury Committees inquiry into cash machine charges 5
Remit of the ATM working group 7
Membership of the working group 7

2 Financial inclusion 9
Introduction 9
Evidence and analysis 9
Total numbers of free cash machines 9
Total numbers of charging cash machines 9
Distribution of free cash machines 10
The distribution of free cash machines and financial inclusion 11
Evidence from the CAB Service 12
Free of charge cash withdrawals and the Post Office 12
Other sources of free-of-charge access to cash 13
IMPROVING ACCESS TO FREE-OF-CHARGE CASH MACHINES 15
Private sector contribution 15
Paying a premium to cash machine operators in lower-income areas without
other free-of-charge machines 17
Public sector contribution 18
Action by local communities and individual landlords 21
PRACTICAL STEPS AND MONITORING PROGRESS 23

3 Transparency of charges 25
Introduction 25
Evidence 25
Proposals for improved transparency 27
On-screen signage 28
External signage 29
An enduring solution 31
Signage at free machines 32

4 The future of the free cash machine network 33

5 Maps 34
Clusters of low-income areas without convenient access to free cash machines 56
Individual super output areas without convenient access to free cash machines 60

6 Contact details of banks, building societies and independent operators 64

2

Appendix 1: Example on-screen charging notices 67

Appendix 2: Examples of the standardised external charging notice 68

Appendix 3: Example of signage at a free cash machine 69

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Summary
Letter from John McFall MP, Chairman of the ATM working group, to
Ed Balls MP
I attach a copy of the report from the ATM working group.

The working group has examined what we can do to give low-income communities the
best possible chance of having access to cash without facing charges that they are least well
placed to bear. And where charges are applied, how we can be sure consumers are provided
with clear up-front information. The working group noted the importance of basing its
proposals on credible evidence. In the working group, I have had a constructive dialogue
with banks, building societies, consumer groups, independent cash machine operators and
the Post Office.

Regarding financial inclusion, this report details the systematic analysis undertaken by
LINK to identify low-income areas that currently lack access to free cash machines. This
report lists all those low-income areas that do not currently have such access. The working
group considered that the focus should be on the breadth of coverage of the free cash
machine estate rather than simply the aggregate number of free or charging machines.

A number of banks, building societies and independent operators as well as the Post Office
have committed to install free machines to expand provision into the areas identified in the
research. I warmly welcome this positive response. Other banks continue to provide their
customers with free-of-charge cash withdrawals using their bank cards over the counter in
the post office branches which already exist in many of these target areas.

To underpin and support these individual commitments the working group recommended
and LINK members have agreed to the introduction of a financial inclusion premium that
will provide a long-term and enduring incentive for ATM operators to expand the
availability of free cash machines in low-income areas that currently lack them and also
help protect free machines where they are the only such ATM in these areas. The
introduction of the financial inclusion premium will use the market forces that already
shape the deployment of free cash machines to achieve and sustain an important public
and social policy objective. I believe that this is the first example of such an innovative
approach anywhere in the world.

The Public sector can help achieve the goal of deploying free cash machines in areas that
currently lack access. In particular, a joined-up policy for planning permissions between
central Government, local authorities and the police is essential if ambitions to provide
significantly more communities with access to free cash machines are to be achieved in a
timely and cost-effective manner. The Government should also consider how the
introduction of rate relief could help achieve the desired public policy objective. The
working group hopes that the Treasury and the Government will encourage local
authorities and other public sector landlords to consider whether they can assist their local
community by offering to house a free cash machine.

Critical to achieving the objective of deploying additional free cash machines will be
4

identifying appropriate sites. Local knowledge can make an invaluable contribution. The
report details many successful examples of partnerships between local community groups
and banks to help find sites for free cash machines. The working group encourages
community groups, local authorities, Citizens Advice Bureaux, credit unions, sub-
postmasters, small businesses and others to help identify suitable sites.

By working together in this way, I am hopeful that we can accomplish a significant

expansion of free cash machines in low-income areas, helping these communities to thrive
by ensuring local availability of the cash that is so vital to local economic activity, and so
helping to promote financial inclusion.

Concerning the transparency of cash machine charges the working group sought to agree a
lasting solution that builds on the progress made and experience gained over the past few
years. The objective has been to enable consumers to see at a glance whether a machine is
free or charging. The working groups new proposals incorporated into LINK rules earlier
this month were based on consumer research and will extend the best practice established
by some of the charging machine operators across all the UKs charging machines.

The working group recommends the provision of clearer on-screen information, together
with larger and standardised external signage. The working group has recommended a
timescale for implementing this change that seeks to minimise unnecessary costs that
would otherwise fall on the users of these machines and recognises the investment made by
those charging operators that already exceed the new minimum standards. The new rules,
properly implemented and enforced, should provide a robust and enduring standard
which satisfies all stakeholders.
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1 Introduction
Background
1. The UKs first cash machine, also known as an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) was
installed by Barclays bank in its Enfield branch in 1967. Withdrawal from a cash machine
is now the most important method of cash acquisition by consumers. Nearly two thirds of
adults are regular cash machine users and in 2005 cash machines dispensed over 172
billion. Usage of cash machines by benefit recipients has increased as the Government has
moved towards the direct payment of benefits into bank accounts. Despite the increasing
use of credit and debit cards as a method of paying for goods and services, the number of
transactions at cash machines is expected to continue to grow.

2. In the UK there are currently two main methods of funding the provision of cash
machines. The first type of machine is free at the point of use and funded through a system
of interchange fees which are paid by the card issuer to the operator of the ATM. For
example, if a customer of Barclays uses a cash machine owned by Lloyds TSB to make a
free cash withdrawal then Barclays will pay Lloyds an interchange fee for this service.
Machines which are free at the point of use will typically be those machines in bank
branches or in busier non-branch locations which attract a relatively high volume of
transactions each month. The second type of machine is known as a convenience or
charging machine. These machines are funded through direct charges to consumers. These
machines will typically operate at a lower volume than machines which are free to use and
are therefore able to be placed in locations that may not support the provision of a free-to-
use machine. As acknowledged by the Government, the Treasury Committee and
consumer groups, in a competitive market, it is appropriate that a variety of models exist to
fund cash machine provision.

3. The LINK network enables cardholders to obtain cash and obtain balance information
from all ATMs in the country. LINK has two constituent parts, the LINK company and the
LINK scheme. The LINK company operates the technical infrastructure that allows the
network of cash machines in the UK to operate. The LINK scheme is open to every ATM
operator and card issuer in the UK and all major UK retail credit institutions, as well as a
number of independent ATM operators are members. The LINK scheme sets the rules,
practices and procedures for the operation of cash machines, and, in accordance with
competition law, the level of the interchange fee. The scheme seeks to ensure universal,
reliable and secure access to cash and maintains and enforces rules covering technical
standards, interchange fees, signage and other issues. LINK does not itself deploy ATMs,
choose where they are deployed or whether and how much they charge. These decisions
are properly made by the individual banks, building societies and independent ATM
operators that are members of the LINK Scheme.

The Treasury Committees inquiry into cash machine charges

4. In December 2004, following concern regarding the growth in the number of charging
machines and some sales by banks of free machines to charging operators, the Treasury
Committee announced an inquiry into cash machine charges. The Committee examined
the principle of charging and the increasing prevalence of machines at which a charge is
levied, the clarity of the presentation of these charges to the consumer and concerns over
6

the impact that the spread of charging might be having on financial exclusion and low-
income households. The Committee took evidence from consumer groups, high-street
banks and building societies, the Post Office, leading independent operators of charging
cash machines, LINK and the then Financial Secretary to the Treasury, Stephen Timms
MP.

5. The Committees Report1, which was published in March 2005, concluded that cash
machines which charge consumers are a legitimate business model but that their spread
could raise public policy concerns if they displaced existing free machines. The Committee
expressed concern that free access to cash withdrawals could decline as banks sell or close
their existing network and the remaining machines become concentrated in fewer
locations.2 The Committee concluded that This will lead to public policy concerns if
areas of the country are left without access to free cash withdrawalsparticularly if this
exacerbates existing financial exclusion.3 The Committee noted that whether this occurred
would depend partly on the attitude of the banks, the Post Office and local site owners. The
Committee called on the Government and the financial services industry to conduct
research into the geographical location of free cash machines. Regarding the transparency
of charges the Committee concluded that the industry had a duty to provide consumers
with sufficient information to allow an informed choice about whether to use a charging
machine and that poor standards of transparency are detrimental to consumers and
hinder competition.4 The Committee welcomed improvements to transparency agreed by
LINK in December 2004 but concluded that they did not go far enough.

6. At a debate on the Treasury Committees report held in Westminster Hall on 16

February 2006, the Chairman of the Treasury Committee, the Rt Hon John McFall MP
called for a serious and systematic analysis of the geographical location of free cash
machines to discover which low-income areas lacked access. He called for the banks to
expand provision of free cash machines into any under-served low-income areas identified
by the research. He noted that the LINK interchange fee arrangements could lead to the
concentration of free cash machines in fewer locations and called on the banks to examine
how they could alter the situation. On transparency of charges, he welcomed the
improvements instituted by LINK but called for further improvements so that consumers
could see at a glance whether a machine was free or charging.

7. In his response to the debate in Westminster Hall the then Economic Secretary to the
Treasury, Ivan Lewis MP offered to organise a meeting between members of the Treasury
Select Committee, key representatives of the banks, independent cash machine operators,
consumer groups and members of the financial inclusion taskforce.

8. His intention was that:

Rather than holding parallel debatesperhaps firing shots across each others
bowswe should get together in the interests of all consumers, particularly

1 Treasury Committee, Fifth Report of session 2004-05, Cash Machine Charges, March 2005, HC 191
2 Ibid, para 63

3 Ibid, para 64

4 Ibid, page 4
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financially excluded communities and vulnerable consumers, and see whether we

can reach a consensus.5

9. This meeting was held on 4 May 2006. At this meeting John McFall MP said that:

I see this as a good opportunity to take stock of the progress made in the year since
the Treasury Committees report into cash machines and to identify areas in need of
further improvement. I want to work with banks, consumer groups and charging
cash machine operators to develop proposals and to resolve the issues of
transparency of signage and financial inclusion. I propose a working group be
established, which I will chair, to examine these issue and report back to the
Economic Secretary.

10. The Economic Secretary agreed with major banks, consumer groups and charging cash
machine operators that this working group should gather evidence and report back before
Christmas. On 5 May 2006, Ed Balls MP was appointed Economic Secretary to the
Treasury. He indicated that the working group process had his full support.6

Remit of the ATM working group

11. At its first meeting the working group agreed to focus and deliver recommendations on
two key issues: financial inclusion and the availability of free cash machines in low-income
areas and the transparency of signage on charging cash machines. The working group
noted that much of the debate on the availability of free cash machines in low-income areas
had been based on anecdotal evidence. An overarching objective of the group was therefore
to improve the evidence base on the growth and location of cash machines at the local
level. The working group agreed the following remit.

x Transparency of cash machine charges: Report on progress made in introducing clear

information regarding the charges levied and suggest areas in need of further
improvement.

x The location of free and charging ATMs: To establish the facts about areas that
currently lack access to free cash machines.

x Changes to the LINK interchange arrangements: How the LINK interchange fee
arrangements can be used to support the provision of free cash machines in financially
excluded and low-income areas.

x Whether it is possible to secure a commitment from the banks to keep cash machines
free and to expand into any under-served areas identified by the research.

Membership of the working group

12. The working group recognised the importance of seeking a range of views.
Membership consisted of

5 Hc Deb, 16 Feb 2006, Col 549WH

6 Speech by Economic Secretary to the Treasury, Ed Balls MP, to the British Bankers Association, 11 October 2006
8

x Consumer organisations: Which?, the National Consumer Council and Citizens

Advice.

x Banks and building societies: Alliance and Leicester, Barclays, The Co-operative Bank,
HBOS, HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Nationwide, and RBS.

x Charging cash machine operators7 including Cardpoint and Hanco.

x The LINK Scheme Director, Edwin Latter, who was also asked to represent the 22 other
card-issuing institutions and 10 other independent ATM operators participating in the
LINK network.

x Post Office Ltd.

13. HM Treasury were present as observers.

14. The working group would also like to thank the independent members of the LINK
consumer standing committee, including its Chairman Ken Andrew, Baroness Gibson of
Market Rasen and Margaret Bloom for their contribution.

7 The Co-operative Bank and Alliance and Leicester also operate a number of charging cash machines.
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2 Financial inclusion
Introduction
15. The working group divided its efforts into three strands.

16. Firstly it sought to undertake a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the

distribution of free cash machines in low-income areas. This analysis found a small but
significant proportion of low-income areas without convenient access to free-of-charge
cash machines.

17. Secondly, on the basis of that evidence and analysis on the scale of the issue, the group
considered potential solutions. It concluded that a combination of action by individual
banks, building societies and other ATM operators, adjustments to the LINK Schemes
rules on interchange fees to include a financial inclusion premium increasing the viability
of machines in low-income areas, support from the public sector, and engagement by local
communities offered the best hope of addressing the issue in an effective manner.

18. Finally, the group considered how this plan could be implemented and progress
monitored.

Evidence and analysis

Total numbers of free cash machines

19. There were 33,250 free cash machines in the United Kingdom at end-June 2006. While
this represents an increase of around four thousand over the past five years, the rate of
growth has slowed considerably. There was almost no change in the total number of free
cash machines in 2005. There was a net increase of around 300 free machines in the first six
months of 2006, with the effect of removals and occasional conversions of free sites to
charging outweighed by the installation of new free machines and also by a small number
of conversions from charging to free.

20. There had been no major sales of free cash machines by banks to charging operators
since those reported in the Treasury Select Committees 2005 report. Where machines had
converted from free to charging, this had often been due to the expiry of individual site-
owners contracts with free cash machine operators, and the site owners preference for an
alternative contract with a charging operator, principally because a higher rent was offered
by the charging operator.

21. Overall, the group could not find any firm evidence that the aggregate number of free
cash machines was likely to decrease.

Total numbers of charging cash machines

22. The number of charging cash machines had continued to grow since the Treasury
Committees report, reaching 25,500 in June 2006. While the growth in the number of
charging machines may tail off as this market also becomes increasingly saturated, further
growth is expected in the near term.
10

23. Growth in the proportion of transactions that are charged has, however, been generally
slower than the growth in the number of charging machines. The average number of
transactions per charging machine has fallen from more than 17 per day in 2002 to around
13 per day in June 2006.8 Around 4% of cash withdrawal transactions were at charging
machines in the first six months of 2006, a modest increase from the 3.6% figure reported
to the Treasury Committee in respect of October 2004. The total number of free cash
withdrawals had increased by around 16 million per month in the first six months of 2006
compared with the same period in 2004 (from 214 million to 230 million), and the total
number of charged transactions had by around 2 million per month from 8 million to 10
million.

24. The growing number and proportion of cash machines that are charging does not of
itself equate to deterioration in access to free-of-charge cash withdrawals. The installation
of a charging cash machine only negatively affects free-of-charge access to cash if it replaces
a free machine where there are no alternative free machines in the vicinity.9 The Treasury
Committee recognised that charging machines are a legitimate business model, and that
their introduction has increased the overall availability of cash and helped sustain small
businesses. The installation of a charging machine where there has previously been no cash
machine at all benefits those consumers who are prepared to pay the charge for the extra
convenience of a withdrawal, without harming other consumers who prefer not to. The
working group therefore focused not on the number of charging machines, but on the
number of free cash machines and, most critically, the distribution and location of these
machines.

Distribution of free cash machines

Changes in the distribution of free cash machines

25. The Treasury Committee expressed concern in its 2005 report that a substantial
reduction in the availability of free machines could exacerbate financial exclusion. It
observed that even if the overall number of free cash machines increased slightly, there
might be greater concentration of those free machines in certain locations so that rises in
overall numbers did not translate into an increase in generally available and genuinely
different sites. The Committee was concerned that free machines would become clustered
in fewer locations, while cardholders in low-footfall locations including poorer areas might
be left without free machines, thereby aggravating relative disadvantage in these
communities. The Committee recommended that research be conducted into the
geographical distribution of free cash machines.

26. The working group sought to determine how the distribution of free cash machines
might be changing over time given current market conditions, and also how the current
distribution of free cash machines compared with indicators of deprivation.10

8 Free-of-charge cash machines attracted an average of 230 cash withdrawal transactions per day in June 2006.

9 Most charging machines had been deployed in locations where there was not previously a cash machine at all,
though there were also some cases of sites losing free machines to be replaced by charging machines.

10 Data on changes in the free cash machine estate is published quarterly on LINKs website (www.link.co.uk), together
with the distances to the next nearest free machine and deprivation index details.
 11

27. Published LINK figures show that in the first quarter of 2006, 51 machines were
converted from free to charging. In the same period, 26 were converted from charging to
free. 325 other free machines were removed, and 467 installed, leading to a net increase of
117 free machines.

28. Looking in more detail at the location of the free machines affected, 25 (49%) of the 51
converted to charging were more than 1 kilometre from the next nearest free machine,
compared with 7 (27%) of those converted from charging to free. Of the 422 free machines
removed 19 (7%) were more than 1 kilometre from the next nearest, as were 32 (8%) of the
521 new installations. Therefore, although the total number of free-of-charge cash
machines did increase in the first quarter of 2006, the number of solo machines more than
1 kilometre distant from the next nearest actually decreased slightly.

29. In the second quarter of 2006, 23 sites converted from charging to free, and 44 from
free to charging. 327 other free machines were removed, and 542 installed, leading to a net
increase of 194 free machines.

30. The working group was reluctant to draw firm conclusions on the basis of the first two
quarters of 2006. It was difficult to distinguish a decisive trend, and changes were relatively
small compared with the total size of the free ATM estate over 33,000 machines. This
analysis showed, however, that tracking overall numbers of free machines did not
necessarily indicate whether access to free-of-charge cash machine withdrawals was
expanding. Continued production and publication of data on changes in the distribution of
the free cash machine estate would enable more accurate analysis over the coming years.

The distribution of free cash machines and financial inclusion

31. The working group sought to establish the extent of any material gaps in access to free-
of-charge cash machines in low-income areas. Comparing LINK data on the distribution
of cash machines with the Index of Multiple Deprivation (published by the Department for
Communities and Local Government) enables an assessment of how many low-income
areas do not have convenient access to free-of-charge cash machine withdrawals.

32. This Index splits the country into approximately 40,000 super output areas with a
population of around 1,400 in each area, and ranks these areas in terms of criteria such as
income, employment, health, disability, education, skills and training, barriers to housing
and services, crime and living environment. Where the population is highly concentrated,
these areas can be small in geographical terms. Where the population is sparse, they can
cover many square miles.

33. The working group focused on areas in the bottom quartile of the Index for England,
Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales respectively. Most low-income areas were relatively
well-served by free cash machines, tending to have more free cash machines than more
prosperous areas. One explanation for this could be the relative proximity of many
relatively deprived areas to town centres. But 1,701 areas within the most deprived quartile
(around 16%) had neither a free cash machine within the area, nor a free cash machine
within 1 kilometre of the centre of the area. About 4% of the UK population live in such
areas.

34. The full list of these areas and a variety of maps showing clusters of areas without
convenient access to free cash machines (nationally and by region), as well as more detailed
12

maps of some regions where such areas are concentrated, are available in the Annex to this
report.

35. Although the Index of Multiple Deprivation enables analysis at a very granular level,
and the list of areas without free-of-charge access to cash is a long one on account of the
inclusion of some very small areas, there are also inevitably some limitations to this
statistical analysis. For example, although the super output areas are often drawn to take
account of natural boundaries such as rivers or motorways, it is not easy to take these into
account when calculating average distances to the next nearest free cash machine outside
the area. The distance to the nearest cash machine was calculated in a straight lineas the
crow flies. The distance to the nearest cash machine when travelling on foot by the most
direct route is likely to be greater. The working group considered that the analysis could be
complemented by those with local knowledge such as Citizens Advice Bureaux,
community groups and local authorities.

36. The data also showed that slightly less than half of these areas without free-of-charge
machines (47%) had charging cash machines. 31% had a Post Office branch within the
area.

Evidence from the CAB Service

37. In March 2006, Citizens Advice conducted a month-long campaign with bureaux in
England, Wales and Scotland to survey the prevalence and impact of charging cash
machines. Bureaux were asked to identify both free and charging cash machines in their
local area in an attempt to map areas that lacked access to free machines. The research
identified over 75 areas which lacked access to free of charge cash machines.11 These
included Chapeltown in Leeds; Muirhouse and Drylaw in Edinburgh; East Malling in Kent;
and Lozells in Birmingham. Members of the working group welcomed this research,
noting that it was based on the detailed local knowledge of individual Citizens Advice
Bureaux.

Free of charge cash withdrawals and the Post Office

38. 526 of the 1,701 areas without a free-of-charge cash machine currently have one or
more Post Office branches. Post Office branches play an important role in free-of-charge
access to cash.

39. A number of banks and building societies including Alliance & Leicester, Bank of
Ireland, Barclays, Clydesdale, The Co-operative Bank, Lloyds TSB, Nationwide Building
Society, as well as cahoot, Smile, First Direct and National Savings and Investments pay
the Post Office to allow their cardholders to make free-of-charge cash withdrawals over
Post Office counters. In addition all banks and building societies offering basic bank
accounts allow some or all of their basic bank account holders free-of-charge cash
withdrawals over Post Office counters. All new basic bank accounts include the service,
though some older basic bank accounts, as well as other accounts offered by banks and
building societies not listed above do not offer the service. In total around 40% of bank and
building society customers with LINK-enabled cards are able to withdraw cash over Post
Office counters, as are around 37% of basic bank account holders (including 100% of basic

11 Citizens Advice, Out of pocket, July 2006

 13

bank accounts opened since April 2003). This means that of the 6.6 million basic bank
accounts currently open, 2.6 million are accessible at the Post Office and 4 million are only
accessible through ATMs and bank branches. In total, there are around 3 million free-of-
charge cash withdrawals over Post Office counters using LINK cards every month.

40. Although working group members recognised that the Government review of the
future of the Post Office network could lead to some branch closures, members of the
group considered that the Post Office would continue to play a significant role in providing
free-of-charge access to cash over the counter in rural and urban-deprived areas where
there was currently no free-of-charge cash machine. The working group considered it
important to draw attention to this option for many - though not all - account holders to
make free-of-charge cash withdrawals over Post Office counters. This was a significant
investment for the banks and building societies paying for the service, as well as for the
Post Office. The more detailed maps, included as an annex to this report, identify which of
those areas that have no free-of-charge cash machine are, however, currently served by a
Post Office branch.

41. The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) has confirmed that it will not renew
its contract with Post Office Limited to provide the Post Office Card Account (POCA)
when it runs out in 2010. While the precise details of replacement services for those
customers currently receiving their benefits through the POCA are yet to be confirmed by
government, the DWP has stated an intention to migrate people who currently use the
POCA to receive their benefit payments to other bank accounts. As the DWP contacts the
4.5 million holders of Post Office Card Accounts about opening a bank account for receipt
of benefits, it is important for the DWP to include information about which bank accounts
provide the option of free-of-charge cash withdrawals over Post Office counters.

Other sources of free-of-charge access to cash

42. While cash machines are the most common method of accessing cash free of charge,
and over-the-counter transactions at Post Office branches or bank and building society
branches offer another alternative for eligible account holders, cashback at retail outlets
such as supermarkets is a further option. There were 287 million cashback transactions in
2005.12

43. There are, however, certain limitations to the role cashback can play in providing free-
of-charge access to cash in lower-income communities. Cashback is only available when a
purchase is made, whereas the cardholder may not wish to make any purchase in the outlet
at which cashback is available. Furthermore, retailers often do not accept use of cards for
transactions under a certain minimum value. Cashback also requires both a debit card
(with only four of the 17 basic bank accounts listed in the Financial Services Authoritys
leaflet on basic banking providing a debit card) and a retailer that accepts the card (with
consumers in some of the areas without access to free-of-charge cash machines tending to
use local shops such as convenience stores which are less likely to offer cashback and may
not accept any form of electronic payment). Furthermore, not all retailers accept the

12 In 2005, 8.2 million people used cashback, 2.4 million cashed a cheque to withdraw cash from a bank or building
society counter, 2.3 million made cash withdrawals using a passbook and 2 million workers were paid in cash. This
compares with 33.8 million people using cash machines. 172 billion was withdrawn from cash machines compared
with 7.2 billion through cashback and 20 billion using cards over the counter. For more information see UK Cash
and Cash machine highlights, APACS 2006.
14

Electron and Solo cards that are offered with basic bank accounts even if they accept
Maestro (formerly Switch) transactions.
 15

IMPROVING ACCESS TO FREE-OF-CHARGE CASH MACHINES

44. The Treasury Committee, the Government and members of the working group
attached importance to promoting financial inclusion. A cash machine can make an
important contribution to economic activity in an area. Much of the cash withdrawn is
likely to be spent in the vicinity. This is true of both charging and free cash machines,
although free machines attract a significantly greater number of transactions than charging
machines.

45. On the other hand it is neither economic nor feasible to have a free cash machine at
every street corner or in every village. In some areas there will be a lack of suitable sites
which allow sufficient public access and have acceptable levels of security for the machine
and its users. In other places, for example a long stretch of relatively remote coastline,
scattered population and consequent lack of demand may mean that is not economic to
run any type of cash machine at any location within the area.

46. The working groups analysis identified a total of 309 clusters of low-income areas
where there was no free cash machine within a kilometre (these 309 clusters contained a
total of nearly 1,300 super output areas). Outside of these clusters, there were a further 427
individual and smaller low-income areaswith an average population of 1440which also
had no free cash machine within a kilometre, although immediately adjacent areas did
have access to free machines.

47. The working group estimated that around 400 cash machines would be enough to serve
all the major population clusters if suitable sites could be found. But some of these clusters,
or some parts of these clusters, were likely to prove unsuitable for cash machines because of
a lack of suitable premises or scattered population. This was perhaps even more likely to be
true of the 427 other smaller areas where there was currently no free cash machine
provision. The working group estimated that perhaps around half of these 427 isolated
areas might contain practicable sites for the installation of ATMs so that a further 200
machines could potentially be deployed to meet the need for free-of-charge access to cash
in these areas.

48. Although the working group was not in a position to make precise estimates until more
of these areas had been visited, it therefore calculated that a total of around 600 cash
machines would effectively cover all eligible areas where it might be feasible to have a
machine. Given the desire of a number of cash machine operators to deploy free cash
machines in these areas, the key determinant of whether anything approaching 600 could
be deployed would be the availability of suitable sites. The working group sought to
identify how the prospects of bringing free machines into as many as possible of these areas
could be maximised.

Private sector contribution

Action by individual cash-machine operators

49. During the working Group sessions, a number of banks and also an independent ATM
deployer made clear that they would seek to increase their deployment of free cash
machines in low-income areas.
16

x Royal Bank of Scotland announced in July its intention to invest in an initial 300 free-
of-charge cash machines in the target communities. RBS had issued an invitation to
MPs, local authorities, credit unions and the communities they represented to identify
potential sites. As part of this programme, 159 firm sites had been identified by end-
November 2006 and installation was well underway across a number of them.

x HBOS announced in July plans to install 100 new free cash machines in lower income
and rural areas of Scotland and Northern England, the HBOS Group's two heartlands.
HBOS had identified 201 low-income areas in Scotland that were serviced solely by
charging ATMs and a further 199 in the North of England. Subject to planning
permissions and site availability, HBOS planned to install machines in areas such as
Bardowie, Rutherglen and Carmunock in Scotland, Newburn in Newcastle upon Tyne,
Birkby in Huddersfield and Appleton in Widnes. HBOS had identified 46 firm sites by
end-November and was set to install the first machines before Christmas.

x HSBC announced earlier in 2006 a decision to roll out 500 new free cash machines, and
aimed to place around 100 of these in lower-income areas. HSBC had been working
with Citizens Advice in support of their initiative to reduce the number of 'free cash
machine deserts', and had agreed to deploy free ATMs in at least 10% of the low-
income areas identified by Citizens Advice. The initial locations selected by HSBC were
Warkworth in Northumberland, Chapeltown in Leeds, Redbourn in Hertfordshire,
Seven Sisters in Gwent, St Austell in Cornwall, Bowburn in Durham, Tottenham in
London and Muirhouse in Edinburgh. Using their local knowledge, the regional
Citizens Advice teams had been seeking suitable sites for the ATMs. Agreement had
already been reached for deployments in Warkworth, Seven Sisters and St Austell.
Other sites were currently under negotiation. The first machine was due to open in
early December and would be located in Warkworth.

x Barclays had plans to install 95 new free cash machines in branches that did not
currently have them by the end of March 2007, of which around 10% would be in lower
income areas and around 20% in branches that were the last remaining branch in the
community.

x Under an agreement with the Bank of Ireland, the Post Office announced plans to
install an extra 500 free-of-charge cash machines in its branches, on top of the 1,000 it
had already committed to roll out within the next five years. Though not focused solely
on low-income areas, the Bank of Ireland and Post Office were looking for sites where
it was economically feasible to replace charging cash machines with new free-to-use
services. The Post Office anticipated that installations would soon hit an average of ten
per week, and Bank of Ireland had identified around 200 sites within the target lower-
income areas.

x Independent ATM operator Bank Machine undertook to install 100 free machines in
target areas, and had identified 22 firm sites by end-November 2006.

x The Co-operative Bank had so far identified 20 sites in target lower-income areas
where it would work towards replacing a charging cash machine with a free machine, a
move enabled by changes in LINKs interchange arrangements.
 17

50. In addition to supporting their customers use of these additional free cash machines
through the payment of interchange, Barclays, Lloyds TSB and a number of the other
largest card issuers continued to offer all their cardholders the ability to make cash
withdrawals over Post Office counters in a commercial arrangement with the Post Office,
thereby providing their customers with free-to-the-customer cash withdrawals in a large
number of the target areas.

51. Though too early to make firm commitments, a number of other LINK Members also
made clear their willingness to consider how they could contribute. This included charging
machine operators who were prepared to look at their cash machines on a case-by-case
basis to establish if it would be economic to convert any critical machines from charging to
free given potential changes to the interchange payment arrangements.13 However, any
conversion of machines from charging to free would also depend on the attitude of the
individual site-owner.

52. The working group noted that if LINK members succeeded in deploying close to the
number of additional free machines which they planned, then there would be enough new
free machines to reach the total of 600 that the working group estimated might be required.
However, the working group again stressed that the key to installing cash machines in the
target areas would be the existence of suitable sites. In some cases these would not exist.
While the working group expected a significant expansion in the number of free cash
machines in low-income areas on the basis of the work underway, it would not therefore be
realistic to expect every cardholder to have a free machine at their doorstep.

Paying a premium to cash machine operators in lower-income areas

without other free-of-charge machines
53. Operators of free cash machines currently receive a fee payment from the cardholders
bank or building society each time that their machines are used by the cardholder. For
example, if a Barclays customer uses a Lloyds TSB cash machine to make a free cash
withdrawal, Barclays pays Lloyds a fee. The amount paid by the card issuing bank or
building society is determined through the LINK interchange rules. These rules set
multilateral interchange fees at different levels depending on whether the cash machine is
in a bank branch, in a non-branch site owned by the cash machine operator or a related
company, or in other non-branch sites unconnected with the cash machine operator. In
accordance with competition law, these multilateral interchange fees are set so that revenue
per transaction is equal to the average cost of transactions at the three categories of site.

54. The multilateral interchange arrangement offers a number of benefits to consumers. In

particular it enables all cardholders to use all machines without the need for every cash
machine operator to agree rates with every card issuer. The multilateral interchange
arrangement is therefore fundamental to allowing universal access to the cash machine
network. One downside, however, is that with fees set to cover average costs, a cash
machine which is installed and run at average cost, but attracts a lower than average
number of transactions is likely to be loss-making. In some low-income areas, the likely
maximum volume of transactions is lower than average, making it consequently more
difficult to maintain free machines in these areas. In its 2005 report, the Treasury

13 Independent ATM deployers currently operate over 2,000 free cash machines in addition to charging machines.
18

Committee expressed concern that this mechanism by which the interchange fee is
calculated may give banks an incentive to pursue efficiency savings by reducing the
availability of free cash machines in low-footfall areas. This could be a factor leading
toward the concentration of free cash machines in fewer but busier locations.

55. The working group looked at proposals to add a premium to the interchange paid at
free machines that are in low-income areas, are more than one kilometre distant from the
next nearest free cash machine, and attract a number of transactions that is below the
average level expected to make them profitable. This financial inclusion premium would
be paid by all card issuing members of LINK. It would recognise the additional social value
of machines in these locations compared with sites where there are multiple alternative free
machines, and potentially bring expected revenue for a lower-volume machine in one of
these locations up to the average revenue for a free machine.

56. The combination of action by individual members, together with adjustments to the
interchange regime to introduce a financial inclusion premium, could meet the objectives
set by the working group of steps that would take effect immediately, and provide a
solution that would be lasting and sustainable.

57. The arrangements for the financial inclusion premium would also be flexible enough
to be dynamic over time as the distribution of free cash machines changed, or, in the
longer-term, as the distribution of low-income areas changed. The new arrangements
would help to achieve an important public policy objective by harnessing and working with
the market forces that already shaped decisions on deployment of free cash machines
through the interchange mechanism. The same set of criteria could cover not only new free
machines, but could also be applied to free cash machines that were the last ATM in
town, more than one kilometre from the next nearest free cash machine, in low-income
areas, and running at below average transaction volumes.14 For example, Barclays had
deployed a cash machine at its branch in Treherbert, Rhondda Valley, in response to
requests from the local community and MP when the only other bank present had closed
its branch and cash machine, the Barclays machine therefore becoming the last ATM in
town. The proposed financial inclusion premium in the interchange arrangements would
make similar decisions in the future more commercially viable.

Public sector contribution

58. There are a number of ways in which the public sector can assist banks, building
societies and independent cash machine operators to deploy free cash machines where this
is considered desirable for public policy reasons.

Planning Permission
59. Seeking and obtaining planning permissions is often the most significant obstacle to
deployment of a free cash machine. If the effort by working Group members to deploy new
free machines in low-income areas is to achieve rapid results, active assistance from local

14 A number of Independent ATM Operators made an alternative proposal that card-issuing banks and building
societies pay their charges at existing charging cash machines. LINK Scheme members preferred the interchange
premium because it would have a wider coverage (embracing not just those areas where there were only charging
cash machines, but also areas where there was no ATM at all, and last free ATM in town sites), would be more
dynamic over time and would carry a significantly lower cost per target area.
 19

authorities with regard to meeting planning permission requirements and obtaining

planning consents will be another key factor. In other areas, security will be a critical factor
in whether or not it is possible to deploy a cash machine. Advice, guidance and
constructive assistance from local authorities and police forces will be important. The
working group noted a number of cases brought to its attention where the deployment of
free machines was being held back or prevented by delays in obtaining planning consents.

x In Tottenham, planning for a free cash machine near to Tottenham football club had
been submitted and declined because of concerns around security and health and
safety, despite there being a charging machine directly opposite the proposed site.

x In Handsworth, a low-income area that currently lacked access to a free ATM,

planning permission for a new free cash machine had been refused on the grounds that
installation was likely to encourage criminal activity and was contrary to the Unitary
Development Plan for Birmingham and Government Guidance on planning out
crime.15 At the same time, there were over ten charging cash machines within 1
kilometre of the proposed site.

60. Working group members produced dozens of other examples where planning
permission to install a free machine had been refused on the grounds of crime prevention,
traffic congestion (e.g. parking concerns or even pavement crowding), objections from
neighbours, the residential nature of the area and in a number of cases "undue noise".

61. The Government has indicated that guidance issued to local authorities regarding the
location of cash machines and crime prevention places strong emphasis on the role of
planning in helping to reduce crime.16 Planning authorities are asked to have robust
policies which address crime prevention issues in their development plans. Crime
prevention can legitimately be a material consideration in relation to planning
applications.17

62. Working group members considered that it would be useful for planning guidance to
be amended to reflect the importance of installing free cash machines in low-income
communities that currently lack access to free-of-charge cash withdrawals. Local
authorities could also consider the provision of suitable and secure sites for free cash
machines as part of their development and regeneration planning. In some cases it might
be appropriate to make provision of a suitable site for a free cash machine a condition of
providing planning consent. Noting the importance of security for cash machines, working
group members believed it was necessary for police forces to work constructively to deal
with security issues. LINK members attached obvious importance to the security of
individual cash machine userstheir cardholdersand to the security of their cash
machines themselves. Consumer groups, including the National Consumer Council and
Citizens Advice, offered to support planning applications for free machines in the target
areas. Any effort to reduce crime by preventing the installation of free cash machines
needed to be carefully weighed against the positive economic and social benefits that could
flow from the provision of a new cash machine. A free cash machine could help to sustain
local business, economic activity and therefore local communities. Vibrant communities

15 West Midland Police, Press release, Designing out cash machine crime in Handsworth, 1 February 2006

16 'Planning Policy Statement 1: Delivering Sustainable Development' (PPS1), 2005.

17 HC Deb, Mon 23 Oct 2006, col 1658W

20

helped to combat crime. Leaving large areas without any access to cash machines as part of
planning out crime could have material negative consequences for local communities.

63. Policy on planning permissions for cash machines needed to take a rounded view of the
overall public benefits of a new machine. There needed to be a joined-up approach by
DCLG, local authorities and police forces.

Business Rates
64. Installing and maintaining additional free machines in low-income areas will result in
additional cost for cash machine operators and card issuing banks and building societies.
In many low-income areas currently without free-of-charge cash machines, machines may
be uneconomic even with the proposed financial inclusion premium interchange rates
paid for free transactions. One of the most significant costs for such machines is often
taxation in the form of business rates. Where there is a desire to install a cash machine to
support public policy objectives to promote financial inclusion, and the installation cannot
be commercially justified by the machine operator, waiving of business rates may be the
critical factor in determining whether or not a machine is deployed. Rate relief in such
instances will make it possible to deploy more free-of-charge machines. This will benefit
local communities without loss of tax revenue given the current absence of free machines
in these areas. Rate relief could therefore significantly increase the prospects of achieving
the desired public policy objectives.

65. There is precedent for using rate relief to encourage ATMs in particular areas.

x In Scotland, since 1st April 2003, the sites of ATMs in settlements of less than 3,000 in
areas designated as rural by Scottish Ministers have been exempt from rating.18 This
exemption is only available to ATMs that are not located in bank and building society
branches.

x In Northern Ireland, there is an intention to introduce rate relief for ATMs in rural
areas. This will only apply to ATMs that are not in a bank or building society branch
and have a separate entry on the valuation list. The Policy is intended to encourage the
spread of ATMs throughout rural areas of Northern Ireland.19

66. The working group encouraged authorities in England and Walesincluding the
Department for Communities and Local Government, HM Treasury and Valuation
Officeto consider the introduction of policies providing rate relief. Together with
authorities in Northern Ireland and Scotland they should consider whether new cash
machine deployments in target urban areas currently without access to free cash machines
could be extended the same rate relief as rural areas.

Public-sector landlords
67. In some low-income areas there may be public sector landlords who can offer sites at
which a cash machine can be deployed. The working group noted a number of examples of
innovative partnerships between public sector landlords and cash machine operators.

18 Section 30 of the Local Government in Scotland Act

19 Northern Ireland, Department of Finance and Personnel, Rate reliefs for business in Northern Ireland, Consultation
Document, March 2005, para 105, page 46
 21

x RBS had installed a machine in the London Borough of Harrow's council offices,
alongside the social housing payments office.

x RBS had also reached agreement to install a new free machine in a council-owned
building in Denaby Main Forum in Doncaster, an area in the lowest 5% of the
deprivation index and over 1 kilometre from the next nearest free-of-charge machine.
The site, run by a trust, already housed retail outlets, a community shop, a training
centre, an advice and information centre, a credit union collection point, and a satellite
job centre. The new free-of-charge machine would support the local community, and
generate extra takings for the other retail outlets in the precinct.

68. The working group considered that a co-ordinated effort by government to identify
and support provision of other such public sector sites could materially improve the
chances of bringing free cash machines to many low-income areas. HM Treasury could
encourage public sector landlords to consider whether they could assist their local
community by housing a free cash machine.

69. The Group noted that in the Beacon Scheme, administered by the Department for
Communities and Local Government, local authorities were encouraged to apply for an
award for best practice on promoting financial inclusion. The Scottish Executive also set
local authority objectives to reduce the vulnerability of low-income families to financial
exclusion and debt. The working group thought that local authorities working to meet
these objectives in relation to financial inclusion should be encouraged to consider how a
free cash machine could assist that, and how they might attract a free cash machine to their
area, for example by locating machines on council property which was accessible to the
public.

Action by local communities and individual landlords

70. The success of efforts to bring new free-of-charge cash machines to low-income
communities will depend critically on the availability of sites. A number of banks and other
LINK members that have already begun efforts to roll out new free cash machines have
found identifying suitable sites to be perhaps the greatest challenge to this objective. In the
search for such sites, local knowledge is likely to prove invaluable. The working Group
wanted to encourage local community leaders, councils, MPs, credit unions, Citizens
Advice Bureaux, community groups and others to help to identify where there is demand
and need for a free ATM, and where there are sites that might be suitable.

x Case studies suggested that this approach could be successful, with two machines
having been installed in Scotland by RBS working closely with the local MP (John
Robertson) to identify suitable sites in his constituency. One machine had been
installed in the local Woolworth's store, while a second machine had been installed in
the Yoker Credit Union.

x Nationwides work with the Abbeyview Regeneration Forum in Dunfermline provided

another encouraging example. The only free cash machine in Abbeyview had recently
been sold and converted to charging. Nationwide and members of the Regeneration
Forum had jointly assessed the area for suitable sites, and the Regeneration Forum had
approached a local site owner to gain his support for the initiative. Nationwide had
subsequently installed a cash machine at the site owners convenience store.
22

x HBOS had worked with a Community Housing Association providing both traditional
housing and sheltered accommodation in two target areas. At present the nearest access
to free cash for residents of these areas was two kilometres away. New free cash
machines in these areas stood to benefit tenants, the Association itself and the wider
local community. HBOS hoped to deploy free-of-charge ATMs to both areas over the
next six months, once site survey work was completed and planning consent obtained.
Through the support of MPs, HBOS was also planning to install free machines in
Broughton/Salford (Hazel Blears MP) and Ardler, Dundee (Jim McGovern MP).

x As already noted, HSBC had achieved success by working with individual Citizens
Advice Bureaux, using their knowledge of local areas to help identify suitable sites for
free cash machines.

71. Individual landlords and site operators also have a critical role to play in making sites
available for cash machines. Landlords will often have a choice over whether a machine is
free or charging. This will usually be a commercial decision, but one factor some landlords
might underestimate in their decision-making is the extra revenue that a free machine may
attract through an increased number of visitors and increased spending.

72. Research by LINK showed that convenience store retailers have seen customers
increase their average spend by 65% after they have used an in-store cash machine. Cash
machines also have a positive impact on footfall numbers. The LINK survey found that
cash machines attracted more customer visits than, for example, the sale of magazines or
sandwiches. Free machines attract more visitors than charging equivalents, and this is
likely to translate into higher takings over the till. Thus even if a cash machine operator is
prepared to offer a higher rent to install a machine on a charging rather than free basis,
both landlord and cash machine operator could in some cases find a free machine to be
more profitable. When the Bank of Ireland had recently installed a free cash machine in the
Post Office branch in Speke, use of the cash machine had increased seven-fold. The Post
Office had also collected other evidence of increased visits to Post Office branches after free
machines had been installed.
 23

PRACTICAL STEPS AND MONITORING PROGRESS

73. On the basis of the criteria agreed in the working group, LINK circulated the full list of
target low-income areas to LINK Members early in the working group process. A number
of LINK Members have begun to look for sites in those areas, with firm sites already
identified for around 250 new free machines.

74. However, the working group believed further progress was achievable in the coming
months. The key factor was harnessing the local knowledge of people based in relevant
communities. The full list of target areas, alongside regional and local maps, are shown in
sections 5 and 6 of this report. The working group invites landlords in both the private and
the public sector, local community leaders, local government, regeneration offices, MPs
and others to assist in the effort to identify sites. While recognising that the decision on
whether or not to provide space for a free cash machine will be a decision for individual
landlords, the working group hopes, in particular, that the government will encourage
public sector landlords in target areas to offer sites where this may be feasible.

75. The full list of target areas is displayed on the LINK website, at
http://www.link.co.uk/atm/access_to_cash.

76. The ATM locator on the LINK website (http://www.link.co.uk/atm_locator/index.php)

also allows people to find the nearest ATM to them and whether it is free or charging.

77. Through the web-site, landlords and others in the target areas are able to contact LINK
if they consider that they can help provide or identify a site for deployment of a free cash
machine. LINK will pass on these suggestions to banks, building societies and independent
ATM operators willing to deploy free cash machines in these areas.

78. LINK will provide regular updates of the list of target areas, and to facilitate ongoing
monitoring, will keep and publish records of:

x how many of these can be removed from the target list on account of installation of
new free machines (significantly more than 200 of the initial 1,701 areas already stand
to be removed from the list on the basis of sites identified);

x any new areas that should be added to the target list on account of removal of free
machines.

79. LINK will also continue to publish quarterly data on changes in the number of free cash
machines, including specific detail on conversions of free machines to charging and vice
versa. At the same time, it will publish data showing the relative deprivation of areas in
which new free cash machines have been installed or existing ones removed. A core aim
will be to establish a clearly positive trend towards additional provision of free cash
machines in low-income areas. Making the figures publicly available will allow progress to
be tracked, including for example, through reports to and by LINKs Consumer Standing
Committee or the newly established Payments Industry Association. It will also enable the
Government to monitor the situation, as recommended in the Treasury Committees
report.

80. Published details of progress made will enable public recognition of successes achieved
by individual banks, independent operators and the industry as a whole. It will also enable
24

evidence on the reasons for the inability to install a free-of-charge cash machinefor
example security issues, landlords preference for charging machines, or absence of
planning permissionto be collected and assessed.

81. The working group recognised, however, that it would not be possible to bring a free-
of-charge cash machine to every area in the list, and that it was not yet possible to
determine with confidence the precise total of new machines that could be deployed. Many
areas would be unsuitable because of lack of sites with adequate public access, or because of
security concerns. In some rural locations, the local population would be too scattered for a
machine to be viable. But as LINK Members made progress in visiting and assessing each
of the target areas over coming months, and as responses from communities in these target
areas were received, more evidence would become available both on the degree of success
of the actions suggested above, and on how many of the areas were genuinely unsuitable
for free cash machines.
 25

3 Transparency of charges
Introduction
82. In its 2005 report on cash machine charges, the Treasury Committee recommended
that LINK and the consumer groups explore the feasibility and examine the costs and
benefits of standardised labelling for charging and free cash machines. The Committee also
called on LINK more generally to improve consumer representation within its
organisation, suggesting that consumer groups could be invited to attend relevant meetings
of LINK or to sit on working groups, so that their viewsfor example on the issue of
transparency of signage on machines at which a charge is madecould be taken into
account.

83. Given the differences in views submitted to the Treasury Committee regarding the
degree of consumer awareness of charges, the Committee recommended independent
research into awareness of charges, and suggested that this be undertaken by LINK in
conjunction with the consumer groups and published in full.

84. These calls were reiterated in February 2006, during a debate in Westminster Hall in
which John McFall MP called for improvements to transparency so that consumers could
see at a glance whether a cash machine was charging and the amount of any charge
levied, and Former Economic Secretary to the Treasury Ivan Lewis called for the gathering
of credible evidence so that arguments and decisions could be based on properly
considered analysis.20

85. In early 2006, LINK and its members established a Consumer Committee involving a
combination of LINK Members, and independent representatives including delegates from
the Citizens Advice Bureau and National Consumer Council. LINK also commissioned
independent research into the effectiveness of the signage rule enhancements that had been
agreed by LINK in late 2004 and came into force in July 2005, shortly after publication of
the Treasury Committees report. LINK published the results from that survey in May
2006.

86. LINK Members and the Consumer Committee were able to review the findings of this
research alongside other surveys conducted by consumer groups and individual LINK
Members, and to take this into account in the preparation of evidence-based proposals for
the enhancement of rules on cash machine signage. The ATM working group asked the
Consumer Committee to bring proposals to the working group for discussion and,
hopefully, agreement on an appropriate and enduring solution to the transparency issue.

Evidence
87. The rules on transparency of charging agreed by LINK Members in December 2004
require all charging cash machines to carry a message on all screens before a card is
inserted stating that This machine will charge [xx.xx] for LINK cash withdrawals.

20 See HC Deb, col 526WH & 548WH

26

88. All charging cash machines must also carry external signage saying that 'This machine
will charge for LINK cash withdrawals'. The sign must be within the normal eye-line close
to the cash machine, must be in font of at least size 14 and of consistent size with that used
for similar information (e.g. that promoting balance enquiries for which there is no
charge).

89. Where there is signage away from a charging cash machine that directs cardholders
towards the machine and/or any signage of A3 size or greater, this signage must also
include the words 'This machine will charge for LINK cash withdrawals'. The font size
used, and the colour and background must be such that the message is clearly visible to
anyone reading the sign.

90. The LINK ATM Scheme commissioned two independent surveys into compliance with
these rules. Although a survey21 conducted during October and November 2005 found
around 9% of machines did not have external notices and 1.6% still did not have
information about the charges levied on the idle screen,22 a second survey in February and
March 2006 found that almost all operators of charging cash machines had addressed these
non-compliance issues.23 In both surveys, companies operating machines confirmed not to
be compliant with LINK rules were fined; with an ultimate sanction of disconnection from
the LINK network unless breaches were rectified. LINK considers that there is now a very
high level of compliance with its rules, although there will be occasional instances of
missing signs, for example because of vandalism or removal of signs. The working group
welcomed the additional monitoring and enforcement action taken by LINK, and believed
that it was important for this work to continue.

91. LINK commissioned a further independent survey in April 2006 to collect evidence on
the effectiveness of signage at charging cash machines which were known to be compliant
with the rules.24 This survey found that although most users of charging cash machines
were repeat visitors and were fully aware of the charges, there were some users that failed to
notice the three or more separate notifications required under the LINK rules and did not
realise they had been charged. Overall, 19% of users of cardholders who had just used a
charging machine said that they were not aware the machine charged, despite the notice on
the exterior of the machine, the on-screen notice at the beginning of the transaction and
even the question at the end of the transaction where they were asked to confirm
acceptance of the charge.

92. This result could reflect both the insufficient prominence of charging information and
the tendency of some users to pay no heed even to appropriately clear notices. In quick-
stop locations such as petrol stations, the proportion of charging machine users not
noticing the charging notifications was, for example, significantly higher than in
convenience stores where time pressure may be somewhat less. For some cardholders,
convenience and speed will sometimes be more important than price, and all members of
the working group accepted that it would be difficult to achieve 100% recognition of
charging notices unless these were made unreasonably intrusive.

21 LINK, news release, 13 December 2005

22 100% of machines met requirements to ask the cardholder to confirm acceptance of the specific charge or cancel
the withdrawal before completion of the transaction.

23 LINK, news release, 10 April 2006

24 LINK, news release, 03 May 2006

 27

93. A survey conducted by Citizens Advice found that 46 per cent of people said that they
did not receive sufficient information in advance that they would be charged for a cash
withdrawal. 73 per cent of people said that additional signage would enable them to make a
more informed decision.25

94. LINK informed the working group that it had received around 70 direct complaints
about lack of signs on specific charging cash machines since 1 July 2005. These had come
from complainants who had been concerned about the charge, who had often taken time
to study the cash machine before raising with LINK and who had made the effort to
contact LINK despite cash machines carrying no invitation to complain directly to LINK.26
In almost all of the more recent cases, machines had subsequently been found to be
technically compliant with LINK rules, but the notices had been missed by the cardholder.
While there had been no such complaints in respect of most of LINKs charging ATM
operatorsindicating variation between LINK Members in the quality of charging notices
they had appliedthis suggested that the minimum standards in LINKs rules did not go
far enough to pass an at a glance test. This variation in the proportion of customers
identifying charging notices was also reflected in LINKs April 2006 survey, and provided
some useful indicators as to which of the styles and designs of notices introduced by
charging operators had been most effective.

95. The LINK survey also found that cash machine users were more likely to notice on-
screen notices than external notices, with four times as many users noticing the screen
notice compared with the external notice. Many LINK members considered this
unsurprising given the array of signs that can be present in a retail environment and the
tendency of cash machine users to ignore these while looking for instructions on the
screen. It could also be argued, however, that the small size and insufficient prominence of
external notices was one factor why they were not identified.

96. One further important finding from the survey was that almost all charging and free
cash machine users (over 95%) knew that cash machines at bank and building society
branches were free.

97. The Consumer Committee agreed that the Treasury Committee recommendations,
including those suggesting larger minimum font sizes and more standardised labelling
needed to be considered and addressed in the light of this survey evidence.

Proposals for improved transparency

98. The consumer groups and other independent representatives on LINKs Consumer
Committee, as well as all the Members of the LINK Scheme, agreed that the objective of
LINKs signage rules should be to ensure charging machines could be identified at a
glance.

99. As the Treasury Committee acknowledged in its report, LINK rules needed to strike an
appropriate balance between cost and benefit. The costs of changes to notices about

25 Citizens Advice, Out of Pocket, July 2006

26 All cash machines must carry details and contact information for the LINK member responsible for maintaining
charging notices and other aspects of the cash machines operation. LINK does not have responsibility for individual
machines and LINK contact details are not present on cash machines. These 70 complaints are therefore assumed to
represent only a very small proportion of those cardholders who had failed to identify advance notices of charges.
28

charges would be passed on to the users of charging machines in the form of higher
charges. Changes that were costly but low impact would not benefit consumers. In the case
of free machines, changes that were costly but low impact would increase the cost of
running free machines and decrease the willingness to deploy them.

On-screen signage
100. The independent survey evidence indicated that screen notices were more effective
than external signage. At least where messages can be downloaded remotely to cash
machines, they could be deployed at relatively low cost and in a relatively short time scale.
In the longer term, screen notices could be more reliably deployed across all cash machines
and would be less vulnerable to vandalism and removal than external signs. The Consumer
Committee therefore proposed that improved minimum standards for on-screen
information needed to be at the core of the LINK signage rules for these rules to be
effective in alerting as many customers as possible to the presence of charges.

101. Following work by LINK Members and the LINK Scheme Executive, the Consumer
Committee suggested a number of measures to enhance the visibility of existing screen
notices.

x Screen notices should be of minimum size. Font size 18 for small screens (width less
than 170mm), font size 26 for medium screens (width between 170mm and 200mm)
and font size 32 for large screens (width greater than 200mm) should be the default
standard. There would, however, be a significant minority of ATMs with screen
functionality so limited that a particular font size could not be applied. For these
machines, alternatives which went as far as practicable and reasonable to achieve the at
a glance objective would need to be agreed between the relevant ATM operator and
the LINK Scheme Executive.

x Screen notices should normally be centre-justified horizontally and vertically. It should,

however, be possible to put the message at the top of the screen where there was a
desire or need to have another message underneath it, for example a message relating
to security or how to insert the card.

x The rules should include a requirement for contrasting text colour in accordance with
Disability Discrimination Act guidelines. Text should, for example, be black / dark blue
on a pale background, or yellow / white on a dark coloured background.

x Text should, wherever possible, be sentence case to optimise readability.

x The proportion of the screen above and below the charge message allowed for other
information should not exceed 15% above and / or 15% below for small screens, 20%
above and / or below for medium-sized screens, and 25% above and / or below for large
screens except where screen functionality or size was limited and it could be shown that
messages were closer to the at a glance test if at the top of the screen with other
messages beneath them.

x Any additional messages should not dominate or unreasonably distract from the
charging message, e.g. should not be of larger font size or take up more of the screen
than the charging notice so that the notice could no longer be considered to be visible
at a glance.
 29

x Any ATM operator that had a case for some variation from the letter of the rules would
need to agree the relevant design with the LINK Scheme Executive, which would have
the option of consulting the Consumer Committee for approval if it considered there
was reasonable doubt regarding whether the design would achieve the objective of
being visible at a glance.

102. The working group agreed with the Consumer Committee that the wording of the
screen warning should move to a standard phrase of This machine will charge you
[xx.xx] for cash withdrawals. The word LINK (present in the current wording) would
be dropped on account of evidence from the survey, Citizens Advice and charging
operators that it confused cardholders. The word you would be added for additional
clarity. In cases where there the machine attracted a high proportion of credit cardholders
then a variation on this wording would be allowed to provide extra information to these
cardholders.

103. Examples of how the information might appear on-screen at a charging machine are
shown in Appendix 1.

104. The working group agreed that the change should be implemented within a timescale
that avoided unnecessary delay while also avoiding unnecessary cost. For some charging
machines the required changes could be made by remotely downloading the upgraded
messages. For other machines, the changes would require an engineer to visit the site. The
working group agreed that:

x Where changes to on-screen information can be implemented by remote download,

they should be implemented by the end of June 2007.

x Where changes to on-screen information require an engineer visit, they should be

implemented by the end of December 2007.

105. A number of charging machines would be unable fully to comply with the revised
requirements for screen notices due to the limited functionality of the screen. For example,
some makes of machine restricted the amount of the screen that could be dedicated to
information regarding the charges levied. It was agreed that in these cases operators would
be required to comply as closely as practicable with the new rules and agree suitable
alternatives with LINK.

External signage
106. Most members of the working group, including all consumer groups and most of the
banks and charging operators, considered it important to improve external signage as well
as the on-screen messages. LINKs Consumer Committee had taken the same view,
particularly given that a number of charging machines would not be able fully to meet the
new requirements for the size of the on-screen message.

107. LINKs Consumer Committee studied examples of the external signage currently
deployed at charging cash machines. The Committee noted that many charging cash
machines already had casing or directional signs that exceeded the minimum standards in
the LINK rules, and commended the operators of these machines for their work to ensure
the transparency of charges. Although LINKs survey evidence showed that cardholders
were more likely to see information on the screen than notices on the casing, the survey
30

also showed a significantly higher awareness of charging where the casing signage exceeded
the minimum LINK standards, and where the charging notice was displayed separately
from other information. The charging ATM operators who had deployed such signs had
established some lessons in best practice that the Consumer Committee considered an
appropriate basis for review and amendment of LINKs rules.

108. The working group also recognised that changes to external signage did not come
without cost, and that if there were significant costs, these would ultimately be borne by the
users of charging machines in the form of higher charges. There was a balance to be struck
between the benefits of clearer signage for cardholders who had been found to be unaware
of charges or unsure how to identify a charging machine, and the costs of requiring change
which would also, ultimately, be borne by consumers. Costs could be significantly reduced
if cash machine operators could change signs as part of routine maintenance visits rather
than requiring additional visits to each of their ATMs. Although costs could not be
eliminated entirely, external signage of any type would need to be refreshed over time due
to wear and tear. All charging operators already had to carry the costs of deploying and
maintaining external signs. The benefits of this signage could, however, be increased by
absorbing into LINKs rules the best practice established by some charging operators. The
timetable for meeting the new rules should, however, be set so as to avoid unnecessary cost.

Proposed new requirements for external signage

Changes to font size

109. The minimum font size should be increased to size 24 from size 14. Although cash
machine operators would be allowed to exceed this minimum, there was a trade-off
between the size of the notification and the ability to place it close to the screen where it
was most likely to be seen. Size 24 would allow the notice to fit onto a credit-card sized
label, allowing the notice to be placed near the screen or card slot on almost all models of
cash machine. Providing the label was in an appropriately prominent colour, this size was
adequate to allow it to be seen at a glance, although working group members encouraged
operators to exceed this minimum standard where this was possible and could be
accomplished at little extra cost. The notices should also have a clear border to ensure they
stood out from the machine and any other notices.

Changes to wording
110. The working group agreed with the Consumer Committee that all external signage
should move to the same standard wording of This machine will charge you for cash
withdrawals. As for the on-screen information, the word LINK, which was required in
the current rules, would be dropped because of the confusion it caused to some
cardholders, and the word you would be added for clarity. The working group also agreed
that the charging notice should not include any other information. Other notices, for
example telephone numbers on which to report faults, or information about how to insert
the card, were important but could be separately displayed.

Colour
111. The Consumer Committee noted that consumers were more likely to be able to
recognise charging information at a glance if the notice was of standard colour, but also
 31

recognised that the notices had to stand out against a variety of backgrounds depending on
the make and livery of the machine. Black writing on a standard white or yellow
background with a black border was particularly visible and satisfied Disability
Discrimination Act guidelines with regard to clarity.

112. The working group agreed that all charging machines should carry a standard notice
with either black or dark blue text on a white or yellow background. If there was any risk
that one of these would not stand out against the background colour of the machine, the
other should be chosen. Examples of the external signs that will be deployed are shown in
Appendix 2.

Timescale for change

113. The working group agreed with the Consumer Committee that one year should be
allowed for charging operators to deploy the new standard signage at all machines that did
not currently meet the new minimum font-size standard. This would allow new notices to
be added as part of routine maintenance visits and so keep costs of change down.

114. The working group also considered those charging machines that already had notices
meeting or exceeding the new minimum font size. It would still be beneficial to consumers
if these machines moved to the new standard in terms of wording or colour, but it was also
appropriate to recognise the work already done by these operators to meet the desired at a
glance standard. In the case of these machines and operators whose work had helped to
establish the best practice now incorporated into LINK rules, operators should therefore be
allowed two years to deploy the new standardised external signage.

Exceptions
115. Operators of charging cash machines allowing free withdrawals to their own
cardholders would be permitted an additional sentence explaining that their own
cardholders would not be charged.

What improved signage will not achieve

116. Survey evidence had shown that even after specifically confirming acceptance of
charges, some customers said they did not realise they had paid them. This appeared to be
an indication that no practicable signage regime was likely to achieve 100% recognition,
and that expectations needed to be set accordingly.

117. LINK Scheme would continue its work to enforce compliance with the revised rules.
Owing in particular to vandalism, the working group recognised, however, that there
would always be a small number of machines where external signage was temporarily not
present.

An enduring solution
118. The working group attached considerable importance to agreeing a long-term and
enduring solution to the issue of signage at charging cash machines. Constant change was
costly and did not benefit consumers. But to be enduring, the solution would have to
ensure that cardholders who wanted to know could see at a glance, and before
32

commencing the transaction, that a charge would be applied. Previous changes to signage
requirements had been agreed with good intentions but without the full input of consumer
groups and without the benefit of a range of independent evidence. While these previous
changes to LINK rules had led to improvements in transparency, it was appropriate to
review where these rules had been more, or less, successful in achieving the transparency
objective to which all LINK members had committed. Members of the working group
agreed that the changes now agreed, which would spread the lessons of best practice across
all charging cash machines and at the same time take the opportunity to move towards a
more standardised sign, would achieve the enduring solution that was desired.

119. While it would never be possible to ensure that all users of charging cash machines
registered notices about chargesbecause some cardholders paid little attention to
whether or not they were being charged, perhaps because they attached more importance
to convenience and speed rather than pricethe improved rules, properly implemented
and enforced, should provide a robust and lasting standard which should satisfy all
cardholders. There would be a clear standardised notice on the outside of the machine, a
clear notice on the screen before starting the transaction as to exact amount of the charge,
and also a clear request to confirm acceptance of the precise charge before completing the
transaction. With this level of transparency, there could be no complaint that any
cardholder was not being given adequate notice of charges.

Signage at free machines

120. Operators of free cash machines have commercial incentives to advertise that their
machines are free, as they either receive interchange revenue (or at least avoid paying
interchange fees to others) each time that their cash machines are used in preference to the
machines of a competitor. A number of members of the working group had made
improvements to the signage at their free cash machines over the past year. In many cases
this signage, or an on-screen message advertising the machine as free, was extremely clear
and prominent.27 The working group also noted the survey evidence showing that almost
all consumers actually using cash machines were aware that machines in bank branches
were free.

121. The working group noted that public policy objectives would be better served by
encouraging free operators to invest in more free cash machines in low-income areas
rather than requiring additional spending on changes to existing signage at free machines.
Many free operators already had very prominent signage, and this had been chosen to
match their particular brand colours. Working group members tended to consider that in
the case of free machines the costs of standardisation could exceed any benefits given that
there was no risk of consumers being charged unwittingly at free machines. The working
group encouraged free cash machine operators to continue, however, to ensure that
customers were aware of the absence of charges at their machines.

27 An example of free ATM signage can be found in Appendix 3.

 33

4 The future of the free cash machine

network
122. The large network of free cash machines in the UK provides considerable benefits to
consumers and to card-issuing banks and building societies.

123. Consumer groups on the working group welcomed the commitment from LINKs
member banks and building societies to maintain and expand access to free-of-charge cash
withdrawals in low-income areas. This was seen as an essential part of the Governments
agenda to promote financial inclusion. The focus on breadth of market coverage, rather
than just aggregate numbers of free cash machines, offered the best way of improving
access to free-of-charge withdrawals.

124. The banks and building societies operating their branch and remote ATM estates free
of charge also each confirmed that they had no current plans to move their existing free
ATM estates to charging, or to depart from the current arrangements in which their cash
machines remain free both to their own customers and to those of their competitors.
HSBC had already publicly committed to maintaining a free ATM network until at least
2010, and announced plans to deploy 500 new free machines, some of them in the target
areas identified by the working group. RBS had announced plans to install 300 additional
free cash machines, concentrating on lower income areas currently not served by free
machines. HBOS was committed to free banking and had no plans to move their network
to a charging basis. HBOS had also published plans to install 100 new machines in target
areas. Barclays aimed to maintain ATM numbers at existing levels in both the short and
medium term but believed it to be important to focus on market coverage for consumers,
not just ATM numbers. Bank of Ireland had contracted with Post Office to install a large
number of free ATMs in Post Offices, many of them replacing charging machines, and
these would remain free for the whole contract period of eight years. Nationwide reiterated
its commitment to keeping its ATM network free and Lloyds TSB restated that it too had
no current plans to introduce ATM charging. Alliance & Leicester confirmed that it had no
plans to move its free branch machines to charging, or to make any further significant
changes to its wider free ATM estate.28 The Co-operative Bank advised that it had no plans
to increase the size of its surcharging estate and, consistent with its existing stated policy,
would continue to look to convert charging machines to free where viable, on an ongoing
basis.

125. These commitments, in particular the agreements to install free cash machines in
lower-income areas, supported for the long term by the financial inclusion premium,
represent a significant investment in the future of the free cash machine network. The
working group welcomed the benefits that this would bring to consumers and the support
it gave to public policy financial inclusion objectives The group concluded that, assuming
no significant and unexpected change in the regulatory environment, there should be a
long term future for a large network of free cash machines in the UK, and recognised the
public policy priorities attaching to continued widespread availability of free ATMs.

28 Alliance and Leicester free ATMs in Post Office branches are currently being replaced with free Bank of Ireland
ATMs
34

5 Maps
The following pages show maps of the areas (Super Output Areas or SOAs) identified by
the working group as lacking convenient access to a free-of-charge cash machine and as
priority target areas for the deployment of new free ATMs providing that suitable sites can
be found.

These areas are shown on the maps in red, or in orange if there is no free cash machine but
there is a Post Office branch. A number of banks and building societies including
Alliance & Leicester, Bank of Ireland, Barclays, Clydesdale, The Co-operative Bank, Lloyds
TSB, Nationwide Building Society, as well as cahoot, Smile, First Direct and National
Savings and Investments pay the Post Office to allow their cardholders to make free-of-
charge cash withdrawals over Post Office counters. In addition all banks and building
societies offering basic bank accounts allow some or all of their basic bank account holders
free-of-charge cash withdrawals over Post Office counters. All new basic bank accounts
include the service.
Northern Ireland
Scotland
North East
North West
Yorkshire and the Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
South West
South East
Eastern
London
Wales (South)
Merseyside
Manchester
Birmingham
23 of the SOAs can be covered by 9 ATMs
Glasgow
South Wales
North East
London
3 of the SOAs can be covered by 1 ATMs
Leeds
56

List of target areas

Clusters of low-income areas without convenient access to free cash

machines
126. The table below shows the list of the larger low-income areas without convenient
access to free cash machines. The areas are displayed by region and population.

London

Barnet Gate 6,289 Enfield 5,841 North Weald Bassett 3,029

Bumble's Green 4,372 Hackney 9,477 Tottenham 3,306

Chenies 2,868 Lewisham 4,400 Walthamstow 4,448

Coopersale Common 2,936 Winchmore Hill 2,759 Wennington 7,383

Croydon 4,568 New Addington 6,108 Wood Green 11,872

Dartford 3,026 Newgate Street 3,107

South East

Banbury 2,948 Leysdown-on-Sea 5,966 Paglesham Churchend 3,047

Brighton 4,576 Margate 3,162 Southwick 4,385

Durrants 4,180 Newton Longville 4,781 Thong 4,764

Farthingloe 3,059 Northfleet 3,637 Totton 2,729

Eastern Region

Bowers Gifford 2,968 King's Lynn 2,776 Tilbury 6,298

Chaul End 4,751 Lowestoft 4,223 Woodham Walter 3,045

Coldham 2,557 Salph End 2,877 Writtle 6,305

Eye 5,982 Seawick 4,503

South West

Boswarthan 4,796 Connor Downs 2,589 Mangotsfield 2,972

Bristol 4,435 Gloucester 2,973 Wilton 6,361

Catbrain 6,260 Knighton 5,867

East Midlands

Arnold 3,227 Hardwick 3,254 Overstone 7,852

Awsworth 2,880 Hawton 6,649 Saltfleetby St. Peter 4,110

 57

Catcliffe 4,561 Hucknall 4,355 Skegness 3,220

Frith Bank 3,619 Kirby Muxloe 3,169 Thorpe 3,793

Gainsborough 2,979 Leicester 7,793 Warsop Vale 37,004

Grassmoor 3,877 Nether Handley 2,850 Worksop 3,021

West Midlands

Acton Trussell 3,139 Frankley 10,750 Ridgeway 12,042

Birchmoor 6,205 Gospel End 6,050 Rushall 3,198

Birmingham 2,527 Halesowen 4,938 Shenstone 2,933

Bham Hansworth 5,878 Headless Cross 3,147 Stourbridge 3,218

Bham Kings Norton 3,179 Headley Heath 5,998 Sutton Coldfield 4,453

Bham Nechells 10,479 Horton 2,902 Tipton 5,846

Burntwood 6,160 Kirby Corner 4,534 Upper Longdon 6,164

Castle Bromwich 8,779 Lapley 7,711 Walsall 7,716

Coalbrookdale 4,175 Major's Green 7,786 West Bromwich 7,256

Dudley 10,703 New Invention 5,947 Wilden 3,472

Essington 3,141 Norton Canes 4,905 Wolverhampton 6,155

Featherstone 2,900 Perry Barr 17,887

Yorkshire and Humberside

Adwick le Street 2,616 Highlane 3,100 Scholes 15,353

Anlaby 4,258 Huddersfield 4,656 Sheffield 6,039

Bilton 4,330 Laycock 5,904 Smithley 4,206

Bradley 4,387 Lydgate 3,021 South Kirkby 3,052

Brotherton 7,833 Middleton 7,610 Swaithe 7,323

Chapelthorpe 3,028 Mixenden 17,393 Swinton 7,087

Dalton Magna 2,980 Moorends 5,915 Thornhills 2,817

Dewsbury 3,201 Netherton 2,984 Thornton 2,761

Dunswell 3,087 Newsam Green 3,019 Warmfield 11,889

Felkirk 10,037 Pontefract 4,575 Whitwood 4,573

58

Grimethorpe 8,629 Ravensthorpe 7,987 Wood Seats 4,244

Haltemprice Farm 3,136 Robin Hood 4,569 Woodhall Hills 3,035

Hartshead 2,978 Rossington 2,983

High Bransholme 9,754 Rotherham 4,717

North East

Backworth 6,305 High Spen 5,098 Newburn 2,970

Boldon 7,515 Horden 2,442 Offerton 9,234

Brierton 6,807 Iveston 16,831 Peterlee 7,066

Burdon 4,456 Jarrow 14,355 Salt Holme 5,685

Byker 9,168 Kibblesworth 3,075 Seaham Grange 4,654

Easington 9,000 Lazenby 2,858 Shotton 6,360

East Sleekburn 5,863 Longbenton 2,996 South Shields 7,853

Felling 7,497 Maltby 2,664 Stanghow 6,721

Gosforth 4,231 Middlesbrough 3,253 Washington 4,317

Haswell 43,203 Nedderton 3,185

Heddon-on-the-Wall 4,864 New Coundon 4,079

North West

Abbotsfield Farm 3,415 Failsworth 2,921 Newton 4,649

Abram 8,613 Farnworth 2,950 North Scale 2,670

Allerton 3,279 Flimby 3,190 Oglet 3,053

Appleton 6,132 Guide 5,896 Prestwich 2,650

Balderton 3,064 Hale 4,217 Roby Mill 7,084

Bescar 9,083 Halsall 3,424 Sale 10,868

Bidston 4,679 Hart Common 2,972 Sandwith 6,199

Billinge 2,926 Haydock 2,950 Shuttleworth 3,125

Birch 18,337 Heysham 3,970 Slattocks 3,491

Birkenhead 4,425 Higham 4,816 Stockport 7,637

Birtle 4,379 Huyton 5,936 Stubbins 3,006

Bootle 7,370 Kirkby 55,964 Sun Green 6,090

 59

Bredbury 3,224 Kirkdale 4,734 Tarbock Green 7,714

Carrington 5,870 Lately Common 3,026 Tyldesley 6,191

Cowpe 5,366 Litherland 8,691 Wallasey 5,990

Denton 5,856 Marylebone 4,586 Walsden 2,877

Edenfield 8,323 Milnrow 2,989 Widnes 4,468

Edgworth 2,535 Mossley 14,499 Woodhouses 9,229

Scotland

Aberdeen 2,294 Craigie 3,878 Motherwell 8,321

Allanton 4,920 Croy 2,728 Paisley 5,033

Appletreehall 2,915 Dalmellington 1,619 Patna 2,179

Auchenbothie 2,185 Drongan 2,372 Polbeth 1,656

Auchinloch 1,517 Dumbarton 3,282 Port Glasgow 3,147

Ballingry 2,660 Fairlie 1,512 Pumpherston 1,986

Bardowie 1,596 Fankerton 1,647 Renton 3,589

Blanefield 1,638 Forrest 11,471 Rutherglen 4,097

Calderglen 2,938 Gartcosh 8,093 Shettleston 2,087

Carmunnock 5,534 Glen Village 1,668 Springside 1,184

Carnwath 1,792 Glenboig 1,548 Stevenston 1,520

Catrine 1,447 Johnstone 8,621 Swinhill 6,913

Clackmannan 1,198 Kilmarnock 1,422 Waterside 2,137

Cleland 1,809 Kirkcaldy 1,425 Wick 1,303

Coatbridge 3,541 Loganlea 1,371

Contullich 1,717 Lugar 1,333

Wales

Aberbeeg 12,144 Coytrahen 6,475 Llysfaen 2,598

Aberdare 94,998 Culverhouse Cross 14,859 Neath 4,520

Abertridwr 6,877 Glanaman 2,261 Newport 2,608

Barry 6,003 Glyncoch 2,930 Pant-lasau 4,722

 60

Bettws 7,367 Glynogwr 9,562 Pentreclwydau 3,246

Blaina 6,072 Goytre 2,930 Talacre 3,779

Cardiff 2,785 Jersey Marine 3,330 Varteg 4,926

Christchurch 11,544 Llandyry 5,067 Ystrad Mynach 6,542

Clydach Vale 4,281 Llanelli 9,172

Northern Ireland

Ballyclare 8,718 Hamiltons Bawn 2,788 Newtownbreda 5,074

Ballymena/Chapeltown 10,278 Lisnamuck 2,698 SE Belfast/Lisburn 43,721

Culmore 5,135 NE Carrickfergus 5,130 W Newtownabbey 3,418

E Bangor 2,992 Newtownards 2,934

Individual super output areas without convenient access to free

cash machines
127. The table below contains a list of the individual smaller areas without convenient
access to free cash machines. The areas are displayed by region. They have an average
population of just over 1,400.

London

Abridge Chigwell Row Forty HIll Hillingdon Perivals Stanmore

Addington Creekmouth Greenford Ilford Ridge W Barnet

Beddington Corner Darenth Harefield Kevingtown SE Norwood Woolwich

Bulls Cross Essendon High Beach Kidbrooke Shenley

South East

Binstead Hailsham Kingsnorth Ospringe Stanton St. John W North End

Blackfield Hardley Kingstn n Lewes Portslade-by-Sea Staplers West End

Broad Oak High Wycombe Minster Salt Hill SW Reading West Minster

Capel le Ferne Horn Hill N Dartford Sheerness Tongham Whippingham

Darland Kemsley Northam St. Leonards Toot Baldon

Eastern Region

Burgh Castle Folksworth Lower Sundon NE Southend SE Ipswich Upper Dean

 61

Cowbit Kelvedon Hatch N Rochford North Stifford Slip End Waltham

Abbey

Croxton Little Clacton N Wisbech Saxmundham SW Aveley Wherstead

E Wisbech Lower Nazeing

South West

Aust Cremyll Illogan N Weston-s-Mare Rosevean St. Just

Bideford Doniford Littletn-n-Severn Newton St. Loe St. Arvans Tamerton

Foliot

Brea Hallen Kenwyn Olveston S Weston-s-Mare Torpoint

Brierley Halsetown Leigh Woods Pill Shaldon Treviscoe

Collaton St. Mary Heavitree Lytchett Minster Quedgeley St. Dennis Troon

East Midlands

Barton in Fabis Clay Cross Friskney Mackworth Rhodesia Unstone Green

Bilsthorpe Copt Oak Great Mastin Moor Ruddington Upper

Harrowden Newbold

Blidworth Cotes Heath N Corby Scrooby W Nottingham

Bolham E Chaddesden Hogsthorpe NE Kirkby Ashfld Stapleford Wallingwells

Boundary E Daventry Ingoldmells Ockbrook Strelley Westgate

Burton Ecton Ironville Pilsley Swadlincote Woodbeck

Church Brampton Enderby Kirkby n Ashfld Rainworth Toynton St.

Peter

West Midlands

Astley Coleshill Hammerwich Kingsley Holt S Smethwick The Broad

Barnacle Corley Hampton Lovett Low Habberley Seisdon Tyburn

Bedworth E Woodside Hanley Mapplebgh Green Shareshill W Sandwell

Bedworth Fazeley Hasbury Newtown Solihull Wall

Woodlands

Brockton Fenton Hinstock NW Dudley Stoke Golding Water Orton

Brocton Fishley Hints Oldbury Stourprt-n-Svn Woodside

Cannock Wood Great Haywood Hulme Redditch SW Sandwell Yardley

 62

Cofton Hackett Griff Keresley Rugeley Tatenhill

Yorkshire and Humberside

Addingham Bramley Gateforth Kingston ' Hull Pudsey Thurnscoe

Altofts Burstwick Goldthorpe Little Ribston Purston Jaglin Treeton

Arthington Calverley Goole Micklefield Robin Hood Bay Upton

Ashby Clifton Greasborough Morley S Chapel Allertn W Scunthorpe

Bank Darton Hainworth Mount Tabor Sowerby Wath on

Dearne

Batley Dodworth Halsham Nether Haugh Stone Winterton

Beeston Royds Dunsville Healing New Farnley Streethouse Wrangbrook

Bessingby E Keighley Heckmondwike Norton SW Doncaster

Bingley Eastfield Hensall Norwood Green SW Scunthorpe

Bolton Abbey Fishlake High Bradley Old Edlington Thorpe on the Hill

Bottom Boat Ganstead Immingham Plumbley Thurcroft

North East

Allensford Black Callerton Crimdon Park Great Burdon Kirkleatham Spennymoor

Archdeacon Newton Choppington East Hartford Hepscott Middridge Sunniside

Bearpark Cramlington Evenwood High Flatts Newfield Westerton

Bedlington

North West

Accrington Charnock Richard Eccles Kirkby Malham Radcliffe Warbreck

Ainsdale-on-Sea Chipping Ellesmere Port Limbrick Runshaw Moor Wardle

Ardwick Church Hill Elston Little Clifton Shaw West Kirby

Aspull Clayton-le-Moors Euxton Mount Manisty Shawfield West Marton

Atherton Cornholme Gillar's Green N Southport Simister Whittle-le-Wd

Baxenden Crimble Handforth N St. Helens South End

Bedlam Darwen Haskayne Newby West Stretford

Bigrigg Davenham High Harrington Newton-le-Willow Styal

 63

Bolton by B'land Davenport Green Holmeswood Pickmere Sutton Weaver

Catlow Dearham Hoohill Pilling Trough Gate

Chadderton Distington Hyde Platt Bridge W Warrington

Scotland

Ardrossan Belsyde Dalrymple Leslie Queenzieburn Uddington

Baldovie Bo'ness Douglas Lesmahagow Renfrew Wallyford

Balintore Bonnybridge Dunbeg Maddiston Sinclairston Whithorn

Ballchraggan Carfin Dysart NE Cambuslang Skinidin Wishaw

Balloch Coalburn Glendoune Netherthird Slamannan

Balnaguisich Coaltn of Wemyss Irvine New Steventon Stonehouse

Barrhead Cowdenbeath Kinglassie Newmilns Stoneywood

Beith Culross Lagrae Plean Tullibody

Wales

Beaufort Cefn-c-cymmer Gwaun-Gurwen Penycae Rhyl Ynysddu

Birchgrove Cefn-mawr Markham Pontarddulais Saron Ystalyfera

Blackwood Connah's Quay Milford Haven Port Talbot Stepaside

Briton Ferry Cwmafan Murton Porth Talwrn

Brymbo Ebbw Vale Pembrey Porthcawl Ty'n-y-garn

Carmel Greenfield Penllergaer Queensferry Upper Killay

Cefn Hengoed Grovesend Pensarn Rhyd-y-fro Waunarlwydd

Northern Ireland

Ballynagarrick Derrykeevan Helens Bay Killead NE Newtnbreda SE Newtbreda

Broughshane Donaghcloney Holywood Maghaberry Portrush SW Portadown

Burren E Londonderry Jerrettspass

64

6 Contact details of banks, building

societies and independent operators
Contact details for LINK members who have expressed interest in deploying free cash
machines where suitable sites can be found are listed below. These LINK Members are
interested in opportunities to work with local community leaders and representatives to
identify such sites. Correspondents should give their own full contact details and relevant
details of the area and prospective site including address and Post Code.

It is also possible to contact the LINK ATM Scheme Executive who will be pleased to put
local community groups, officials, Members of Parliament or others who would like to help
co-ordinate work with an ATM deployer to find sites for a free ATM in their local area in
touch with LINK Members who may be interested in installing machines in the relevant
area. LINK contact details can be found on the LINK website, along with facilities to
suggest a site for an ATM that can be used, for example, by local site owners,
administrators or landlords who may be able to accommodate a cash machine on their
premises, at http://www.link.co.uk/atm/access_to_cash/public_suggestion_area.html.

LINK can also be contacted on 01423 356000.

Bank Machine

Ron Delnevo
Managing Director
Bank Machine Ltd
Free Machine Offer
One, The Beacons
Beaconsfield Road
Hatfield
Hertfordshire
AL10 8RS

E-mail: RonDelnevoFreeATM@bankmachine.com

Bank of Ireland

Bank of Ireland
Group ATMs
36 Queen Street
London
EC4R IHJ

Telephone: 0845 603 3652

 65

HBOS

Gillian Sephton
HBOS PLC
ATM Channel
Trinity Road
Halifax, HX1 2RG

E-mail: Gilliansephton@hbosplc.com

Telephone: 07760 172772

Mike Bullough
HBOS PLC
ATM Channel
Trinity Road
Halifax, HX1 2RG

E-mail: Mikebullough@halifax.co.uk

Telephone: 07770 831021

HSBC

David Nibloe
Head of Self Service & Branch Counters
HSBC Bank plc
Level 26
8 Canada Square
London, E14 5HQ

E-mail: davidnibloe@hsbc.com

Telephone: 020 799 25345

Lloyds TSB

Karl Metters Esq.,

Lloyds TSB Bank plc,
ATM Strategy & Business Development,
6th Floor,
Princess House,
1 Suffolk Lane,
London, EC4R 0AX
66

E-mail: Karl.Metters@Lloydstsb.co.uk
Nationwide

Patrick O'Farrell
ATM Services
Nationwide House
Pipers Way
Swindon
Wilts
SN38 1NW

E-mail: patrick.o'farrell@nationwide.co.uk

Telephone: 01793 655820

Post Office Ltd

(In respect of Post Office sites only)

Ian Sadler
Senior Product Manager, Banking
Post Office Limited
3rd Floor,
80 Old Street,
London EC1V 9NN

Telephone: 020 7320 7527

RBS

www.RBS.com/freecashmachine
Small Screen
Message should fill 70% of the screen
unless technical constraints prevent this.
This machine will
notices

Default is centre justification though

the top of the screen is allowed.
Sentence case should be used where charge you 1.50 for
possible, but capitals may be used
where sentence case not possible. cash withdrawals

Font size 18

THIS MACHINE WILL

CHARGE YOU 1.50 FOR

CASH WITHDRAWALS
Appendix 1: Example on-screen charging
Medium Screen
Message should fill 60% of the screen unless technical constraints prevent this. Sentence
case should be used where possible. Default is centre justification though the top of the
screen is allowed.

Font size 26

This machine will

charge you 1.50 for

cash withdrawals
 This machine will charge you

1.50 for cash withdrawals

Large Screen
50% of the screen should be covered. Sentence case should be used where possible.
Default is centre justified but the top of the screen may be used if preferred.

Font size 32
ATM CASING
STICKER DESIGNS

This This This

machine machine machine
will charge will charge will charge
external charging notice

you for you for you for

cash cash cash
withdrawals withdrawals withdrawals
Appendix 2: Examples of the standardised

Arial 24 Bold
Line Spacing 1.25
Appendix 3: Example of signage at a free
cash machine