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xix
xx CONTENTS
Anterior View of Arterial Supply to the Right Lower Venous System, 404
Extremity, 386 Lymphatic System, 406
Anterior View of Arterial Supply to the Right Upper Respiratory System, 408
Extremity, 387 Urinary System, 410
Gastrointestinal System, 412
CHAPTER 6OTHER STRUCTURES AND Immune System, 414
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY, 388 Endocrine System, 416
Sensory System, 418
The Cell, 390 Reproductive System, 420
Bone Tissue, 392
Muscle Tissue, 394 ANSWER KEY, 422
Nerve Tissue, 396
Joints, 398 CREDITS, 454
Integumentary System, 400
Cardiac System, 402
4 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
SUPERIOR
1* 17
2* 18
4
19
20*
3*
21
22
P
A
O
N
S
T
T
E
E 24*
R
R
I
I
O
O 23* R
R
5 25*
26
6*
27*
7* 8*
28*
9*
10*
29*
12*
11* 30*
13*
31*
14
15* 16*
INFERIOR
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 5
ANTERIOR
2 11*
3
12*
4 13*
5* 14*
15*
16*
6
17*
7
L L
A 18 A
T T
E 19* E
R R
A A
L L
20*
8
21*
22*
23*
10
24*
POSTERIOR
18 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
PROXIMAL 13
1* 14*
2*
15*
3*
4*
16
5*
6*
17*
18*
L M
A E
T D
E 7* I
R A
A L
L
8
19*
9*
10*
11 20*
21
22*
12* DISTAL
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 19
15*
4*
16*
8*
M 17* L
6*
E A
D T
I E
A R
L A
L
18
7*
19*
9*
20*
10 21
22*
DISTAL
56 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck
SUPERIOR
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
L Levator scapulae L
Platysma (removed
A on our right) A
T Sternohyoid T
E Sternocleidomastoid
E
R R
A Middle A
Sternothyroid scalene
L Posterior L
scalene
Omohyoid
Anterior
scalene
Trapezius
SUPERIOR
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Thyrohyoid
Internal jugular
vein
L Levator scapulae L
A Common carotid A
artery Thyroid Omohyoid
T cartilage (cut and reflected T
E on our right) E
Omohyoid R
R Sternothyroid
A Middle A
L Omohyoid
scalene L
Posterior
scalene
Trapezius
Anterior
Trachea scalene
INFERIOR
58 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck
SUPERIOR
Longus capitis (cut
on our right)
Longus capitis
L L
A Longus colli A
T Longus colli T
E E
R Middle scalene R
Middle scalene
A A
L L
Anterior scalene (cut
Anterior scalene on our right)
Brachial
plexus
Aorta
Superior
vena cava
INFERIOR
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 59
Muscles of the Neck
SUPERIOR
Parotid gland (cut)
Masseter
(cut)
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Splenius capitis
Longus capitis
P Sternocleidomastoid Digastric
O A
Submandibular
S Levator scapulae
gland (cut)
N
T T
E Anterior scalene E
Thyrohyoid
R R
I Middle scalene I
Omohyoid
O O
R Posterior scalene R
Sternohyoid
Trapezius Sternothyroid
Sternocleidomastoid
Omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
INFERIOR
60 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck
SUPERIOR
Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid (of transversospinalis)
Splenius capitis
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Splenius cervicis
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
L M
A E L
T D
I
A
E A T
R L E
Infraspinatus
A R
L Teres minor A
L
Rhomboid
major
Teres
major
Erector
spinae
Longissimus capitis
(of erector spinae)
Obliquus
capitis inferior
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
L Interspinales
A L
T A
E M Rotatores T
R E (of transversospinalis)
Iliocostalis cervicis D
E
A (of erector spinae) I R
L A A
L L
Serratus posterior
superior Levatores
costarum
Iliocostalis
and longissimus
(of erector spinae)
External
intercostals
LEVATOR SCAPULAE
le-vay-tor skap-you-lee
Actions
Elevation of the scapula
at the scapulocostal
joint
Extension of the neck at
the spinal joints
Lateral flexion of the
neck at the spinal
joints
Ipsilateral rotation of the
neck at the spinal
joints Transverse processes
of C1-C4
Downward rotation of
the scapula at the
scapulocostal joint
Retraction (adduction) of Medial border of the
the scapula at the scapula, from the superior
angle to the root of the
scapulocostal joint spine of the scapula
Innervation
Dorsal scapular nerve
Arterial Supply
The dorsal scapular
artery
Levator
scapulae
Levator
scapulae
84 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck
ANTERIOR SCALENE
(OF THE SCALENE GROUP)
an-tee-ri-or skay-leen
Actions
Flexion of the neck at the
spinal joints
Lateral flexion of the neck Transverse processes
at the spinal joints of the cervical spine
Elevation of the 1st rib at
the sternocostal and
costovertebral joints
Contralateral rotation of
the neck at the spinal
joints
1st rib
Innervation
Cervical spinal nerves
Arterial Supply
The ascending cervical
artery Anterior view of the right anterior scalene
MIDDLE
SCALENE
(OF THE SCALENE GROUP)
Innervation
Cervical spinal nerves
Arterial Supply
The transverse cervical
Anterior view of the right middle scalene
artery
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 85
Muscles of the Neck
Middle scalene
Anterior
scalene
Middle scalene
Anterior
scalene
168 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Pelvis
PIRIFORMIS
(OF THE DEEP LATERAL ROTATORS OF THE THIGH)
pi-ri-for-mis
Anterior
sacrum
Greater
trochanter
of the femur
Actions
Lateral rotation of the
thigh at the hip joint
Abduction of the thigh at
the hip joint (if the
Anterior
thigh is flexed) sacrum
Medial rotation of the
thigh at the hip joint
(if the thigh is flexed)
Contralateral rotation of Greater
the pelvis at the hip trochanter
joint of the femur
Innervation
The lumbosacral plexus
Arterial Supply
The superior and inferior Anterior view of the
right piriformis
gluteal arteries (sacrotuberous ligament shown)
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 169
Muscles of the Pelvis
Piriformis
Sciatic
nerve
188 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Thigh
Actions
Flexion of the thigh at
the hip joint
Abduction of the thigh at
the hip joint
Medial rotation of the
thigh at the hip joint
Anterior tilt of the pelvis
Anterior
at the hip joint superior
Depression (lateral tilt) iliac spine
of the pelvis at the hip (ASIS)
joint
Ipsilateral rotation of the
pelvis at the hip joint
Extension of the leg at
the knee joint
Iliotibial
Innervation band
The superior gluteal (ITB)
nerve
Arterial Supply
The superior gluteal
artery
Tensor fasciae
latae
The tensor fasciae latae is one of two
muscles that attach into the iliotibial
band.
Iliac crest
(Gluteal
fascia over) Abdominal
gluteus medius aponeurosis
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
(ASIS)
Tensor fasciae
latae
Iliotibial
band
Fibular
Patella
collateral
ligament
Patellar
Head of ligament
the fibula
228 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Leg
FIBULARIS LONGUS
(IN THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT)
fib-you-la-ris long-us
Actions
Eversion of the foot at
the tarsal joints Proximal
lateral
Plantarflexion of the foot fibula
at the ankle joint
Medial
foot
Innervation
The superficial fibular
nerve
Arterial Supply
The fibular artery
Plantar surface of the right foot
(to view the distal tendon of the
fibularis longus) Medial
foot
Anterolateral view of
the right fibularis longus
FIBULARIS BREVIS
(IN THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT)
fib-you-la-ris bre-vis
Actions
Eversion of the foot at
the tarsal joints
Plantarflexion of the foot
at the ankle joint
Distal lateral
Innervation fibula
The superficial fibular
nerve
Arterial Supply
The fibular artery
Lateral foot
Anterolateral view of the
right fibularis brevis
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 229
Muscles of the Leg
Fibularis
longus
Fibularis
brevis
Fibularis
longus
Fibularis
brevis
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
(PLANTAR SURFACELAYER III)
ad-duk-tor hal-oo-sis
Distal tendon of
fibularis longus
Metatarsals #2-4
and the distal
tendon of the
fibularis longus
Transverse
Oblique head
head
Plantar metatarsophalangeal
ligaments #3, 4, and 5
Plantar metatarsophalangeal
Big toe ligaments
(toe #1)
Adductor
hallucis
286 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Scapula/Arm
BICEPS BRACHII
by-seps bray-key-eye
Innervation
The musculocutaneous
nerve
Anterior view of the
Arterial Supply right biceps brachii
The muscular branches of Radial tuberosity and fascia
the brachial artery overlying the ulna
BRACHIALIS
bray-key-al-is
Action
Flexion of the forearm at the
elbow joint
Arterial Supply
Muscular branches of the
brachial artery
Biceps
Biceps brachii
brachii long head
Biceps
Brachialis
brachii
short head
Biceps Biceps
brachii brachii
short head
(cut)
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis long head
(cut)
Biceps
brachii
bicipital
aponeurosis
Brachialis
PRONATOR
TERES Medial epicondyle of
the humerus (via the
common flexor tendon)
pro-nay-tor te-reez and the coronoid
process of the ulna
Actions
Pronation of the forearm
at the radioulnar joints
Lateral radius
Flexion of the forearm at
the elbow joint
Innervation
The median nerve
Arterial Supply
The ulnar artery
PRONATOR
QUADRATUS
pro-nay-tor kwod-ray-tus
Action
Pronation of the forearm
at the radioulnar joints
Innervation
The median nerve Anterior distal
Anterior distal ulna
Arterial Supply radius
The anterior interosseus
artery
Pronator
teres
Pronator
quadratus
Pronator
Pronator teres
teres
9
1
10
Median nerve
Brachial artery
2
Medial epicondyle
of the humerus
Radial artery
3 11
12
4
L
R M
A U
A E
T L
D D
E 13 N
I I
R A
A A
A R
L L
L 5 14
15
16
6
Ulnar artery
7
Ulnar nerve
17
8
Radial artery Transverse fibers of
palmar aponeurosis
Median nerve
Hypothenar musculature
Thenar musculature
Palmar aponeurosis
DISTAL
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 333
Muscles of the Forearm
PROXIMAL
Median nerve
1
12
Brachial artery (splits to
form radial and ulnar arteries)
13
2 Medial epicondyle
of the humerus
Radial nerve 14
19
20
10 Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
11
Palmaris longus cut and in 21
reflected fibers of transverse
fibers of palmar aponeurosis
Flexor retinaculum
(transverse carpal ligament)
Thenar musculature
Hypothenar musculature
DISTAL
334 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Forearm
PROXIMAL
Brachial artery Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
1
11
12
Lateral epicondyle
of the humerus
Medial epicondyle
Radial nerve of the humerus
13
2 14
15
3 16
17
L
R 4 M
A U
A E
T L
D Ulnar artery D
E N
I I
R A
A 5 A
A R
L Ulnar nerve L
L
18
6
Radius
Radial artery
19
8
9
10
DISTAL
354 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Hand
PALMAR INTEROSSEI
(OF THE CENTRAL COMPARTMENT)
(There are three palmar interossei, named #1, #2, and #3.)
pal-mar in-ter-oss-ee-i
Actions
Adduction of fingers #2, #4,
and #5 at the metacarpo- The metacarpal
phalangeal joint of fingers #2,
#4, and #5
Flexion of fingers #2, #4, and
#5 at the metacarpo- Proximal phalanx
phalangeal joint of fingers #2, #4,
Extension of fingers #2, #4, and #5 on the
middle finger side
and #5 at the proximal and (and the dorsal
distal interphalangeal digital expansion)
joints
Innervation
The ulnar nerve
Arterial Supply
Branches of the radial and
Anterior view of the
ulnar arteries right palmar interossei
Innervation
The ulnar nerve
Arterial Supply
Branches of the radial and
Posterior view of the
ulnar arteries right dorsal interossei manus
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 355
Muscles of the Hand
Palmar
interossei
Dorsal
interossei
manus
Dorsal
interossei
manus
Palmar
interossei
374 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CRANIAL NERVES
ANTERIOR
1
10
2
11
L L
A 5 A
T T
E E
R R
A 6 A
L L
12
Ventral root
of C1
POSTERIOR
Inferior view of the brain
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 377
From C4
1 C5
2
3 14
C6
4
15
16 C7
17
18
C8
5
19
6
T1
21
7 From T2
22
20
12
13
8
11
9 10
384 THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM
11
12
13
14
15
1 16
2
3
5
19
6 20 18 17
7 21
22
23
8 24
25
9
26
27
10 29 28
400 OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1 11
3 12
4a
4
4b
5 13
7
14
9 15
16
10 17
19 18
Diagram of the skin.
6
4
7
Glands of the skin.
OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 401
10
11
12
13 1
3a
3b 3
1 14 3c
4a
2
4b 4
15
3 4c
4
5
6 5
7 2 6
16 7
Hair follicle.
1
2
3
4
5
9 10
7
8 11
13 12
Structure of a nail.
402 OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
CARDIAC SYSTEM
(THE HEART)
1
8
2
9 Anterior
view
10
3
11
4 12
5 13
14
7
9
10
1
11
2
12
Posterior 3
view 4 13
5 14
15
6
16
7
17
8 18
7
1
8
9
2
10
11
12
3 13
14
4
15
5
16
17
Interior view of the heart.
1 CO2 O2
2
3
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2 O2