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INVESTIGATION
MANUAL FOR
PATROL OFFICERS
_______________________
LUIS E. MARTINEZ
ACTAR #38
SECOND EDITION
Introduction
SECOND EDITION
Copyright 1994 by Luis Martinez
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction................................................ i
Traffic cones/flares...................... 7
Tire marks................................ 18
Skid marks................................ 20
Skip skids................................ 23
Gap skids................................. 24
Acceleration marks........................ 25
Scuff marks............................... 26
Metal scars............................... 27
Debris.................................... 31
Rollovers................................. 42
Coordinates............................... 52
Triangulation............................. 56
Test skids................................ 80
Combined speeds........................... 88
Example #1................................ 93
Example #2................................ 95
Appendix
1
This type of advanced planning is useful in avoiding the tunnel vision effect so common when responding to high stress
calls.
2
emergency run.
myth", like the belief that "cops are the best shooters", is
the notion that "all cops are Mario Andretti" and can
must (a) know the limits of their driving skills, and (b)
stay within those limits. The time lost when reducing the
SCENE MANAGEMENT
collisions.
traffic.
items from the trunk. A raised trunk lid will obstruct the
the law enforcement agency does not issue this type of vest,
2
In this position the police vehicle serves as a shield to protect the officer against drivers not alert, the impact noise
of a collision with the patrol car would warn the officer to impending danger.
8
TRAFFIC CONES/FLARES
are compact and the average police car can carry 2 boxes
control pattern, the key thing to remember is: how does the
9
given a reasonable
proper placement of
is going to be longer.
create.
traffic collision.
injury, or shock.
"Did you see what happened"? will only elicit vague or non
Where you looking at the car when it collided with the tree?
have them draw what they saw, such as vehicle positions and
movement.
NOTES
____________________________________
17
NOTES
____________________________________
18
be treated as such.
so be it.
which each vehicle faced at final rest, and the path the
uncontrolled.
20
post-collision velocities.
or crayon).
TIRE MARKS
vehicle, however, they are a bit more complex and beyond the
SKID MARKS
outside edges.
disappearance.
paint.
considerably.
resistance.
locked up before the front ones. Rear tires will then loose
patches.
SKIP SKIDS
the skid by virtue of the wheels being off the ground for
estimations from skip skids. Skip skids, like any tire mark,
27
GAP SKIDS
ACCELERATION MARKS
Often, tire marks that look like skid marks are really
"wavy" appearance.
wheel was rolling and not skidding. The effect thus created
3
For front wheel drive vehicles this would then be true of the front drive wheels.
29
convey the tire tread pattern of the tire without any of the
SCUFF MARKS
edges of the tires. The scuff mark left by the rear tire
will fall outside the scuff mark made by the front tire for
their curved path and the striations (see pages 28 & 29).
METAL SCARS
are correlated with the parts of the vehicle which made the
pavement.
are much deeper and wider, and tend to chip or chop chunks
both vehicles are driven down into the road surface with
DEBRIS
area.
bodies. Blood is perhaps the most common here, but may also
movement at impact.
point.
matched with damage or marks on the vehicle they can fix its
NOTES
____________________________________
38
NOTES
____________________________________
39
Now that the road markings and the information they can
any other item on the vehicle that can help explain the
collision.
look for damage that matches both vehicles. this can be like
the road and the rim as it rolled flat along the roadway.
head-on, or "headlight-to-headlight."4
4
This crash involved a pickup truck and a small subcompact. Due to the truck's larger weight and higher impact speed it
the frame of one vehicle does not meet the frame of the
move laterally.
collisions.
ROLLOVERS
vehicle came into contact with. Often this is not the soil
NOTES
____________________________________
49
NOTES
____________________________________
50
or tire prints.
parts, or liquids.
of the collision.
purposes.
An alternative method
make these flags. They are used at every spot where paint
many marks or spots are going to be used for each item. For
mark is used.
55
locate it.
best not to mark any items. The officer's role in that case
57
presentation.
amounts of training.
COORDINATES
the reference point becomes the key from which the scene is
nature.
officer's name and badge number. The date the diagram was
The next column (From "0" or RP) will show the distance
used when significant items are more than 35-40 feet from
then measures the distance from the roadway edge out to each
in the diagram.
63
TRIANGULATION
times it is required.
1. field sketch
2. field notes
67
6. compass
collision.
from the Traffic Institute, and the BLUE BLITZ from IPTM6.
6
The Traffic Institute, Northwestern University, P.O. Box 1409, Evanston, IL 60204
Institute of Police Technology and Management, University of North Florida. 4567 St. Johns Bluff Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32216.
68
cars and trucks, and have the two most commonly used scales:
used7.
In drawing the diagram it is a good idea to show North
scene:
points (tangent).
7
As an example, if a 1=20 scale is not small enough to keep the diagram manageable, a 1=40 scale can be used. In this case
the same 1=20 side of the template can be used but all measurements are divided by 2 before using the template.
69
an even 48 feet.
2
C M
R= +
8M 2
2
50 7
R= +
(8)(7) 2
2500
R= +3.5
56
R =44.64 + 3.5
R = 48.14 feet
the intersection of the two lines and two short arcs are
additional arcs are drawn towards the side the final roadway
drawn, then drawing the curve from one side to the other
sure.
8
An acute angle is any angle less than 90, an obtuse angle is any angle greater than 90.
78
extends the roadway edges and marks the point at which the
measured.
40 feet and the second was 15 feet. On the diagram paper the
come in at.
then draws an arc with the sharp point of the compass at the
apex. The arc will cross the first line drawn, as shown in
slightly different.
two parallel lines, one on each side of the angle and to the
these lines cross, place the sharp point of the compass and
NOTES
____________________________________
84
NOTES
____________________________________
85
investigation.
SKID MARKS
energy is:
1
Ke = mv2
2
1
WfD = MV 2
2
9
The word "kinetic" is from a Greek word meaning" motion".
10
Throughout this discussion the term "drag factor" will be used, even when referring to coefficient of friction, for
simplicity. They are not the same but their differences are only of importance to reconstructionists.
87
1 2
fD = V
2g
2
V = 2g fD
2
V = 64.4 fD
(S x 1.466 )2=64.4 fD
2
S x 2.15 64.4 fD
=
2.15 2.15
88
2
S =30 fD
The last step is to extract the square root from both sides
of the equal sign (squaring a number is the inverse of the
square root):
S = 30 D f
Where S= speed
f= drag factor
30= constant
D= distance vehicle skidded
11
A number representing the acceleration or deceleration of a vehicle as a decimal fraction of the acceleration of gravity;
TEST SKIDS
acceptable substitution.
hour. Speeds beyond this increase the safety risk and do not
by defective speedometers.
miles per hour and the driver steps of the gas pedal,
35 mph the driver applies the brakes HARD (panic stop) until
90
If the collision
is sloped at a significant
subtracted.
if possible.
To use nomograph to
same time. they are made by the tire sidewall and are a
the maneuver.
factor (from skid test or table) and the radius of the curve
S = 15 R f
Where S= speed
15= constant
R= radius
f= drag factor
had a radius of 335 feet, and the drag factor was .7 for
COMBINED SPEEDS
98
NOTES
____________________________________
100
NOTES
____________________________________
101
EXAMPLE #1
FACTS:
LOCATION:
SCENE:
EVIDENCE:
Driver/witness statements
Officer's Observations
103
STATEMENTS:
INJURIES:
OPINIONS/CONCLUSIONS:
RECOMMENDATIONS:
EXAMPLE #2
INITIAL OBSERVATION
WITNESS INFORMATION
INVESTIGATION
NOTES
____________________________________
106
NOTES
____________________________________
107
Appendix
108
____________________________________________________________
D
V=
t
D =V _ t
D
t=
V
109
2
S
f=
30 _ D
a= g _ f
S = 30 _ D _ f
Combined speed:
2 2 2
S = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 ......
V = S _ 1.47
V
S=
1.47
S = 15 _ R _f
2
S
D=
30 _ f
2
C M
R= +
8 _M 2
111
FOGLINE: the solid white line that separates the drive lanes
from the shoulder/berm area.