APPENDIX 1.

The slash-and-burn stages according to local

knowledge in Muara Lambakan
1. Mobas (nebas), which means removing plants or small trees. This job
undertaken by men and women. Estimated time to complete:
- Mutual assistances : 1 2 days
- Independent : 15 30 days
2. Nernak, which means cutting down quite large trees, with diameter around 10-
15 cm. Male jobs. Estimated time to complete:
- Using chainsaw : 4 5 days
- Using axes : 15 30 days
When this job done, it should wait the land dried, approximately 1 month, and
then going to next stage.
3. Nutu, yaitu which means cutting big trees. Males job. Estimated time to
complete:
- 1 person use chainsaw : 5 days
- 2 person use chainsaw : 2 days
- Using axes : 1 month
4. Neretek/ nyencang, which means chopping logs into small pieces. Males and
Females Job. Before the burning process, must first wait until dry.
5. Burning
Burning process is done twice, yaitu:
The first stage, first things should be considered is the season and condition..
They distinguish three conditions, that is: 1. The dry season which has very dry
condition; 2. Dry seasons with slightly wet condition; 3. The wet season. Each of
these conditions to determine how to clear lands:
- On the dry season which has very dry condition, more than half a month
there has no rain fall at all, then made two oak (bulkhead) around the land.
First Oak range about 10 25 from area. Second Oak range 2 4 m. Oak in
area and oak in forest. All leaves, twigs, branches, and wood are cleaned and
stacked between oak. This pile are numerous, placed in line around the land.
The local term for this pile is pluruk. Pile is then burned in the evening at
around 6-7 at night to avoid strong winds prevent it from spreading to the
forests or neighboring land. The surroundings area guarded by many people.
After burning on the edge is completed, and then the land is burned around
the clock 12-1 noon to harness the wind in order to complete quickly.
- At the time of drought rather wet, they generally check the soil and leaves
around. If it's dry, they will make a bulkhead, but only one bulkhead. The
wood pile burned in land and in bulkhead while guarded round
- At the time of the rainy season does not need to be made bulkhead.
Instantly land burned.
Stage 2 is called Ngeduk, ie cleaning the rest from the first burnt (the
leftovers burned). Conducted by Gotong royong.
APPENDIX 2. Steps of Rice Planting in Muara Lambakan
1. Nasok/ tugal, which is drilling/ dig-up the planting hole. Usually having men on
this job. Nias yaitu nyumbak suang luang asok (seedlings by hand) worked by
women and men, followed behind the driller. Working together.
2. Ngerikut, means weeding the grass when the rice was growing, usually women
on this job. While, men rarely did. This activity is performed together 1-2 times
in growing season.
3. Raun pare, is fumigation to repel pest. Fumigation perimeter is in a corner and
middle of track field, before reaches maturity, around two months after crop
establishment. Raun materials is derived from a variety of leaves and barks in
the forest, among which: lime leaves, coconut leaves, durian skin, Langsat
skins, timber barks, etc. According to Mr. basri at least there are 44 kinds of
materials. They uttered spells when burning all those materials: aku nuna iko
daon ente mulis binatang, which means more or less: I burn you all (leaves)
to repel pests.

Illustration of Raun perimeter

Description:

4. Ngani, yaitu harvest, both women and men collecting the mature rice crop
from the field.

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