Bio 105 - Contemporary Biology - Fall 2017 Learning Guide 18

Chapter(s): 18 Part 1 of 2 Parts

Major Topic(s) Covered: Diversity: Evolutionary Trends - Animals

Read Section(s): 18.1 to 18.4; 18.14 to 18.16; 19.1
Skim Section(s): 18.5 to 18.13; 19.2 to 19.8
Group Assignment(s): On a 3X5 card, construct a dichotomous key that will
distinguish among the following organisms (see Figure 18.4 for characteristics):
sponge clam
jellyfish earthworm
starfish roundworm
salamander
planaria (flatworm)

Why this Material? The Cambrian Explosion is the term often used to describe the
rapid diversification of multicellular animals roughly 700 million years ago. It was during
this time animals evolved all of the major body plans (and more) that we see today. Over
the past 700 million years animals have evolved millions of different species but they are
all built along the same basic body plans.

Learning Objectives: Upon completion of this learning guide, you should be able to:

1. List the general characteristics common to all organisms in the Kingdom Animalia.
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (have to get their own food)
Most inhabit seas, fewer are seen in fresh water, and even fewer live on land
Cell structure contains organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, golgi
complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
Have similar organ systems ex. nervous, excretory, skeletal, reproductive, etc.
Bilaterally symmetrical
Locomotion
Respiration: take in oxygen and put out carbon dioxide

2. Describe what the first protoanimals looked like.

Soft bodies that left fossilized imprint in rocks, lived too deep in the ocean for them to get
their energy through photosynthesis so they absorbed nutrients directly from the sea water
through the surface of their body. Had soft cells walls and because of their simple and
effective fractal cellular division, they could not adapt and thus failed.
How the first animal arose:
1. Colonial protest, an aggregate of identical cell
2. Hollow sphere of unspecialized cells
3. Beginning of cell specialization
4. Infolding: in-pocketing
5. Gastrula-like proto-animal: some differentiation of the cell types, some sequences
in the shape of the organism, becomes more organized; first animals were just
multicellular blobs; herbivores on the ocean floor

1
Bio 105 - Contemporary Biology - Fall 2017 Learning Guide 18

3. Identify how sponges, jellyfish (Cnidarians) and starfish (Echinoderms) are similar.
List the ways in which they differ.
Sponges: no tissues and no symmetry; Different cell types with different functions;
regeneration
Jellyfish: radially symmetrical with only two tissue types; incomplete digestive tract
Starfish: water vascular system which function in movement, support, respiration,
digestion; decentralized nervous system; rapid regeneration; tube foot; secondary radial
symmetry

4. Define segmentation. Identify which groups exhibit it and list its advantages.
Refers to the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive
segment. The phyla arthropoda, verebrata, and annelida exhibit it.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Efficient movement
2. Detect prey
3. Specialization
4. Soil aeration
5. Medicinal purposes
6. Better adaptation

5. Know how mammals like humans exhibit the 6 characteristic traits of vertebrates
(4 traits common to all Chordata, and 2 specific to the Vertebrata).
Belong to the Phylum Chordate
Humans all of these characteristics; especially in the embryological development
1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. Notochord
3. Gill slits
4. Post-anal tail
Vertebrates
1. Back bone
2. Skull
3. Hinged jaw: except hagfish and eel

5. Be able to explain the differences in Figures 18.4 and 18.15

Based on morphological and genetic differences
Where does the mouth form?
Body plan relates to the cross section of the body as it develops
Ectoderm: develops into the covering or epidermis of organisms and also the nerve cells
Yellow cells which line the digestive cavity became the endoderm which becomes the
lining of the digestive tract and the glands associated with the digestive tract
Red cells on the inside are the mesoderm which give rise to muscle cells and certain
organs like the heart
Coelem: is developed when you have mesoderm lining the body cavity

PowerPoint Slides:

Unlike mosses and ferns, pines can thrive in arid regions because they have seeds
and pollen.

2
Bio 105 - Contemporary Biology - Fall 2017 Learning Guide 18

A flower is a specialized shoot with modified leaves

o Sepals, which enclose the flower
o Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
o Stamens, which produce pollen
o Carpels, which produce ovules
o They have broad leaves which are great for absorbing sunlight
o Flowers, fruits, and double fertilization>>apply to angiosperms
o Flowers is involved with reproduction
o Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants or angiosperms>>why
seeds are so rich in nutrients; as the seed begins to develop the fruit begins
to flower
Cambrian Explosion
o Adaptive radiation of all the group of animals in almost an instant of time
o Every phylum of living organisms were represented, including the
chordates and the vertebrates
o Darwin questions how all of these groups appeared