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Result

Pipe 1: smooth pipe (laminar and turbulent flow) the experiment


values will be tabulated in table 1 below:
Pipe Diameter = 4 mm
zero error = 0.005
hf /bar W/L t/s
0.1215 4 280.87
0.2635 4 167.8
0.392 5 137.4
Table 1 pipe 1 experiment readings

For more values the data in appendix A of pipe one will be in table 2

Table 2 pipe 1 reading appendix

Pipe 2: smooth turbulent flow pipe curve values obtained during the
experiment is listed on table 3 below:

Pipe Diameter = 7.2 mm


zero error = 0.004
hf /bar W/L t/s
0.41 20 99.54
0.295 15 86.63
0.177 15 116.34
Table 3 pipe 2 experiment readings

Furthermore, the appendix A data for more values will be listed in


table 4

Table 4 pipe 2 appendix readings

pipe 3: rough turbulent flow pipe curve is tabulated in table 5 below


Pipe Diameter = 16 mm
zero error = 0.005
hf /bar W/L t/s
0.081 20 53.55
0.167 20 38.9
0.26 20 29.43
Table 5 pipe 3 experiment readings

And the additional values is taken from appendix A listed in table 6


below:

Table 6 pipe 3 appendix readings

Calculations:
In this section of report a sample calculation will be done and the
rest of calculations are shown in spreadsheet provided with this
report.
Before starting calculation the corrected pressure reading will be
calculated for the values obtained in experiment by subtracting the
zero error for each pipe; the appendix values do not need to this
step since all appendix data are corrected to zero error. Then, the
head loss due to friction will be obtained by multiplying the
P
corrected pressure reading by 10.3 since h= (1 bar = 10.3 m
g
of water). After that, the flow rate must be calculated by dividing the
volume of water by the time taken to reach that volume. Knowing
the flow rate will let to obtain the mean flow velocity of water which
will be used to derive the Reynolds number. Then, the friction factor
will be calculated.
Pipe 3 when reading pressure is 0.081 bar the flowing equations
will be used to obtain Reynolds number and friction factor for this
pressure value: (equation, Massey 2005)

Corrected pressure value = reading pressure zero errors = 0.081


0.005 = 0.076 bar
Hf = Corrected pressure reading 10.3 = 0.076 10.3 = 0.7828 m
Then the flow rate will be obtained by following formula:
w 20 L
Q= = =0.373482726 L/s
t 53.55 s

Using the flow rate to derive the flow velocity of water:


Q
V=
A

Where the diameter of pipe 3 is 16mm and the flow rate must be in
SI unite.
0.373482726
V= 2
=1.85755069 m/s
1000 0.008
3
From this, the Reynolds number Re can be calculated since =1000 kg /m and

3
=1.028 10 kg /(ms) at 19o C; then, for this mean velocity;

VD 1000 1.85755069 0.016


= = =28911.29478
1.028 103

Then to calculate the following equation will be used:


2 gD hf
=
LV 2

Therefore, for this mean velocity,

2 9.81 0.016 0.7828


= 2
=0.071217784
1.00(1.85755069 )

For the pipe 1 and 2, the same calculation will be used. But for any
Reynolds number greater than 4000 in pipe 1 and 2 the prandtl
equation will be used to plot the graph of friction factor against
Reynolds number. Thus, the following derivation will be used to find
Reynolds number in term of lambda.

1

=2 log 10 ( )
2.51

Table 7 Pipe 3 calculation


Correct
ed
Pressur pressur Flow
e Time Volume e hf rate Speed Re lam
53.5 0.78 0.373482 1.857550 28911.29 0.071
0.081 5 20 0.076 28 726 69 478
1.66 0.514138 2.557116 39799.48 0.080
0.167 38.9 20 0.162 86 817 695 163
29.4 2.62 0.679578 3.379946 52606.17 0.072
0.26 3 20 0.255 65 661 974 858
0.78 0.357142 1.776282 27646.42 0.077
0.076 28 10 0.076 28 857 847 563
27.4 0.83 0.364431 1.812533 28210.63 0.079
0.081 4 10 0.081 43 487 517 84
1.43 0.488400 2.429104 37807.07 0.076
0.139 81.9 40 0.139 17 488 748 779
1.55 0.500625 2.489908 38753.43 0.078
0.151 79.9 40 0.151 53 782 371 769
1.96 0.571428 2.842052 44234.28 0.076
0.191 70 40 0.191 73 571 555 101
69.4 0.575705 2.863322 44565.33 0.078
0.2 8 40 0.2 2.06 239 954 781
2.12 0.590841 2.938606 45737.07 0.077
0.206 67.7 40 0.206 18 95 778 047
2.64 0.647249 3.219153 50103.55 0.080
0.257 61.8 40 0.257 71 191 38 455
2.69 0.660066 3.282898 51095.70 0.078
0.262 60.6 40 0.262 86 007 991 414
1
2
=log 10
1
( 2.51 )

=10 2
2.51
1
2.51 10 2
=

Thus, the calculation for all pipes will be tabulated in the flowing
tables 7, 8 and 9:

Table 8 Pipe 2 calculation


Correct
ed
Pressu Volum pressur
re Time e e hf Flow rate Speed Re Lam
4.18 0.200924 4.934890 34563.43 0.0
0.41 99.54 20 0.406 18 252 096 258
2.99 0.173150 4.252732 29785.67 0.0
0.295 86.63 15 0.291 73 179 542 539
1.78 0.128932 3.166702 22179.24 0.0
0.177 116.34 15 0.173 19 439 941 239
0.31 0.046605 1.144676 8017.191 0.0
0.031 64.37 3 0.031 93 562 775 422
1.31 0.110169 2.705867 18951.59 0.0
0.128 118 13 0.128 84 492 153 874
1.50 0.110180 2.706142 18953.52 0.0
0.146 45.38 5 0.146 38 696 354 622
2.59 0.152542 3.746585 26240.67 0.0
0.252 118 18 0.252 56 373 289 518
2.62 0.163773 4.022428 28172.65 0.0
0.255 30.53 5 0.255 65 338 432 05
3.66 0.183333 4.502840 31537.40 0.0
0.356 120 22 0.356 68 333 468 406
3.38 0.190839 4.687203 32828.66 0.0
0.329 26.2 5 0.329 87 695 818 488
4.61 0.212765 5.225733 36600.46 0.0
0.448 188 40 0.448 44 957 619 892
4.45 0.218340 5.362652 37559.43 0.0
0.433 22.9 5 0.433 99 611 403 318
Table 9 Pipe 1 calculation
Correcte
d
Pressu Volum pressur
re Time e e hf Flow rate Speed Re Lam
280.8 1.1999 0.014241 1.133299 4409.7 0.
0.1215 7 4 0.1165 5 464 698 3
2.6625 0.023837 1.896959 7381.1 0.
0.2635 167.8 4 0.2585 5 902 989 7
0.036390 2.895832 11267. 0.
0.392 137.4 5 0.387 3.9861 102 298 83
0.135281 0.
0.004 90 0.153 0.004 0.0412 0.0017 702 526.39
0.002895 0.230418 0.
0.007 86.34 0.25 0.007 0.0721 529 901 896.57
0.005044 0.401424 1561.9 0.
0.011 45 0.227 0.011 0.1133 444 134 6
0.1390 0.006097 0.485228 1888.0 0.
0.0135 41 0.25 0.0135 5 561 485 5
0.006572 0.522985 2034.9 0.
0.014 38.04 0.25 0.014 0.1442 029 486 6
0.007652 0.608940 2369.4 0.
0.016 115 0.88 0.016 0.1648 174 652 2
0.2605 0.009533 0.758638 2951.9 0.
0.0253 15 0.143 0.0253 9 333 562 0
0.767126 2984.9 0.
0.032 25 0.241 0.032 0.3296 0.00964 826 3
0.011715 0.932257 3627.4 0.
0.041 21.34 0.25 0.041 0.4223 089 164 6
1.054401 4102.7 0.
0.052 20 0.265 0.052 0.5356 0.01325 498 3
1.193662 4644.6 0.
0.062 10 0.15 0.062 0.6386 0.015 073 0
0.017507 1.393163 5420.8 0.
0.087 14.28 0.25 0.087 0.8961 003 017 7
0.019230 1.530335 5954.6 0.
0.111 13 0.25 0.111 1.1433 769 991 1
1.3956 0.022727 1.808578 7037.2 0.
0.1355 11 0.25 0.1355 5 273 899 7
0.027472 2.186194 8506.5 0.
0.203 145.6 4 0.203 2.0909 527 273 9
0.030229 2.405606 9360.3 0.
0.244 132.32 4 0.244 2.5132 746 758 4
0.034883 2.775958 10801. 0.
0.298 86 3 0.298 3.0694 721 31 39
0.038461 3.060671 11909. 0.
0.375 104 4 0.375 3.8625 538 983 23
For prandtl equation the following table 10 is listed the values of Re
and Lambda:

range of turbulent flow


RE Lembda Re
prandtl
equation
4409.72 0.07332 650.992
6451 1712 6736
7381.16 0.05806 1237.70
7273 8476 1828
11267.8 0.03730 5041.29
2995 4427 134
4102.72 0.03780 4811.92
9564 8333 6871
4644.59 0.03517 6202.18
9507 4272 3165
5420.86 0.03623 5582.65
7771 3609 1177
5954.61 0.03831 4596.73
4752 2952 7332
7037.27 0.03348 7406.52
198 5794 8044
8506.59 0.03433 6764.80
2503 3237 8224
9360.33 0.03408 6946.01
7579 2918 2497
10801.3 0.03125 9553.50
942 9829 6839
11909.2 0.03235 8398.80
295 8912 5776
34563.4 0.02425 26156.9
3258 7151 4568
29785.6 0.02341 30393.0
7539 1302 3716
22179.2 0.02510 22682.9
4239 1529 4955
8017.19 0.03442 6700.54
1422 4265 9719
18951.5 0.02543 21475.2
9874 6992 3057
18953.5 0.02900 12708.7
2622 8168 041
26240.6 0.02612 19267.4
7518 1494 1316
28172.6 0.02293 33210.9
505 1489 4816
31537.4 0.02554 21096.9
0406 7335 8102
32828.6 0.02178 41479.9
6488 8982 893
36600.4 0.02386 27990.5
6892 9988 4333
37559.4 0.02190 40501.0
3318 7727 2719
Table 10 prandtl calculation

Discussion:
Figure 1 shows the graph of relationship of Reynolds number with
friction factor in pipe 3. The range of Reynolds numbers for pipe 3
are between 104 and 105 as shown below. Comparing that line obtained from
experimental data with the moody diagram the k/D is found to be 0.05 as shown in
figure 2 (figure 2, moody diagram).

25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000


Figure 1 pipe 3 Reynolds number vs. friction factor
Figure 2 moody diagram

The following figure 3 is showing all pipe Reynolds number against


friction factor and the prandtl line for pipe 1 and 2 in turbulent
range. The pipe 3 range of Reynolds number as mention before
between 104 and 105 which is state that pipe 3 is rough turbulent
curve while pipe 2 is greater than 4000 which is mean the pipe two
is turbulent as well. On the other hand, the pipe 1 Reynolds number
is fluctuated from less than 2000 laminar flow to greater than 2000
to less than 4000 transitional flow and greater than 4000 turbulent
flow. The prandtl line in the graph is fit pipe 2 and pipe 1 points.
(Hamill 2011)
experimental pipe 3 Linear (experimental pipe 3) appendix pipe 3

experimental pipe 2 appendix pipe 2 experimental pipe 1

appendix pipe 1 prandtl line Power (prandtl line )

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000


Figure 3 all pipe Reynolds number vs. friction factor

Since pipe 1 has three types of flow the logarithmic value of head
loss due to friction versus the logarithmic value of the flow velocity
of water must be plotted to determined the flow regions. The
following table 11 shows the logarithmic values and the figure 4 is
showing the plot of pipe 1 logarithmic values.
Ln (v) Ln ( Hf)

0.125133 0.182279
464 889
0.640252 0.979284
599 31
1.063272 1.382813
565 309
2.000395 3.189317
996 023
1.467856 2.629701
319 235
0.912736 2.177716
719 111
0.723135 1.972921
396 698
0.648201 1.936554
567 054
0.496034 1.803022
468 662
0.276229 1.344806
818 988
0.265103 1.109875
138 481
0.070146 0.862039
575 317
0.052973 0.624367
305 665
0.177025 0.448476
954 999
0.331576 0.109703
714 265
0.425487 0.133918
313 818
0.592541 0.333360
398 257
0.782162 0.737594
257 595
0.877802 0.921556
162 842
1.020996 1.121482
024 103
1.118634 1.351314
494 642
Table 11 logarithmic values

Figure 4 logarithmic head loss vs. logarithmic velocity

For the laminar flow, the relationship between head loss due to
friction is direct proportional to the velocity while in turbulent flow
the head loss due to friction is direct proportional to the square of the
flow velocity of water (Massey 2005). From the above figure the laminar region the
gradient of line is 1.051 and the gradient of line in turbulent is 2.354 (excel
spreadsheet). These two values are close to theoretical values and the slight changes
caused due to some errors happened during the experiment such as water temperature
is not considered and the time taken during measuring the water volume is not
accurate.

Reference:
Massey, B., Ward-Smith, J, (2005). Mechanics of Fluids. 8th ed. Taylor & Francis
Moody diagram. Available at www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moody-diagram-
d_618.html . [14 December 2015]
Hamill, L. Understanding Hydraulics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

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