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For more values the data in appendix A of pipe one will be in table 2
Pipe 2: smooth turbulent flow pipe curve values obtained during the
experiment is listed on table 3 below:
Calculations:
In this section of report a sample calculation will be done and the
rest of calculations are shown in spreadsheet provided with this
report.
Before starting calculation the corrected pressure reading will be
calculated for the values obtained in experiment by subtracting the
zero error for each pipe; the appendix values do not need to this
step since all appendix data are corrected to zero error. Then, the
head loss due to friction will be obtained by multiplying the
P
corrected pressure reading by 10.3 since h= (1 bar = 10.3 m
g
of water). After that, the flow rate must be calculated by dividing the
volume of water by the time taken to reach that volume. Knowing
the flow rate will let to obtain the mean flow velocity of water which
will be used to derive the Reynolds number. Then, the friction factor
will be calculated.
Pipe 3 when reading pressure is 0.081 bar the flowing equations
will be used to obtain Reynolds number and friction factor for this
pressure value: (equation, Massey 2005)
Where the diameter of pipe 3 is 16mm and the flow rate must be in
SI unite.
0.373482726
V= 2
=1.85755069 m/s
1000 0.008
3
From this, the Reynolds number Re can be calculated since =1000 kg /m and
3
=1.028 10 kg /(ms) at 19o C; then, for this mean velocity;
For the pipe 1 and 2, the same calculation will be used. But for any
Reynolds number greater than 4000 in pipe 1 and 2 the prandtl
equation will be used to plot the graph of friction factor against
Reynolds number. Thus, the following derivation will be used to find
Reynolds number in term of lambda.
1
=2 log 10 ( )
2.51
Discussion:
Figure 1 shows the graph of relationship of Reynolds number with
friction factor in pipe 3. The range of Reynolds numbers for pipe 3
are between 104 and 105 as shown below. Comparing that line obtained from
experimental data with the moody diagram the k/D is found to be 0.05 as shown in
figure 2 (figure 2, moody diagram).
Since pipe 1 has three types of flow the logarithmic value of head
loss due to friction versus the logarithmic value of the flow velocity
of water must be plotted to determined the flow regions. The
following table 11 shows the logarithmic values and the figure 4 is
showing the plot of pipe 1 logarithmic values.
Ln (v) Ln ( Hf)
0.125133 0.182279
464 889
0.640252 0.979284
599 31
1.063272 1.382813
565 309
2.000395 3.189317
996 023
1.467856 2.629701
319 235
0.912736 2.177716
719 111
0.723135 1.972921
396 698
0.648201 1.936554
567 054
0.496034 1.803022
468 662
0.276229 1.344806
818 988
0.265103 1.109875
138 481
0.070146 0.862039
575 317
0.052973 0.624367
305 665
0.177025 0.448476
954 999
0.331576 0.109703
714 265
0.425487 0.133918
313 818
0.592541 0.333360
398 257
0.782162 0.737594
257 595
0.877802 0.921556
162 842
1.020996 1.121482
024 103
1.118634 1.351314
494 642
Table 11 logarithmic values
For the laminar flow, the relationship between head loss due to
friction is direct proportional to the velocity while in turbulent flow
the head loss due to friction is direct proportional to the square of the
flow velocity of water (Massey 2005). From the above figure the laminar region the
gradient of line is 1.051 and the gradient of line in turbulent is 2.354 (excel
spreadsheet). These two values are close to theoretical values and the slight changes
caused due to some errors happened during the experiment such as water temperature
is not considered and the time taken during measuring the water volume is not
accurate.
Reference:
Massey, B., Ward-Smith, J, (2005). Mechanics of Fluids. 8th ed. Taylor & Francis
Moody diagram. Available at www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moody-diagram-
d_618.html . [14 December 2015]
Hamill, L. Understanding Hydraulics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.