CHAPTER 11

Quick Quizzes

1. (a) Water, glass, iron. Because it has the highest specific heat ( 4186 J kg C ) , water has the
smallest change in temperature. Glass is next ( 837 J kg C ) , and iron ( 448 J kg C ) is
last. (b) Iron, glass, water. For a given temperature increase, the energy transfer by heat is
proportional to the specific heat.
2. (d). The final temperatures will depend on the mass of each sample.
3. (c).
4. (c). The blanket acts as a thermal insulator, slowing the transfer of energy by heat from the
air into the cube.
5. (e). The ratio of the power output of Star A to that of Star B is given by

A A A eTA4 ( 4 RA ) ( 1) TA ( 2RB ) ( 2TB )

2 4 2 4

= = = = ( 22 )( 24 ) = 64
B A BeTB4 ( 4 RB2 ) ( 1) TB4 RB2TB4

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Problem Solutions

11.1 Q = mc ( T )

= ( 0.100 kg )(129 J kg C ) (100C 20.0C ) = 1.03 103 J = 1.03 kJ

11.2 From Q = mc ( T ) , the change in temperature is

Q 1200 J
T = = = 62C
( )
mc 50 10 kg ( 387 J kg C )
-3

Thus, T f = Ti + T = 25C + 62C = 87C

11.3 The mass of water involved is

kg
m = V = 103
m 3

( )
4.00 1011 m 3 = 4.00 1014 kg

( )
(a) Q = mc ( T ) = 4.00 1014 kg ( 4186 J kg C ) (1.00C ) = 1.67 1018 J

(b) The power input is = 1000 MW = 1.00 109 J s ,

Q 1.67 1018 J 1 yr 53.1 yr

so, t= = =
1.00 10 J s 3.156 107 s
9

11.4 The change in temperature of the rod is

Q 1.00 10 4 J
T = = = 31.7C ,
mc ( 0.350 kg )( 900 J kg C )

and the change in the length is

L = Li ( T )

= 24 106 ( C ) ( 20.0 cm )( 31.7C ) = 1.52 102 cm = 0.152 mm

1

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11.5 The mechanical energy converted to internal energy in the collision is Q = PEg = mgh .
Thus, the expected rise in temperature is

T = =
(
Q m 9.80 m s (110 m )
2
) = 0.258C
mc m ( 4186 J kg C )

11.6 The internal energy converted to mechanical energy in one ascent of the rope is
Q = PEg = mgh . Since 1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 4186 Joules ,

1 Calorie
( )
Q = ( 50.0 kg ) 9.80 m s 2 (10.0 m )
4186 J
= 1.17 Calorie

11.7 The internal energy converted to mechanical energy in the climb is Q = PEg = mgh .
Thus, the required height is

Q ( 500 Calories ) ( 4186 J 1 Calorie )

h= = = 2.85 103 m = 2.85 km
mg ( 75.0 kg ) (
9.80 m s 2
)

11.8 The mass of water in the tub is

( )( )
m = V = 103 kg m 3 0.800 m 3 = 8.00 102 kg ,

and the internal energy transferred to the water from the body is

kcal 4186 J
Q = 100
( 0.750 h )
1 kcal
= 3.14 105 J
h

Thus, the change in the temperature of the water will be

Q 3.14 105 J
T = = = 0.0938C
( )
mc 8.00 102 kg ( 4186 J kg C )

11.9 The mechanical energy transformed into internal energy of the bullet is
11 1
Q = ( KEi ) = mv i2 = mv i2 . Thus, the change in temperature of the bullet is
1
2 2 2 4

( 300 m s ) = 176 C
2
Q 14 mv i2
T = = =
mc mc 4 (128 J kg C )

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11.10 (a) The mechanical energy converted into internal energy of the block is
1
Q = 0.85 ( KEi ) = 0.85 mv i2 . The change in temperature of the block will be
2

T = =
1 2
Q 0.85 2 mv i
=
( )
0.85 ( 3.0 m s )
= 9.9 103 C
2

mc mc 2 ( 387 J kg C )

(b) The remaining energy is absorbed by the horizontal surface on which the block
slides.

11.11 The quantity of energy transferred from the water-cup combination in a time interval of
1 minute is

Q = ( mc) water + ( mc) cup ( T )

J J
= ( 0.800 kg ) 4186 + ( 0.200 kg ) 900 (1.5C ) = 5.3 10 J
3

kg C kg C

Q 5.3 103 J J
The rate of energy transfer is = = = 88 = 88 W
t 60 s s

11.12 If N pellets are use, the mass of the lead is Nmpellet . Since the energy lost by the lead must
equal the energy absorbed by the water,

Nmpellet c ( T ) = [ mc ( T ) ]water ,
lead

or the number of pellets required is

mw cw ( T ) w
N=
mpellet clead T lead

=
( 0.500 kg )( 4186 J kg C ) ( 25.0C 20.0C ) = 467
(1.00 10-3 kg ) (128 J kg C ) ( 200C 25.0C )

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11.13 The energy absorbed by the water equals the energy given up by the iron, so

[ mc( T )]water = [ mc T ]iron , or

( 20 kg )( 4186 ( ) ( )
J kg C ) T f 22C = ( 0.40 kg )( 448 J kg C ) 500C T f .

Solving for the final temperature gives T f = 23C

11.14 The mass of water is

( )(
mw = wVw = 1.00 g cm 3 100 cm 3 = 100 g = 0.100 kg )
For each bullet, the energy absorbed by the bullet equals the energy given up by the
( ) ( )
water, so mb cb T f 20C = mw cw 90C T f . Solving for the final temperature gives
mw cw ( 90C ) + mb cb ( 20C )
Tf = .
mw cw + mb cb

For the silver bullet, mb = 5.0 103 kg and cb = 234 J kg C , giving

( 0.100)( 4186)( 90C ) + ( 5.0 103 ) ( 234)( 20C )

(T )
f
silver
=
( 0.100)( 4186) + ( 5.0 103 ) ( 234)
= 89.8C

For the copper bullet, mb = 5.0 103 kg and cb = 387 J kg C , which yields

( 0.100)( 4186)( 90C ) + ( 5.0 103 ) ( 387 )( 20C )

(T f )copper = ( 0.100)( 4186) + ( 5.0 103 ) ( 387 )
= 89.7C

Thus, the copper bullet wins the showdown of the water cups.

11.15 The total energy absorbed by the cup, stirrer, and water equals the energy given up by
the silver sample. Thus,

[ mccAl + m s cCu + m w cw ] ( T ) w = [ mc T ]Ag

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Solving for the mass of the cup gives

1 T Ag
mc = (
mAg cAg
cAl
)
( T ) w
ms cCu mw cw ,

1 ( 87 32)
or mc = ( 400 g ) ( 234) ( 40 g ) ( 387 ) ( 225 g ) ( 4186) = 80 g
900 ( 32 27)

11.16 The total energy absorbed by the 200-g of cold water and the cup equals the energy
given up by the 100-g of hot water.

( ) ( )
Thus, mcw cw + mcup cAl T f 10C = m hw cw 100C T f , or solving for the final
temperature,

Tf =
(
m hw cw (100C ) + mcw cw + mcup cAl (10C ) )
mcw cw + m cup cAl + m hw cw

Using the numeric data provided yields

(100 g ) ( 4186)(100C ) + ( 200 g ) ( 4186) + ( 300 g ) ( 900) (10C ) 35 C

Tf = =
( 200 g ) ( 4186) + ( 300 g ) ( 900) + (100 g ) ( 4186)

11.17 The total energy given up by the copper and the unknown samples equals the total
energy absorbed by the calorimeter and water. Hence,

m Cu cCu T Cu
+ munk cunk T unk
= [ m c cAl + m w cw ] ( T ) w

Solving for the specific heat of the unknown material gives

cunk =
[ mccAl + mw cw ] ( T )w mCu cCu T Cu
, or
munk T unk

1
cunk = ( 100 g )( 900 J kg C ) + ( 250 g )( 4186 J kg C ) ( 10C )
( 70 g ) ( 80C )

( 50 g )( 387 J kg C ) ( 60C ) = 1.8 10 3 J kg C

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11.18 Assume that the final temperature is in the range 20.0 < T f < 26.0C , or that the
aluminum gives up energy. Then, the energy absorbed by the water equals the total
energy given up by the aluminum and the copper, giving

( ) ( ) (
m w cw T f 20.0C = mAl cAl 26.0C T f + mCu cCu 100C T f )
Solving for the final temperature,

m Al cAl ( 26.0C ) + m Cu cCu ( 100C ) + m w cw ( 20.0C )

Tf = ,
m w cw + m Al cAl + m Cu cCu

( 0.400)( 900)( 26.0C ) + ( 0.100)( 387 )(100C ) + ( 0.250)( 4186)( 20.0C )

or Tf =
( 0.250)( 4186) + ( 0.400)( 900) + ( 0.100)( 387 )

= 23.6 C

If we had assumed the aluminum absorbs energy in this process, the correct
conservation of energy equation would have been

( ) ( ) (
m w cw T f 20.0C + mAl cAl T f 26.0C = mCu cCu 100C T f . )
Upon solving for the final temperature, we would have obtained

mAl cAl ( 26.0C ) + mCu cCu ( 100C ) + m w cw ( 20.0C )

Tf = ,
m w cw + mAl cAl + mCu cCu

which is the same as we had earlier. Thus, we would have arrived at the same answer as
obtained with the assumption that the aluminum gives up energy.

11.19 Since the temperature of the water and the steel container is unchanged, and neither
substance undergoes a phase change, the internal energy of these materials is constant.
Thus, all the energy given up by the copper is absorbed by the aluminum, giving
mAl cAl ( T ) Al = mCu cCu T Cu , or

c T Cu
mAl = Cu mCu
cAl ( T ) Al

387 85C 25C

=
900 25C 5.0C
( 200 g ) = 2.6 102 g = 0.26 kg

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11.20 The total energy input required is

Q = ( energy to melt 50 g of ice )

+ ( energy to warm 50 g of water to 100C )
+ ( energy to vaporize 5.0 g water )
= ( 50 g ) L f + ( 50 g ) cwater ( 100C-0C ) + ( 5.0 g ) Lv

J
Thus, Q = ( 0.050 kg ) 3.33 105
kg
J
+ ( 0.050 kg ) 4186 (100C-0C )
kg C
J
(
)
+ 5.0 10-3 kg 2.26 106
kg
,

which gives Q = 4.9 104 J = 49 kJ

11.21 The conservation of energy equation for this process is

( energy to melt ice ) + ( energy to w arm melted ice to T f ) = ( energy to cool w ater to T f )

or ( ) (
mice L f + mice cw T f 0C = mw cw 80C T f )
mw cw ( 80C ) mice L f
This yields T f = , so
( mice + mw ) cw

Tf =
(1.0 kg )( 4186 (
J kg C ) ( 80C ) ( 0.100 kg ) 3.33 105 J kg )= 65 C
(1.1 kg )( 4186 J kg C )

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11.22 The energy required is the following sum of terms:

Q = ( energy to reach melting point )

+ ( energy to melt ) + ( energy to reach boiling point )
+ ( energy to vaporize ) + ( energy to reach 110C )

Mathematically,

Q = m cice [ 0C- ( -10C ) ] + L f + cw (100C-0C ) + Lv + csteam (110C-100C )

This yields

J J
(
Q = 40 103 kg 2090 )
kg C
(10C ) + 3.33 105
kg

J J J
+ 4186 ( 100C ) + 2.26 10 6
+ 2010 ( 10C )
kg C kg kg C

or Q = 1.2 105 J = 0.12 MJ

11.23 In order to come to equilibrium at 50C, the steam must: cool to 100C, condense, and
then cool (as condensed water) to 50C. Thus, the conservation of energy equation is

msteam [ csteam (120C-100C ) + Lv + cw (100C-50C ) ]

( )
= mw cw + mcup cAl ( 50C-20C )

or msteam =
(m cw w )
+ mcup cAl ( 30C )
.
csteam ( 20C ) + Lv + cw ( 50C )

This gives

( 0.350 kg )( 4186 J kg C ) + ( 0.300 kg )( 900 J kg C ) ( 30C )

msteam = ,
( )
( 2010 J kg C ) ( 20C ) + 2.26 106 J kg + ( 4186 J kg C ) ( 50C )
and msteam = 2.1 102 kg = 21 g

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11.24 Because the large block of ice will not all melt, the bullet must give up its original kinetic
energy and also cool to 0C. The conservation of energy equation is

1
mmelt L f = mb v i2 + mb cPb ( 30.0C-0C )
2

1 v 2 + cPb ( 30.0C )
Thus, mmelt = mb 2 i
Lf

12 ( 240 m s ) 2 + (128 J kg C ) ( 30.0C )

= ( 3.00 g ) = 0.294 g
3.33 105 J kg

11.25 Assuming all work done against friction is used to melt snow, the energy balance
equation is f s = msnow L f . Since f = k ( mskier g ) , the distance traveled is

msnow L f (1.0 kg ) ( 3.33 105 J kg )

s= = = 2.3 103 m= 2.3 km
k ( mskier g ) 0.20 ( 75 kg ) ( 9.80 m s 2 )

11.26 Assuming all the ice melts, the conservation of energy equation is

( ) (
mice L f + mice cw T f 0C = mw cw 25C T f , )
giving

mw cw ( 25C ) mice L f
Tf =
( mw + mice ) cw

( 650 g )( 4186 J kg C ) ( 25C ) (100 g ) ( 3.33 105 J kg )= 11C

=
( 650 g + 100 g )( 4186 J kg C )
Note: If this had yielded a negative answer for T f , it would have indicated that the
assumption of all ice melting was false. The correct answer in that case would have been
T f = 0 C .

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11.27 Assume that all the ice melts. If this yields a result T f > 0 , the assumption is valid,
otherwise the problem must be solved again based on a different premise. If all ice
melts, energy conservation yields

( ) ( )( )
mice cice [ 0C- ( -78C ) ] + L f + cw T f 0C = mw cw + mcup cCu 25C T f ,

or Tf =
(m cw w )
+ m cup cCu ( 25C ) mice cice ( 78C ) + L f
( mw + mice ) cw + mcup cCu

With mw = 560 g, mcup = 80 g, mice = 40 g, cw = 4186 J kg C ,

cCu = 387 J kg C , cice = 2090 J kg C , and Lf = 3.33 105 J kg ,

this gives T f = 16 C , and the assumption that all ice melts is seen to be valid.

11.28 In one hour, the energy dissipated by the runner is

E = t = ( 300 J s ) ( 3600 s ) = 1.08 106 J

( )
Ninety percent, or Q = 0.900 1.08 106 J = 9.72 105 J , of this is used to evaporate bodily
fluids. The mass of fluid evaporated is

Q 9.72 10 5 J
m= = = 0.403 kg
Lv 2.41 106 J kg

Assuming the fluid is primarily water, the volume of fluid evaporated in one hour is

106 cm 3
V=
m

=
0.403 kg
1000 kg m 3 (
= 4.03 104 m 3
1m 3 )
= 403 cm 3

11.29 The original kinetic energy all becomes thermal energy:

1
2 2 2
( 2
)
Q = mv i2 + mv i2 = 2 5.00 103 kg ( 500 m s ) = 1.25 103 J
1 1

Raising the temperature to the melting point requires

( )
Q1 = mc( T ) = 10.0 103 kg (128 J kg C ) ( 327C 20.0C ) = 393 J

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Since 1250 J > 393 J, the lead starts to melt. Melting it all requires additional energy

( )(
Q2 = mL f = 10.0 103 kg 2.45 104 J kg = 245 J . )
Since 1250 J > 393 + 245 J, all the lead will melt. After Q1 + Q2 = 638 J has been used to
melt the lead, there is insufficient energy remaining to reach the boiling point at 1750C.
Rather, the residual energy Q ( Q1 + Q 2 ) is used in raising the temperature of the
liquid lead . If the specific heat is assumed to be constant, the final temperature will be

Q ( Q1 + Q2 ) 1250 J ( 393 + 245 ) J

T f = 327C+ = 327C+ = 805C
mc (10.0 10 -3
kg ) ( 128 J kg C )

11.30 The energy that must be absorbed to cool the water and cup to 0C is

(
Q1 = mw cw + mcup cAl (T ) )
= ( 0.180 kg )( 4186 J kg C ) + ( 0.100 kg )( 900 J kg C ) ( 30.0C ) = 2.53 104 J

(a) The amount of ice, at 0C, that must melt to absorb energy equal to Q1 is
Q1 2.53 104 J
m= = = 7.6 102 kg = 76 g .
L f 3.33 105 J kg

Hence, if 100 g of ice is used, not all of it will melt. Rather, the final temperature is
0 C with 24 g of ice left over .

(b) If 50 g of ice is used, all of the ice will melt and the conservation of energy equation is
( ) ( )(
mice L f + cw T f 0C = mw cw + mcup cAl 30C T f .
)
Thus,

J J
( 50 g ) 3.33 105 + 4186
kg C
Tf =
kg
J J
(180 g ) 4186

kg C
+ (100 g ) 900
kg C
(
30C T f )

This yields a final temperature of T f = 8.2 C .

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11.31 The energy required to melt 50 g of ice is

Q1 = mice L f = ( 0.050 kg )( 333 kJ kg ) = 16.7 kJ

The energy needed to warm 50 g of melted ice from 0C to 100C is

Q2 = mice cw ( T ) = ( 0.050 kg )( 4.186 kJ kg C ) (100C ) = 20.9 kJ

(a) If 10 g of steam is used, the energy it will give up as it condenses is

Q3 = ms Lv = ( 0.010 kg )( 2260 kJ kg ) = 22.6 kJ

Since Q3 > Q1 , all of the ice will melt. However, Q3 < Q1 + Q2 , so the final
temperature is less than 100C. From conservation of energy, we find

( ) (
mice L f + cw T f 0C = msteam Lv + cw 100C T f , or
)
msteam [ Lv + cw (100C ) ] mice L f
Tf = ,
( mice + msteam ) cw

(10 g ) 2.26 106 + ( 4186)(100) ( 50 g ) ( 3.33 105 ) 40 C

giving Tf = =
( 50 g + 10 g ) ( 4186)
(b) If only 1.0 g of steam is used, then Q3 = ms Lv = 2.26 kJ . The energy 1.0 g of
condensed steam can give up as it cools from 100C to 0C is

( )
Q4 = ms cw ( T ) = 1.0 103 kg ( 4.186 kJ kg C ) (100C ) = 0.419 kJ

Since Q3 + Q4 is less than Q1 , not all of the 50 g of ice will melt, so the final
temperature will be 0 C . The mass of ice which melts as the steam condenses and
the condensate cools to 0C is

Q3 + Q4 ( 2.26+0.419) kJ
m= = = 8.0 103 kg = 8.0 g
Lf 333 kJ kg

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11.32 Since the temperature of the ice and nail do not change, all of the initial mechanical
energy of the hammer is used to melt ice. Thus, the mass of ice melted is found from
1
mice L f = mhammer v i2 . This gives
2

v i2 ( 2.0 m s )
2

mice = m hammer = ( 0.50 kg ) = 3.0 106 kg=3.0 103 g

2 Lf


2 ( 3.33 10 J kg )
5

or mice = 3.0 mg

11.33 The rate of energy transfer through a block of the given dimensions is

Q T 30C
H=
t
= kA
L (
= k 15 104 m 2 )
0.080 m
= k ( 0.56 m C )

where k is the thermal conductivity of the material.

(a) For a copper block, k = 397 J s m C and

J kJ
H = 397
( 0.56 m C ) = 0.22 = 0.22 kW
s m C s

J J
(b) For air, H = 0.0234
( 0.56 m C ) = 0.013 = 13 mW
s m C s

J J
(c) For wood, H = 0.10
( 0.56 m C ) = 0.056 = 56 mW
s m C s

11.34 (a) With the outside temperature higher than that in the house, we have
5
T = Th Tc = 90F 70F = 20F = ( 20 ) = 11C and the rate of energy transfer into
9
the house is

T 2 11C
( 0.16 m )
J 2 J
H = kA = 0.84 = 5.0 10
L s m C 3.0 10 m
-3
s

or H = 0.50 kW into the house

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(b) With the interior warmer than the outside air, we have
5
T = Th Tc = 70F 0F = 70F = ( 70 ) = 39C and the rate of energy transfer out of
9
the house is

T 2 39C
( 0.16 m )
J 3 J
H = kA = 0.84 = 1.7 10
L s m C 3.0 10 m
-3
s

or H = 1.7 kW out of the house

T cal 102 cm 4.186 J J

11.35 H = kA , with = = 83.7
L
k 0.200
cm C s 1 m 1 cal s m C

Thus, the energy transfer rate is

200C 20.0C
[ ( 8.00 m )( 50.0 m ) ]
J
H = 83.7
s m C 1.50 102 m

J
= 4.02 108 = 402 MW
s

11.36 Since the air temperature inside the box remains constant, the power input from the
T
heater must equal the energy transfer to the exterior. Thus, H = kA = , giving
L

L ( 10.0 W ) 4.00 102 m 2

k= = = 2.22 10 W m C
A T ( 1.20 m 2 ) 15.0C

11.37 R = Ri = Routside + Rshingles + Rsheathing + Rcellulose + Rdry wall + Rinside

air film air film

ft 2 F ft 2 F
R = 0.17 + 0.87 + 1.32 + 3 ( 3.70 ) + 0.45 + 0.17 = 14
Btu h Btu h

11.38 The rate of energy transfer through a compound slab is

A ( T )
H= , where R = Li ki
R

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(a) For the Thermopane, R = Rpane + Rtrapped air + Rpane = 2Rpane + Rtrapped air .

0.50 102 m 1.0 102 m m 2 C

Thus, R = 2 + = 0.44 ,
0.84 W m C 0.0234 W m C W

and H=
(1.0 m ) ( 23C) =
2

52 W
0.44 m 2 C W

(b) For the 1.0 cm thick pane of glass:

1.0 10 2 m m 2 C
R= = 1.2 10 2 ,
0.84 W m C W

so H=
(1.0 m ) ( 23C)
2

= 1.9 103 W = 1.9 kW , 37 times greater

1.2 10-2 m 2 C W

11.39 When the temperature of the junction stabilizes, the energy transfer rate must be the
same for each of the rods, or H Cu = H Al . The cross-sectional areas of the rods are equal,
and if the temperature of the junction is 50C, the temperature difference is T = 50C
for each rod.

T T
Thus, H Cu = kCu A = kAl A = H Al , which gives

LCu LAl

k 238 W m C
LAl = Al LCu = (15 cm ) = 9.0 cm
kCu 397 W m C

11.40 The energy transfer rate is H = = =

(
Q mice L f ( 5.0 kg ) 3.33 10 J kg
5
)= 58 W
t t ( 8.0 h ) ( 3600 s 1 h )

T
Thus, H = kA gives the thermal conductivity as
L

k=
H L
=
(
( 58 W ) 2.0 102 m )
= 7.2 10 2 W m C
( )
A ( T ) 0.80 m 2 ( 25C 5.0C )

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11.41 The absolute temperature of the sphere is T = 473 K and that of the surroundings is
T0 = 295 K . For a perfect black-body radiator, the emissivity is e = 1 . The net power
radiated by the sphere is

(
net = Ae T 4 T04 )
W
4 ( 0.060 m ) 2 ( 473 K ) 4 ( 295 K ) 4
= 5.67 108 4
m K
2

or net = 1.1 102 W = 0.11 kW

11.42 With an emissivity of e = 0.965 , temperature of T = 5800 K , and radius of

r = 6.96 108 m , the total power radiated by the spherical Sun is

W
4 ( 6.96 108 m ) ( 0.965 )( 5800 K ) ,
2
= AeT 4 = 5.67 108
4
4
m K
2

or = 3.77 10 26 W .

11.43 The absolute temperature of the pizza is T = 373 K and the total surface area of this
cylindrical object is

A = r 2 + 2 rL + r 2 = 2 ( 0.35 m ) + ( 0.35 m )( 0.020 m ) = 0.81 m 2

2

The power radiated into space (or the rate of energy loss) is

W
= AeT 4 = 5.67 108
m K
2 4

( )
0.81 m 2 ( 0.8)( 373 K )
4

= 7.1 102 W ~ 10 3 W

11.44 The net power radiated isnet = A e ( T 4 T04 ) , so the temperature of the radiator is
1
4
T = T04 + net . If the temperature of the surroundings is T0 = 22C = 295 K ,
Ae

1
25 W 4
T = ( 295 K ) +
4

( )( )
5.67 108 W m 2 K 4 2.5 105 m 2 ( 0.25)

= 2.9 10 3 K= 2.6 10 3 C

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11.45 The absolute temperatures of the two stars are Tx = 6000 K and Ty = 12 000 K . Thus, the
ratio of their radiated powers is

4
Y AeTY4 TY
= = = ( 2 ) = 16
4

X AeTX4 TX

11.46 Assume that the ground below the pavement is a very good insulator and that the
emissivity of the blacktop is unity. Then, in steady state, the square meter of asphalt
must radiate energy at the same rate as receiving it from the Sun. From = AeT 4 , the
temperature of the asphalt is

1
1
4 1000 W 4
T = = = 364 K = 91C
Ae ( 5.67 10 W m K )( 1.00 m ) ( 1.00 )
-8 2 4 2

11.47 At a pressure of 1 atm, water boils at 100C. Thus, the temperature on the interior of the
copper kettle is 100C and the energy transfer rate through it is

T W 102C 100C
H = kA = 397 ( 0.10 m ) 2
L m C 2.0 103 m

= 1.2 10 4 W = 12 kW

11.48 The energy required to raise the temperature of the water to 100C is

Q = mc ( T ) = ( 0.250 kg )( 4186 J kg ) (100C 23.0C ) = 8.06 104 J .

The power input is = ( 550 W m 2 )( 1.00 m 2 ) = 550 W , so the time required is

Q 8.06 10 4 J 1 min
t= = = 2.44 min
550 J s 60 s

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11.49 At an average rate of 1000 W, the energy radiated between 4 PM and 8 AM is

J 3600 s
Q =t = 1000 ( 16.0 h ) = 5.76 10 J
7

s 1h

The mass of stone which can give up this quantity of energy as its temperature drops
from 30C to 18C is

Q 5.76 107 J
m= = = 6.0 10 3 kg
c ( T ) ( 800 J kg C ) (12C )

11.50 The energy needed is

Q = mc ( T ) = ( V ) c ( T )
kg
= 103 3 ( )
1.00 m 3 ( 4186 J kg ) ( 40.0C ) = 1.67 108 J
m

The power input is = ( 550 W m 2 )( 6.00 m 2 ) = 3.30 10 3 J s , so the time required is

Q 1.67 108 J 1 h
t= = = 14.1 h
3.30 103 J s 3600 s

11.51 The energy conservation equation is

mPb c Pb ( 98C 12C ) = mice L f + ( mice + mw ) cw + mcup cCu (12C 0C ) .

This gives

J
m Pb 128

kg C
(
( 86C ) = ( 0.040 kg ) 3.33 105 J kg )
+ ( 0.24 kg )( 4186 J kg C ) + ( 0.100 kg )( 357 J kg C ) (12C ) ,

or m Pb = 2.3 kg

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11.52 If we assume that all of the original mechanical energy of the hailstone is converted to
internal energy and used to melt ice, the energy conservation equation is m g h = mL f .
This gives the required height as

Lf 3.33 105 J kg
h= = = 3.40 10 4 m = 34.0 km
g 9.80 m s 2

11.53 The conservation of energy equation is

(m c w w )( ) (
+ mcup cglass T f 27C = mCu cCu 90C T f )

This gives Tf =
( )
m Cu cCu ( 90C ) + m w cw + m cup cglass ( 27C )
, or
m w cw + m cup cglass + m Cu cCu

( 0.200)( 387 )( 90C ) + [ ( 0.400)( 4186) + ( 0.300)( 837 ) ] ( 27C )

Tf = = 29 C
( 0.400)( 4186) + ( 0.300)( 837 ) + ( 0.200)( 387 )

11.54 The energy added to the air in one hour is

Q = (total ) t = 10 ( 200 W ) ( 3600 s ) = 7.20 106 J ,

and the mass of air in the room is

(
m = V = 1.3 kg m 3 ) [( 6.0 m )(15.0 m )( 3.0 m )] = 3.5 10 2
kg

Q 7.2 106 J
The change in temperature is T = = = 25C ,
( )
mc 3.5 102 kg ( 837 J kg C )

giving T f = Ti + T = 20C + 25C= 45 C

11.55 The rate of energy transfer to the surface is

T W 2 37.0C 34.0C
H = kA = 0.210
L m C
1.40 m (
0.0250 m
, )

J 1 kcal 3600 s
which gives H = 35.3 = 30.3 kcal h
s 4186 J 1 h

Since this is less than 240 kcal h , blood flow is necessary for cooling.

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11.56 (a) In steady state, the energy transfer rate is the same for each of the rods, or

100C T T 0C
H Al = H Fe . Thus, kAl A = kFe A ,
L L

kAl
(100C ) =
238
giving T = (100C ) = 75.0C
kAl + kFe 238 + 79.5

(b) If L = 15 cm and A = 5.0 cm 2 , the energy conducted in 30 min is

W 2 100C 75.0C
Q = H Al t = 238
m C
( 4
5.0 10 m )0.15 m
(1800 s )

= 3.6 104 J = 36 kJ

11.57 The rate at which energy must be added to the water is

Q m kg 1 min J
H= = Lv = 0.500 2.26 106 = 1.88 10 W
4

t t min 60 s kg

T 100C
From H = kA , the temperature of the bottom surface is
L

T = 100C +
H L
= 100C +
( )(
1.88 10 4 W 0.500 10 2 m )
= 109 C
kA ( 238 W m C ) ( 0.120 m ) 2

( 0.600) gh
11.58 (a) Q = mc( T ) = ( 0.600) mgh gives T = , or
c

( 0.600) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 50.0 m )

T f = Ti + T = 25.0C + = 25.8 C
387 J kg C

(b) No . As seen in the above calculation, the mass of the coin cancels.

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 C H A P T E R 1 1

80.0C T T 30.0C
11.59 In the steady state, H Au = H Ag , or kAu A = kAg A .
L L

This gives

kAu ( 80.0C ) + kAg ( 30.0C ) 314 ( 80.0C ) + 427 ( 30.0C )

T= = = 51.2 C
kAu + kAg 314 + 427

11.60 (a) The rate work is done against friction is

= f v = ( 50 N ) ( 40 m s ) = 2.0 10 3 J s = 2.0 kW

(b) In a time interval of 10 s, the energy added to the 10-kg of iron is

Q = t = ( 2.0 10 3 J s ) ( 10 s ) = 2.0 10 4 J ,

and the change in temperature is

Q 2.0 104 J
T = = = 4.5 C
mc (10 kg )( 448 J kg C )

11.61 (a) The energy required to raise the temperature of the brakes to the melting point at
660C is

Q = mc ( T ) = ( 60 kg )( 900 J kg C ) ( 660C 20C ) = 3.46 107 J .

The internal energy added to the brakes on each stop is

Q1 = KE = mcar v i2 = (1500 kg )( 25 m s ) = 4.69 10 5 J .

1 1 2

2 2

The number of stops before reaching the melting point is

Q 3.46 107 J
N= = = 74 stops
Q1 4.69 105 J

(b) This calculation assumes no energy loss to the surroundings and that all internal
energy generated stays with the brakes. Neither of these will be true in a realistic
case.

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11.62 We assume that the time interval is so short that only the part of the rod immersed in the
liquid helium undergoes a change in temperature. The mass of this half of the rod is

( )( )
mAl = Al A ( L 2) = 2.70 103 kg m 3 2.0 104 m 2 ( 0.50 m ) = 0.27 kg

From conservation of energy, mHe ( Lv ) He = mAl cAl T , or the mass of helium evaporated
is

mAl cAl T ( 0.27 kg )( 900 J kg C ) ( 295.8C )

mHe = = = 3.4 kg
( Lv ) He 2.09 104 J kg

The volume of liquid helium evaporated is then

mHe 3.4 kg 103 L

VHe = = = 28 L
He 122 kg m 3 1 m 3

11.63 (a) The internal energy Q added to the volume V of liquid that flows through the
calorimeter in time t is Q = ( m) c ( T ) = ( V ) c ( T ) . Thus, the rate of adding
energy is

Q V
= c ( T )
t t

V
where is the flow rate through the calorimeter.
t

(b) From the result of part (a), the specific heat is

Q t 40 J s
c= =
( ) (
( T ) ( V t ) 0.72 g cm ( 5.8C ) 3.5 cm 3 s
3
)
J 103 g
= 2.7 = 2.7 10 J kg C
3

g C 1 kg

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 C H A P T E R 1 1

11.64 When liquids 1 and 2 are mixed, the conservation of energy equation is

7
mc1 (17C 10C ) = mc2 ( 20C 17C ) , or c2 = c1
3

When liquids 2 and 3 are mixed, energy conservation yields

28
mc3 ( 30C 28C ) = mc2 ( 28C 20C ) , or c3 = 4 c2 = c1 .
3

Then, mixing liquids 1 and 3 will give mc1 ( T 10C ) = mc3 ( 30C T ) ,

c1 (10C ) + c3 ( 30C ) 10C + ( 28 3) ( 30C )

or T= = = 28 C .
c1 + c3 1 + ( 28 3)

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Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions

2. The mass of the water is very large in comparison to the bodys mass. Thus, the body
temperature will rise to that of the water, a potentially fatal occurrence. When thermal
pollution raises the temperature of a lake or stream, large scale fish kills can occur.
4. In winter the produce is protected from freezing. The specific heat of the Earth is so high
that soil freezes only to a depth of a few inches in temperate regions. Throughout the year
the temperature will stay nearly constant day and night. Factors to be considered are the
insulating properties of the soil, the absence of a path for energy to be radiated away from
or to the vegetables, and the hindrance of the formation of convection currents in the
small, enclosed space.
6. The high thermal capacity of the barrel of water and its high heat of fusion mean that a
large amount of energy would have to leak out of the cellar before the water and produce
froze solid. Evaporation of the water keeps the relative humidity high to protect foodstuffs
from drying out.
8. Yes, if you know the specific heat of zinc and copper, you can determine the relative
fraction of each by heating a known weight of pennies to a specific initial temperature, say
100 C, then dump them into a known quantity of water, at say 20 C. The equation for
conservation of energy will be
mpennies [ x cCu + (1 x ) c Zn ] (100C T ) = mwater cwater ( T 20C )

The equilibrium temperature, T, and the masses will be measured. The specific heats are
known, so the fraction of metal that is copper, x, can be computed.
10. Convection is the dominant energy transfer process involved in the cooling of the bridge
surface. Air currents can flow freely around all parts of the bridge, making convection
particularly effective.
12. The black car absorbs more of the incoming energy from the Sun than does the white car,
making it more likely to cook the egg.
14. Keep them dry. The air pockets in the pad conduct energy slowly. Wet pads absorb some
energy in warming up themselves, but the pot would still be hot and the water would
quickly conduct a lot of energy to your hand.
16. Write mwater cwater (1C ) = ( airV ) cair (1C ) , to find

V=
mwater cwater
=
(1000 kg )( 4186 J kg C ) = 3.2 103 m 3 .
air cair ( )
1.3 kg m 3 (1000 J kg C )

18. Making the handle of the poker in the shape of a spring, rather than a solid rod, increases
the surface area of metal in contact with the surrounding air. This increases the rate of
energy transfer from the handle to the air and keeps the handle at a lower temperature
than it would otherwise attain.

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Answers to Even Numbered Problems

2. 87C

4. 0.152 mm

6. 1.17 calories

8. 0.0938C

10. (a) 9.9 10 3 C

(b) The remaining energy is absorbed by the surface on which the block slides.

12. 467 pellets

14. copper wins, 89.7C to 89.8C

16. 35C

18. 23.6C

20. 49 kJ

22. 0.12 MJ

24. 0.294 g

26. 11C

28. 403 cm 3/ hr

30. (a) 0C, with 24 g of ice left (b) 8.2C

32. 3.0 mg

34. (a) 0.50 kW into the house (b) 1.7 kW out of the house

36. 2.22 10 2 W/ m C

38. (a) 52 W (b) 1.9 kW, 37 times greater

40. 7.2 10 2 W/ m C

42. 3.77 10 26 W

44. 2.6 10 3 C
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 C H A P T E R 1 1

46. 91C

48. 2.44 min

50. 14.1 h

52. 34.0 km

54. 45C

56. (a) 75.0C (b) 36 kJ

58. (a) 25.8C (b) No, the mass cancels.

60. (a) 2.0 kW (b) 4.5C

62. 28 L

64. 28C

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