6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
MARINE CHRONOMETER 6MX & CHP THE HISTORY
Technical Description and Operating Instructions OF MARINE CHRONOMETERS CREATION
By their emergence the marine chronometers
are obliged to navigation problems. The corner-
stones of navigation problems always were and
still remain definition of location and
CONTENTS: movement direction of the vessel, measurement
of speed, distance and movement duration
from the departure point to the terminal.
THE HISTORY OF MARINE CHRONOMETERS CREATION . . . . . . .10
Ancient seafarers have very soon found out that
MARINE CHRONOMETER 6MX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 the Earth is whirling but the Pole-Star remains
DECK WATCH CHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 at one and the same point of the firmament,
that moving to the south towards the sky-line it
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
is possible to reach lands with warm climate.
OPERATING INSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Measuring the angle between Pole-Star and
CERTIFICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 sky-line and heading strictly from the north for
the south the navigators could approximately
define latitude of their location. Era of
significant geographical discoveries and
colonial conquests required a decision of
determination of their location longitude.
In the 16th century the governments of Sea
Powers Spain and the Netherlands declared big
premium to recruit scientists and constructors for
finding out trustworthy method of determination
location longitude in the open sea.
In 1616 the great Galileo Galilee aspired to the
premium having propounded astronomical
method of longitude determination which
made no impression upon sailors. However
Galileo has discovered oscillatory chronometry
law and was the first who offered concept of
pendulum watches.
Twenty one years old John Harrison, son of
carpenter, made up his mind to overcome
problem of longitude and to win the bonus. In
English
1735, after long time experiments, Harrison
has introduced to the Queen Society his first
marine chronometer named H1. It was very
cumbersome, looking appallingly, weighting
35 kgs watch, but in this constructions there
were many unique technical solutions which
during tests allowed to reveal location error by
150 kilometers.
Forty seven years the inventor strived for the
planned target and in 1781 he presented for
tests new modification of marine chronometer
model H4. Vessel Deptford departed from
England to Jamaica. Precious device was
escorted by the son of old John William
because 68-year John Harrison did not take
the risk of floatation in the open sea. In 161
days and nights, when the vessel reached
Portsmouth, the error of marine chronometer
did not exceed several seconds. Thus, the
problem of geographical longitude in the open
sea was solved.
In the process of creation of marine
chronometer Harrison have cardinally turned
over conception of those days about watch
possible accuracy. Having spent the most part of
his life for developing of marine chronometer,
Harrison have solved practically all problems
with respect to peculiarities of exploitation of
watches in sea conditions. To support vibration
stability during rolling and pitching and to
reduce gravitation influence on accuracy
Harrison introduced the second balance thus
both balances vibrated in one and the same
plane but in different directions. He placed the
chronometer on mobile support and as a result
of this the watch remained only in the
horizontal position.
To ensure permanency of winding spring
moment there was used fuseedevice. It was
also recommended to wind the watch at one and
the same time in order to even difference in the
moment by maximum for the time of
measuring, usually it was at 12.00 a.m.
Besides, in order to make the influence of
temperature and humidity less the balance
wheel was made from several metals
composition. This allowed to decrease the
coefficient of metal expansion.
In order to reduce influence of temperatures
over-fall the marine chronometers were
packed in the wooden container which served
at some extent as thermos keeping constant
temperature.
Since that time marine chronometer is the
obligatory and integral accessory of each
vessel. By the beginning of the 19th century
after followers of Harrison Pier Larua,
Thomas Mjudge, Ferdinand Bebrty, Thomas
Irnshay, John Arnold have finally solved all
problems, the marine chronometer acquired
almost modern look absorbing the best
ingenious achievements such as oscillatory
system balance-spiral with thermo-
compensation device; chronometer free-
wheeling; spring motor with fusee special
device which reduces moment of spring
rotation influence on watch motion; hands
indication of hours, minutes and seconds;
pointing out spring winding time.
16

MARINE CHRONOMETER 6MX
Marine chronometer 6MX is a precision measuring
instrument. It intends for keeping and indication of
exact time in hours, minutes and seconds on sea
vessels. The marine chronometer is regulated by
solar average or by starlit time.
The construction of marine chronometer is based
on the classical scheme which is used in all watch
pieces but at the same time in order to achieve high
accuracy its construction is complicated by a
number of technical peculiarities.
Spring motor is operating in pair with fusee
mechanism which serves as leveler and keeper of
spring rotation moment permanency. Kinematical
link of barrel with spring and fusee is being
conducted by Gall chain.
When rotation moment is maximum Gall chain is
situated on the minimum diameter of fusee spiral
and when rotation moment is minimum Gall chain
is situated on the maximum diameter of fusee
spiral. Special ratchet gear creates motion reserve
which makes it unnecessary to stop the
chronometer while winding. Winding counter
displays chronometer work duration from the
winding to the stop what makes it possible to re-
wind the watch in due time.
Chronometer motion which is used in
chronometers guarantees more accuracy than
pallet trigger regulator but is very sensitive for
shock and can work only in one movement
position, namely in horizontal dial position.
To exclude influence of vessel heel on
chronometer accuracy the watch is placed into
18
container on spring hanger which guarantees
dial horizontal position.
There also used in chronometer cutting bimetallic
balance which is equilibrating temperature
influence on motion and screw cylindrical hair
which makes it easier to balance the system as
compared with spiral hair.
On of the balance staff jewel diamond which also
ensures high movement accuracy and long life of
balance-motor unit.
Production started in 1949. Developer and
constructor The First Moscow Watch Factory by
Kirov. Constructors and designers: Shapiro Leonid
Salamonovich, Zarinj Bruno Karlovich. The first
customer was military unit 15097.
At present time the main customer of marine
chronometers 6MX is Chief administration of
navigation and oceanography of Ministry of
Defence of the Russian Federation. Annual order
is 100 units.
All surface ships and submarines should be
provided with 1 marine chronometer 6 MX and 2
deck watches CHP.
Marine chronometer should be situated in the
captains bridge. By its readings it is determined
vessel time and bells (the daily routine, reveille,
dinner-time, bedtime) and so on. It goes without
saying that marine chronometers were integral
devices in all significant naval events: round-the-
world navigation, long voyages, submarines rising to
the surface on the North and on South Poles.
On 17th August of 1977 at 4 a.m. chief vessel No doubt that marine chronometer is apparatus
time keeper marine chronometer No.1 on every vessel. Life of the crew depends on its
manufactured at the 1st Moscow Watch Factory reliability.
has crowned the first above-water cruise of
nuclear-powered vessel Arctic towards the VOLMAX company has widened the model line of
North Pole. marine chronometers 6MX: not only for navy fleet
but also for presentation (table clock, floor clock
Captain Yu.Kuchiev wrote in his telegram addressed and wall clock) with dedicatory inscriptions.
to the engineers and workers of the watch factory
English
wrote: We have a pleasure to inform that 3 marine At present time these unique time pieces are of
chronometers and 12 deck watches manufactured great demand not only as watch but also as original
at your Factory worked and continue functioning precious gift which can decorate any interior.
perfectly.
VOLMAX company hopes that marine
Participation in the international affairs: Caribbean chronometers will turn to be real unique time piece
crisis; Vietnam War; Persian Gulf events and many for all experts of watch craftsmanship and reliable
others not to mention all navy exercises. device for all types of vessels and ships.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 6MX
Clockwork size, mm.......................................................................................................................................................................................................85
Clockwork height, mm.............................................................................................................................................................................................39.8
Number of jewels, pc:
(a) w/o contact device.................................................................................................................................................................................................15
(b) with contact device................................................................................................................................................................................................20
Balance swing period, s...............................................................................................................................................................................................0.5
Full winding performance, h....................................................................................................................................................................................56
Mean daily rate (wmean), s .....................................................................................................................................................................................3.5
Maximum variation of daily rate (D), s........................................................................................................................................................2.3
Temperature coefficient (C), s/deg .................................................................................................................................................................0.1
Maximum permissible current flowing through the chronometer
contacts at a voltage of 1.5 to 6 V DC, mA.......................................................................................................................................................5
Mass of set, kg, max...........................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Overall dimensions, mm:
(a) chronometer in inner box......................................................................................................................................................190x190x190
(b) chronometer in outer box .....................................................................................................................................................320x260x234
19
DECK WATCH CHP

Deck watch is the precision watch of pocket bimetallic balance with frequency 0,4 sec. and steel
watch type with free escape wheel motion. They are hair with end curve.
designed and constructed for use on the vessel deck.
This type of watch has three hands: hour, minute Deck watches are placed in the special wooden
and central second hand of continuous action, container with collapsible upper cover.

English
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION CHP

Daily rate:
- in different watch positions (at constant temperature + 20C) and, sec..................................................................+(-) 10
- at different temperatures (in horizontal position dial to the top
Maximum difference between two consecutive daily rates at all temperatures, sec...............................................+(-) 6
Maximum difference of average daily rates between two positions:
- horizontal position (dial to the top) and
- vertical position (crown up to top)
at the constant temperature, sec...............................................................................................................................................+20C +(-) 12
Power reserve of one full winding, h .................................................................................................................................not less than 40
Jewels number....................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
Balance ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................bimetallic
Watch dimensions in container:
Diameter, mm .................................................................................................................................................................................................................63,8
Height, mm .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................19,2
Weight, kg ......................................................................................................................................................................................not more than 0,65

21
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The present publication contains the data on
the purpose, construction, basic specifications
of the marine chronometer, as well as
stipulates the rules for its operation,
transportation and storage.
1.2. The marine chronometer is manufactured in
compliance with the requirements stipulated
in the technical papers.
system, regulator (balance with hairspring),
and hand mechanism.
4.2. The dial has full marking. It has the second
hand dial and the up-and-down indicator dial.
4.3. The chronometer has an hour hand, a minute
hand, a second hand, as well as an up-and-
down indicator hand. The up-and-down
indicator hand shows the operating time of the
chronometer after the winding of the spring.
7. PREPARING THE CHRONOMETER FOR
OPERATION
7.1. Take the inner box with the chronometer out of
the outer box.
7.2. Open the centre cover of the inner box.
7.3. Open the gimbals ring lock, undo the screw of
the gimbals ring and withdraw the gimbals.
7.4. Remove the packing plate.
7.5. Carefully take out the chronometer and remove
the key into the hole in the case and smoothly
rotate it counter-clockwise till the up-and-
down indicator hand reaches division 8.
8.3. Now take the key out of the hole and turn the
chronometer to the horizontal position with its
dial up.
8.4. Start the chronometer (if it does not operate
after winding the spring) by slightly turning the
box in-the horizontal plane.

4.4. The clockwork of the chronometer is placed in
2. PURPOSE a metal case. The chronometer is set in gimbals
2.1. The marine chronometer (further on referred so that its position will not be disturbed by the
to as chronometer) is designed for precise ships motions, the gimbals being secured in the 7.7. Unscrew the bezel with the glass, carefully take the
time-keeping in hours, minutes and seconds inner box. The inner box is placed in the outer
on board sea-going vessels. padded box which protects the chronometer
2.2. The chronometer is adjusted by mean solar or against shocks and abrupt temperature
sidereal time. variations.
2.3. The chronometer is manufactured with or
without a contact device. 5. MARKING
2.4. The contact device is designed to give the The chronometer carries the following markings:
second and minute time intervals. (a) the trade mark and the ordinal No. of the
chronometer are shown on its dial; the
3. STANDARD EQUIPMENT chronometer set to the sidereal time has the star
The standard equipment of the chronometer mark on its dial;(b) the barrel bridge carries the
includes the following items: ordinal No. of the chronometer and the trade
(a) chronometer proper; mark of the Manufacturer;
(b) Certificate; (c) the name of the device is shown on the inner box
(c) Technical Description and Operating of the chronometer.
Instructions;
(d) inner and outer boxes; 6. GENERAL DIRECTIONS
(e) winding key; 6.1. The chronometer, being a precision device,
(f) chamois (100x100 mm); requires careful handling both in operation and
(g) cover of cloth; during transportation.
(h) coupling wire (for chronometer with contact 6.2. In preparing the chronometer for operation
device). after transportation in a special container, as
well as before placing it in a special container
4. CONSTRUCTION (when it is to be sent for scheduled cleaning and
4.1. The clockwork of the chronometer consists of for repair), thoroughly study Sections 8, 9, 10
the spring movement, train wheel, escapement and 13 of the present publication.
the paper.
7.6. Take the side gasket and the pad, wrapped in
paper, out of the box.
chronometer clockwork (lifting it with the key
inserted into the hole in the plate matched with that
in the case) out of the case and put it with the dial
down in its mounting place in the case, having
matched the pin of the clockwork hold-down ring
with the recess in the case.
7.8. With the aid of tweezers, carefully remove the cork
wedges from under the balance and again place
the clockwork in the case, having matched the pin
of the clockwork hold-down ring with the recess
in the case.
7.9. Screw the bezel with the glass onto the case.
7.10. Fit the gimbals ring in the box, secure it with
the screw ensuring an axial clearance, and
lock it with round knurled nuts.
7.11. Place the chronometer in the gimbals ring,
having ensured an axial clearance, and lock it
with nuts.
8. WINDING AND STARTING THE
CHRONOMETER
8.1. Turn the chronometer with its bottom side up
in the gimbals and hold it steadily in this
position with your left hand.
8.2. Turn the plate with the winding key to register
the hole in the plate with that in the case. Insert
English
9. SHIFTING THE HANDS
9.1. To shift the hands of the chronometer, unscrew
the bezel with the glass.
9.2. Fit the winding key on the square of the minute
hand and, rotating it in the direction of the
hand movement, set the hour and minute hands
to the current time, having aligned their setting
with the indication of the second hand.
9.3. Screw the bezel with the glass onto the case.
9.4. Close the centre cover of the inner box and
place it in the outer box.
Example of setting the chronometer to the exact time
and determination of the daily rate.
The time of setting is 12-00. Two or three minutes
before the radio time signals are given, i.e., at 11 h 57 or
58 min, carefully set the indication of the minute hand,
aligned with that of the second hand, with the aid of the
winding key as accurately as possible. At the moment
the radio time signal is given, record the indications of
the hour hand, minute hand and second hand. Let us
assume that the indications are 11 h 59 min 45 s.
Thus, the correction of the chronometer will be:
12 h 11 h 59 min 45 s = +15 s
Let us assume that 24 hours later, at the moment the
radio time signal is given, the indication of the
chronometer is 11 h 59 min 47 s; consequently, the

22 23
correction of the chronometer will be:
12 h 11 h 59 min 47 s = +13 s
Thus, the daily rate of the chronometer is:
13 s (+15 s) = 2 s.
Consequently, the chronometer has a 2-second
daily gain.
11. STORAGE
11.1. Prior to placing the chronometer in storage in
the warehouse, slacken the mainspring (the
up-and-down indicator hand shall be against
figure 56).
11.2. The chronometer shall be stored in a room at
a temperature of (205) C and a relative
humidity of not above 80 per cent.
11.3. Never store the chronometer in the
paper and tie it with a binder twine. Pass the
belt over the wrapping.
12.11. To pack the chronometer in a metal
container, proceed as follows:
(a) line the bottom and the inner walls of the
metal container (suspended from springs
in the framework) with waxed paper and
then with four layers of artificial cotton,
GOST 12923-82;
container. The bags shall be placed on
opposite sides. Coarse-porous lump silica
gel shall be used for the purpose;
(f) place the Packing List onto the
chronometer;
(g) close the cover of the metal container and
solder it over the perimeter with an acid-
free solder.
12.12. Apply the handling symbols and respective

10. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
10.1. Operate the chronometer in the inner and
outer boxes.
10.2. Protect the chronometer against sharp
impacts, sun rays and magnetic fields. Operate
the chronometer within a temperature range
from 4 to 36 C.
10.3. Every day, at the same time, check the
chronometer by the radio time signals; record
the date of the check, the correction and the
daily rate in the Logbook.
10.4. Wind the chronometer daily, at the same time, till
figure 8 shows on the up-and-down indicator.
10.5. IT IS FORBIDDEN:
(a) to wind the chronometer when its
clockwork is taken out of the case and when
the bezel with the glass is removed;
(b) to shift the hands in the direction opposite
to that of their movement.
10.6. The lead wires in the chronometer, fitted with a
contact device, shall be connected in
compliance with the directions indicated on
the case.
10.7. In case of carbon deposit on the contacts, the
contact wheel may be turned to change the
points of contact with the screw. To turn the
contact wheel, loosen the contact wheel hold-
down screw and secure it again after turning.
English
warehouse together with substances and (b) place the chronometer on the bottom of inscriptions according to GOST 14192-77 to
materials which are likely to cause the the container and fold the ends of the transportation container.
corrosion of the chronometer parts and to artificial cotton; 12.13. When it is necessary to send the chronometer
create magnetic fields. (c) fill the voids with artificial cotton or for scheduled cleaning or repair, place it into
paper to exclude the displacement of the the standard container or any other
12. PACKING AND TRANSPORTATION chronometer in the container; container to have the chronometer intact
12.1. Prior to packing the chronometer, slacken the (d) wrap up the chronometer in waxed during transportation.
mainspring and carefully, with the aid of paper and tuck in the paper ends 12.14. The chronometer may be transported by any
tweezers, place the balance onto the cork between the walls of the metal container kind of transport according to storage
wedges. In the box, undo two screws holding and the outer box; conditions, group 2, GOST 15150-69.
the gimbals ring and take out the ring. (e) place two bags filled with silica gel (50 g
12.2. Place sponge rubber gaskets, wrapped up in in each bag) into each transportation
soft paper, on the bottom of the box and over
its walls.
12.3. Wrap up the chronometer in two layers of soft
paper and then place it into the box with its
dial down.
12.4. Place the hold-down plate on the bottom
of the case and press it tightly with the
gimbals ring.
12.5. Centre the gimbals ring with two side screws
and lock it securely. Displacement of the
chronometer in the box is impermissible.
12.6. Close the centre cover of the box.
12.7. Place the inner box into the outer box.
12.8. Place the Certificate onto the cover of the
inner box.
12.9. Close the outer box.
12.10. Wrap up the outer box in two layers of soft

24 25
 CERTIFICATE
_____ marine chronometer _____

25-07. 1533-84 The chronometer has passed the test according to the technical papers. Inspection Department Head
: The results are as follows:

, E= ________________________ Mean chronometer error, s E= (signature)_________________

, R= Recovery of chronometer rate, s R=
____________ 20 . (date) ____________________
, D= Maximum variation of daily rate, s D=
, / C= Temperature coefficient, s/deg C=
, S= Secondary compensation error, s S=
, cpmax = Mean daily rate of any period, s cpmax =
N= Evaluation number N=

Data for calculating the parameters of

chronometer rate
mean daily rate, total mean
period nominal
No. temperature mean, s chronometer chronometer
cp . . 1 + v error, s error, s 1 + v
36 = = 36 = =
2 2
I I

II 11 + 1v II 11 + 1v
20 = = 20 = =
____ ____
III III
25 25
IV 4 = 111 = IV 4 = 111 =

V V

- _______________________ ___________________ 20 .

25-07. 1533-84 The accuracy parameters of the chronometer rate according to the technical papers

Parameter Calculating formula Limits

(e1) + (e2) + . . . + (e5) (e1) + (e2) + . . . + (e5)

E= 0,35 Mean chronometer rate E= 0,35 s
25 25

R = v 1 2,00 Recovery of chronometer rate R = v 1 2,00 s

D = (k k-1)max 2,30 Maximum variation of daily rate D = (k k-1)max 2,30 s

36 4 36 4
C= 0,10 / Temperature coefficient C= 0,10 s/deg
32 32
36 4 36 4
S= 20 1,2 Secondary compensation error S= 20 1,2 s
2 2
1 + 2 + . . . + 5 1 + 2 + . . . + 5
cp = 3,50 Mean daily rate of any period mean = 3,50 s
5 5

N = 42E + 4,5R + 60C + 2,4S 30 Evaluation number N = 42E + 4,5R + 60C + 2,4S 30
Test Station Chief (signature)_________________________________________ (date) __________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
. . __________________ 20 . . . __________________ 20 .
0,07 . . . 0,1 Content of precious materials: diamond 0,07 . . . 0,1 carat