Pharmacognosy February 3, 2017

PLANT CONSTITUENTS
- individual chemical form which plants are made
- organic in nature
- formed by synthesizing compound and enzymes through biosynthesis
ACTIVE PLANT CONSTITUENTS
- constituent w/ therapeutic value
INACTIVE PLANT CONSTITUENTS
- constituent without therapeutic value
1 PLANT CONSTITUENT METABOLISMS
- simple molecules, polymers
- dont have therapeutic value but essential to life.
- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
2 PLANT CONSTITUENT METABOLISM
- Complex molecules biosynthesized by 1 metabolites
- Posses therapeutic activity
- Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponin, terpenoids, steroids, renins, bitter principles

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 1 AND 2 METABOLITES

Cinnamates, lignons,
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Coumarines, quinines,
flavonoids, anthocyanins,
tannins
Carbohydrates

Pyruvic pathway Aromatic

tea Alkaloids, proteins,

Fatty Amino acids
Acetyl-COH nucleic acids
acids
Polyketo compounds
Aromatic
compounds
Trepenoids

Phenols, quinines,
Essential oils, polyacetylase, macrolides,
terpenes, fatty acids, lipids
saponins,
 CARBOHYDRATES polyhydryl carbonyl compounds(C1H1O)
TRUE SUGARS
MONOSACCAHARIDES
BASE ON NUMBER OF
CARBON
TRIOSE gylceraldehyde
TETROSE threose, erythrose,
xylose, rhaminose,
ribulose
PENTOSE arabinose, glucose
Maltose, ribose
HEXOSE fructose, galactose
HEPTOSE - cymarose
BASE ON PRESENCE OF
CARBONYL GROUP
ALDOSE glucose, galactose,
arabinose
KETOSE fructose
POLYHYDRYL CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
NON SUGARS
(Polysaccaride) glycans
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
HOMOGLYCANS (G.I.C.S)
- Starch, cellulose, glycogen,
*glycosidic linkage present inulin
HETEROGLYCANS (cGMP)
- Gums, mucilage, pectin
NON REDUCING : sucrose
REDUCING STARCH
- Lactose - AMYLOSE : 20%/20%
- Maltose o Blue in iodine
- Cellubiose - AMYLOPECTIN 70/90%
o Violet in iodine
CELLULOSE
- Fibrouse substance in cell
wall ; linear
GLYCOGEN stores in muscles
(???) ; forms w/ glucose for energy
INSULIN dietary fibers fructose ;
roots and rhizomes
GUMS
- uronic acid containing
- ethanol Pb sub acetate
- Hyrdolysis
o arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose
- *sugar acids
o Glucoronic acid,
MUCILAGE
- Sulfuric acid, esters and sugars
- Water to form colloids
- Alcohol : swebs precipitate
- Hydrolysis : galactose, arabinose,glucouronic acids
- Sugar acids: uronic acid
- Carageenan and agar
PECTIN
- Partially methylated 1-4 - galactouronic acid
- Residue with galactan and arabinan units
- Obtained from inner portion of rind ofcitrus/apple
- Absorbs H2O (hydrophilic)
- gelatinizes
 CHEMICAL TESTS FOR CHO
CHARRING Heat with H2SO4 Burning smell Carbohydrates
Alphanepthol,
MOLISCH Violet ring in junction Carbohydrates
H2SO4/ethanol
IODINE Iodine solution Bluish violet Polysaccharide
Brick red

Cupric acetate, CH3COO, 5 mins monosaccharide Mono, disaccharide

BARFOEDS
water 7 mins disaccharide distinction

Lactose (+)
SELIWANHOFFS Resorcinol, HCl Cherry red
Aldose (-)
A (CuSO4) Presence of reducing
FEHLINGS Reddish brown
B (KNa tartrate) sugars

Green, yellow
BENEDICTS CuSO4, NaOH Test for reducing sugars
Orange, red
BIALS Orcinol, HCl, FeCl3 Blue green (+) pentose
OSAZONE Phenylhydrazone Pinked (+) aldose

TEST FOR STARCH

JELLY TEST 0.5 g +5mL H2O boil GEL
AMYLOPECTIN blue black
LUGOLS IODINE KI
AMYLOSE no color