MODULE 7

Fans and Blowers

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Fans and blowers (Fig. 39.1) are turbomachines which deliver
air at a desired high velocity (and accordingly at a high mass
flow rate) but at a relatively low static pressure. The pressure
rise across a fan is extremely low and is of the order of a few
millimeters of water gauge.The upper limit of pressure rise is of
the order of 250mm of water gauge.The rise in static pressure
across a blower is relatively higher and is more than 1000 mm
of water gauge that is required to overcome the pressure
losses of the gas during its flow through various passages. A
blower may be constructed in multistages for still higher
discharge pressure.

Figure 39.1 A centrifugal fan or blower

A large number of fans and blowers for relatively high pressure

applications are of centrifugal type. The main components of a
centrifugal blower are shown in Fig. 39.2. A blower consists of
an impeller which has blades fixed between the inner and outer
diameters. The impeller can be mounted either directly on the
shaft extension of the prime mover or separately on a shaft
supported between two additional bearings. Air or gas enters
the impeller axially through the inlet nozzle which provides
slight acceleration to the air before its entry to the impeller. The
action of the impeller swings the gas from a smaller to a larger
radius and delivers the gas at a high pressure and velocity to
the casing. The flow from the impeller blades is collected by a
spiral-shaped casing known as volute casing or spiral casing .
The casing can further increase the static pressure of the air
and it finally delivers the air to the exit of the blower.

Figure 39.2 Main components of a

centrifugal blower

The centrifugal fan impeller can be fabricated by welding

curved or almost straight metal blades to the two side walls
(shrouds) of the rotor. The casings are made of sheet metal of
different thickness and steel reinforcing ribs on the outside.
Suitable sealing devices are used between the shaft and the
casing.

A centrifugal fan impeller may have backward swept blades,

radial tipped blades or forward swept blades as shown in Fig.
39.3. The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are also shown
accordingly in the figure. Under ideal conditions, the directions
of the relative velocity vectors and are same as the blade
angles at the entry and the exit. A zero whirl at the inlet is
assumed which results in a zero angular momentum at the
inlet. The backward swept blades are employed for lower
pressure and lower flow rates. The radial tipped blades are
employed for handling dust-laden air or gas because they are
less prone to blockage, dust erosion and failure. The radial-
tipped blades in practice are of forward swept type at the inlet
as shown in Fig. 39.3. The forward-swept blades are widely
used in practice. On account of the forward-swept blade tips at
the exit, the whirl component of exit velocity is large which
results in a higher stage pressure rise.

The following observations may be noted from figure 39.3.

, if , backward swept blades

, if , radial blades

, if , forward swept blades

Figure 39.3 Velocity triangles at inlet and

outlet of different types of blades of an
impeller of a centrifugal blower

Parametric Calculations
The mass flow rate through the impeller is given by
 (39.1)

The areas of cross sections normal to the radial velocity

components and are and

(39.2)

The radial component of velocities at the impeller entry and exit

depend on its width at these sections. For small pressure rise
through the impeller stage, the density change in the flow is
negligible and the flow can be assumed to be almost
incompressible. For constant radial velocity

(39.3)

Eqs. (39.2) and (39.3) give

(39.4)

Work
The work done is given by Euler's Equation (refer to Module-1)
as

(39.5)

It is reasonable to assume zero whirl at the entry. This

condition gives

and hence,

Therefore we can write,

(39.6)

Equation (39.5) gives

 (39.7)

For any of the exit velocity triangles (Figure 39.3)

(39.8)

Eq. (39.7) and (39.8)

(39.9)

where is known as flow coefficient

Head developed in
(39.10)
meters of air =
Equivalent head in
(39.11)
meters of water =

where and are the densities of air and water respectively.

Assuming that the flow fully obeys the geometry of the impeller
blades, the specific work done in an isentropic process is given
by

(39.12)

The power required to drive the fan is

(39.13)
The static pressure rise through the impeller is due to the
change in centrifugal energy and the diffusion of relative velocity
component. Therefore, it can be written as

(39.13)

The stagnation pressure rise through the stage can also be

obtained as:

(39.14)

From (39.13) and (39.14) we get

(39.15)

From any of the outlet velocity triangles (Fig. 39.3),

or, (39.16)

or,

or,

Work done per unit mass is also given by (from (39.7) and
(40.4)):

(39.17)

Efficiency
On account of losses, the isentropic work is less than the
actual work.

Therefore the stage efficiency is defined by

(39.18)

Number of Blades

Too few blades are unable to fully impose their geometry on the
flow, whereas too many of them restrict the flow passage and
lead to higher losses. Most of the efforts to determine the
optimum number of blades have resulted in only empirical
relations given below

(i) (39.19)

(ii) (39.20)

(iii) (39.21)

Impeller Size

The diameter ratio of the impeller determines the length of

the blade passages. The smaller the ratio the longer is the blade
passage. The following value for the diameter ratio is often used
by the designers

(39.22)

where

The following relation for the blade width to diameter ratio is

recommended:

(39.23)

If the rate of diffusion in a parallel wall impeller is too high, the

tapered shape towards the outer periphery, is preferable..

The typical performance curves describing the variation of head,

power and efficiency with discharge of a centrifugal blower or
fan are shown in Figure 39.4

Figure39.4 Performance characteristic

curves of a centrifugal blower or fan

Fan Laws

The relationships of discharge Q , head H and Power P with the

diameter D and rotational speed N of a centrifugal fan can
easily be expressed from the dimensionless performance
parameters determined from the principle of similarity of
rotodynamic machines as described before . These
relationships are known as Fan Laws described as follows

(40.1)

(40.2)
 (40.3)

where and are constants.

For the same fan, the dimensions get fixed and the laws are

and

For the different size and other conditions remaining same, the
laws are

(40.4)
and

These relationships are known as the Fan-laws. The Fan-lows

can be summarized as

For the same fan:

Discharge Speed
Head developed (Speed)2
Power (Speed) 3

For the fans of different sizes:

Discharge (Diameter)3
Head developed (Diameter)2
Power (Diameter)5

Performance of Fans

For all three cases (backward, radial and forward swept blades)
in Figure 39.3, we can write
 (40.5)

The work done is given by Euler's equation (refer to Modue-1)

as

(40.6)

Noting that (zero whirl at the entry) we can write

or, (40.7)

The volume flow rate (assuming no density change between

the inlet and outlet)

Thus

By substitution in (40.7)

(40.8)

Let us define, Pressure Coefficient,

(40.9)

Volume Coefficient,

(40.10)

and Power Coefficient,

 (40.11)

Substitution of (40.8) in the above yields

(40.12)

or, (40.13)

(40.14)

Equations (40.13) and (40.14) are plotted in Fig 40.1 for

different values of volume coefficient with as a parameter.

Figure 40.1 Performance curves of a Fan

The characteristics in Figure 40.1 depict the following

(i) Forward curved fans develop the highest pressure

for a given impeller diameter and speed.

(ii) Power requirement of a forward curved fan increases

steeply for a small change in flow rate.

(iii) Pressure developed decreases fast with increasing flow

rate in a backward curved fan
In conclusion, the forward curved fans have large volume
discharge and pressure rise but they demand higher power.
However, forward curved fans are unstable for off-design
operating conditions.

Backward curved fans are very efficient and the drooping

power characteristic makes them suitable for a better off-design
performance

Radial curved fans are preferred for dust-laden fluids. Due to

their shape, the solid particles are not stuck and deposited on
the blade surface.
Exercise

1) A centrifugal blower takes in 200 m3 /min of air at a pressure

and temperature of 101 kN/ m2 and 45 C and delivers it at a
pressure of 750 mm of water gauge. Assuming the coefficients
of the blower and the drive as 80% and 82% respectively,
determine (a) the power required to drive the blower and (b) the
pressure and temperature of air at blower exit.

2) A backward-swept centrifugal fan develops a pressure of 80

mm of water gauge. It has an impeller diameter of 0.89 m and
runs at 720 rpm. The blade angle at the tip is 39 and the width
of the impeller is 0.1m. Assuming a constant radial velocity of
9.15 m/s and density of air as 1.2 kg/ m3 , determine the fan
efficiency, discharge and power required.

3) A centrifugal fan discharges 400 m3 /min of air at a static

pressure of 40 mm of water gauge when operating at 400 rpm.
The power input is 4.5 kW. The diameter of the outlet duct is 60
cm. The pressure losses due to friction from inlet to outlet are
negligible. Determine the static and total efficiencies of the fan.
Assume pressure and temperatures as 1.013 bar and 200 C
respectively. The density of air may be assumed 1.2 kg/m3 .