Night School 10 Session 7 PDF

AISC Night School Steel Design 2: Selected Topics
March 29, 2016 Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered

Columns
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American Institute of Steel Construction
7.1
Columns
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Copyright 2016
7.2
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for
general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be
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Course Description
Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered Columns
March 29, 2016
This session will investigate the behavior of bracketed, stepped, and tapered
columns based on elastic buckling analysis. The design of columns with load
introduced along the length versus load introduced at the ends will be
investigated. Bracketed and stepped columns will be compared and an approach
to strength determination will be explained. Tapered columns will be briefly
considered to establish a simple starting point for design.
Copyright 2016
7.3
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Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of elastic buckling load and effective
length factors
Determine effective length factors for columns with load
applied along their length
Observe the influence of a reduced moment of inertia along
a portion of the length in a stepped column
Apply concepts of stepped column design to the design of
tapered columns
Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Lesson 7 Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered Columns
Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
Former Vice-President at AISC
Theres always a solution in steel! 8
Copyright 2016
7.4
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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Night School 10
Lesson 7
Bracketed, stepped, and tapered columns
Theres always a solution in steel! 7.9
Lesson 7
Column design appears to be based on
the determination of effective length
factors
Effective length factors are really just a
short-hand way of determining elastic
buckling load
This lesson will start with a discussion of
elastic buckling load and effective length
factors
Copyright 2016
7.5
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Lesson 7
It will follow up with determination of
effective length factors for columns with
load applied along their length
This will be followed by discussion of
bracketed columns and stepped columns
Tapered columns will be viewed with the
goal of establishing a starting point for
their design
Elastic Buckling Analysis

Determine the elastic buckling load for a
perfect column
P Assumptions
Perfectly elastic
Perfectly straight
Constant cross section
L
y Pin ends
x
Equilibrium at a point on a free body in
the displaced configuration
P
M x = Py
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perfect column
P From the principles of mechanics
using small displacement theory
d2y M
L
2
= x
y dx EI
x
Combining and rearranging terms
d2y P
P + y=0
dx 2 EI

perfect column
P Define
P
k2 =
EI
L
y The result is the differential equation
x
of the column
d2y
P 2
+ k2y = 0
dx
Copyright 2016
7.7
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perfect column
P
Solution
y = A sin kx + B cos kx
L
y
From boundary conditions
x
B=0
P
A sin kL = 0

perfect column
P
Thus,
sin kL = 0
and
L
y kL = n
x
The shape of the deflected column is
nx
P
y = A sin
L 7.16
Copyright 2016
7.8
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perfect column
P
Remembering that
P
k2 = and kL = n
L EI
y
x
thus,
2P n 2 2
P k = = 2
EI L

perfect column
P
So the final solution for the
differential equation is
n 2 2 EI
L
P=
x
y
L2
which has a minimum value
when
P
n =1
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7.9
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perfect column
P
Thus, we have the well known
Euler Equation for the elastic
L buckling load:
y
x
2 EI
Pe = 2
L
P

Our design approach is assisted by
comparing the real column/structure to the
perfect, Euler Column
The elastic buckling load for a real column,
as part of a real structure with real
imperfections can be thought of as
Pcr = Pe (modification factor)
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7.10
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If the modification factor is defined as:
1
modification factor = 2
K exact
The elastic buckling load for a real column
would be given by:
2 EI
Pcr =
( K exact L) 2

Every approach proposed to determine
the effective length factor, K, is really an
attempt to determine the exact effective
length factor, Kexact, such that the exact
elastic buckling load may be determined,
without the need to actually resort to an
elastic buckling analysis.
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E3. Flexural Buckling

For nonslender element members in
uniform compression
Pn = Fcr Ag E3-1
Fy Fy

When 2.25 Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy E3-2
Fe
Fy E3-3
When > 2.25 Fcr = 0.877 Fe
Fe

For nonslender element members in
uniform compression
Fy = 36 ksi Fy

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy E3-2

Eq. E3-2
E3-3
Fcr = 0.877 Fe
Eq. E3-3
2 E E3-4
Fe = 2
Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling KL

r
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Fe is the elastic buckling stress, what we
usually call the Euler buckling stress
2 E
Fe = 2
E3-4
KL

r
This is derived from what we call the
perfect column or the Euler column as
we just saw

However, the use of K is not the only way to
determine the elastic buckling stress
We are used to starting with K But we could also start with Fe
and determining Fe and determine K
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An elastic buckling analysis is the solution
to an eigenvalue problem
There are many ways to solve that
problem, usually involving a computer
solution
For all elastic buckling analysis solutions
in this lesson I have used the computer
program GT STRUDL
Example 1
Determine the buckling load for the given
frame using an elastic buckling analysis
P P This structure will buckle in a
sidesway buckling mode at a
All members W8x24 critical load
10.0 ft
I x = 82.7 in.4 Pe = 232 kips

A = 7.08 in.2
rx = 3.42 in. From this we determine the
20.0 ft elastic buckling stress as
232
Fe = = 32.8 ksi
7.08
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Example 1
Using stress determine K
2 E
Fe = 2
= 32.8 ksi
KL

r
32.8
KL 2 E
= = 93.4
93.4 r 32.8
3.42
K = 93.4 = 2.66
10 (12 )
Using force determine K
2 EI EI 29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Pe = K= = = 2.66
( KL )
2
L Pe 10(12) 232
Example 1
Determine the nominal strength of the
columns in this frame
From our buckling
P P analysis
Fy 50
All members W8x24 Fe = 32.8 ksi = = 1.52 < 2.25
10.0 ft
Fe 32.8
I x = 82.7 in.4
Fy
50

A = 7.08 in.2 Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 32.8 50 = 26.4 ksi

rx = 3.42 in.
Pn = 26.4 ( 7.08 ) = 187 kips
20.0 ft
Note that we determined the nominal
strength without using effective length
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Example 1
The critical stress

is determined
Fcr
Fe without first
32.8
obtaining the
26.4
slenderness ratio

So it appears that for this structure, K = 2.66.
But for this same structure with different
loading, the buckling load is Pe = 460 kips.
P EI
K=
L Pe
All members W8x24
10.0 ft
I x = 82.7 in.4 29, 000 ( 82.7 )

=
A = 7.08 in.2 10(12) 460
rx = 3.42 in.
20.0 ft = 1.89 2.66
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7.16
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Now consider how load location might
impact the buckling strength of a two story
structure P P
The frame is permitted to

sway sideways, L = 10 ft P P 10.0 ft
All members are W8x24 10.0 ft
20.0 ft

Both stories loaded
P P
Pcr = 140 kips
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Kupper =
10(12) 140 P P 10.0 ft
= 3.43
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Klower = 10.0 ft
10(12) 2 (140 )
= 2.42
20.0 ft
Sidesway Permitted
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Top story loaded
P P
Pcr = 242 kips
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Kupper =
10(12) 242 10.0 ft
= 2.61
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Klower = 10.0 ft
10(12) 242
= 2.61
20.0 ft
Sidesway Permitted

Bottom story loaded
Pcr = 290 kips
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Kupper =
10(12) 0 P P 10.0 ft
=?
29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Klower = 10.0 ft
10(12) 290
= 2.38
20.0 ft
Sidesway Permitted
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P
In our earlier derivation, we took the

minimum buckling load represented by
n = 1. For higher modes of buckling, the
integer n will increase.
L
Thus, for n = 2, the mode shape will be
a full sine wave and the buckling load
will be 4 times greater.
42 EI 2x
Pcr = y = A sin
P L2 L

P
Thus, for n = 3, the mode shape will be

1 sine waves and the buckling load
L
will be 9 times greater.
92 EI 3x
Pcr = y = A sin
L2 L
P
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7.19
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P
And, for n = 4, the mode shape will be

2 sine waves and the buckling load will
L
be 16 times greater.
162 EI 4x
Pcr = y = A sin
L2 L
P

P
But all this depends on how we define L
For this column to buckle in any of these

other modes, it must be braced appropriately.
L
Thus, if it is braced at the 1/3 points it
buckles in the mode defined for n = 3 when
the column length is given as the full length
as shown
92 EI 3x
P Pcr = y = A sin
L2 L
Copyright 2016
7.20
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P
However, if the length is defined as shown
here, n = 1 because it buckles in a half sine
wave over that length
So the important point here, and particularly

for our discussion to come for columns
loaded along their length, is how do you
L define length.
2 EI x
P Pcr = 2 y = A sin
L L

Now consider how the point of load
application might impact buckling
P
W16x77
For
P x
buckling
L = 45 ft
about the
x-axis
P P
Copyright 2016
7.21
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If we are then to determine the effective
length factor it too will vary with point of
load application
For x = 21 ft, Pcr = 2050 kips
EI
K=
L Pcr
29, 000 (1110 )
= = 0.729
45(12) 2050

The bracketed and stepped columns we
are going to be looking at will have load
applied at the top (roof load) and also at
an intermediate point (crane rail load)
Now look at how application of two loads
on a column will influence the buckling
load
Copyright 2016
7.22
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If equal loads are applied at the top and at
an intermediate point
P
2
W16x77
For
P buckling
x
2
about the
L = 45 ft x-axis

The effective length factor starts at 1.0
when all load is applied at the top, the
Euler Column
EI
K=
L Pcr
29, 000 (1110 )
= = 0.869
45(12) 1442
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7.23
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Example 2
Determine if the given bracketed column
will support the applied loads
P1
The column is a W16x77 braced
8 ft 5 ft
out of the plane at the roof truss,

P2
the crane rail girder and at 16 ft
H o/c below that
Section Properties
32 ft
A = 22.6 in.2 rx = 7.00 in.

I x = 1110 in. 4
ry = 2.47 in.
Example 2
Determine if the given bracketed column
will support the applied loads
P1
Use Association of Iron and Steel
8 ft 5 ft
Engineers Technical Report No. 13

P2
H Two load cases will be considered

Case 2: DL, LL, Crane Load
Case 3: DL, Crane Vertical, Wind
32 ft
See Design Guide 7
Copyright 2016
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Example 2
Results of a second-order analysis for
ASD (DG 7) P1
Case 2
8 ft 5 ft
50 ft-kips
P2
P1 = 31 kips
125 ft-kips 35 ft-kips H
P2 = 50 kips
32 ft
Ptotal = 81 kips
Second-order moments 121 ft-kips
Example 2
ASD (DG 7) P1
Case 3
8 ft 5 ft
P2
P1 = 33 kips 117 ft-kips
H
P2 = 37.5 kips
32 ft
Ptotal = 70.5 kips
Second-order moments 110 ft-kips
Copyright 2016
7.25
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Example 2
To determine column strength we must
determine either the elastic buckling load
or the equivalent effective length factor.
Design Guide 7 includes tables of effective
length factors based on the paper by
Agrawal and Stafeij
AISE Report 13 includes similar tables
Example 2
Note that we have two load cases. This
will result in different buckling loads
Case 2 P1
P1 = 31 kips
8 ft 5 ft
P2 = 50 kips P2
Ptotal = 81 kips H
Case 3
P1 = 33 kips
32 ft
P2 = 37.5 kips
Ptotal = 70.5 kips
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7.26
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Example 2
To determine the elastic buckling load of
our structure. Assume a fixed base and a
rotationally rigid top with permitted sway
P
P1 = 0.38 P P1 = 0.47 P
8 ft 5 ft
8 ft 5 ft
P2 = 0.61P P2 = 0.53P
32 ft
32 ft
Pcr = 1090 kips Pcr = 1166 kips
Pcr = 1179 kips
K =1
P Case 2 Case 3
Theres always a solution in steel! (See: Anderson and Woodward)
7.53
Example 2
Consider Case 2 Effective length factors
2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )

P1 = 31 kips 50 ft-kips K top =
( 45 (12 ) ) (1179 ) 81
31
2
P2 = 50 kips

125 ft-kips 35 ft-kips = 1.55
Ptotal = 81 kips
2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )
Kbot =
( 45 (12 ) ) (1179 ) 81
2

Pcr = 1179 kips 81
= 0.961
Note that in both cases we are

121 ft-kips
Second-order moments using the full length, L = 45 ft
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Example 2
Consider Case 2 We could have obtained Fe
directly from Pcr
P1 = 31 kips 50 ft-kips 31
1179
P2 = 50 kips Fe upper = 81 = 20.0 ksi
22.6
125 ft-kips 35 ft-kips
Ptotal = 81 kips 81
1179
Fe lower = 81 = 52.2 ksi
22.6
Pcr = 1179 kips
However, in our case the
other axis is going to
121 ft-kips control so we will not be
Second-order moments
taking advantage of
Theres always a solution in steel! these. 7.55
Example 2
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of the lower segment
KL 0.961( 45 )(12 ) 29, 000
= = 74.1 < 4.71 = 113
rx 7.00 50
KL 1.0 (16 )(12 ) 29, 000

= = 77.7 < 4.71 = 113
ry 2.47 50
For compression, y-axis controls
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7.28
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Example 2
This is the y-axis,
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 )
Fe = = = 47.4 ksi for the x-axis we
( 77.7 )
2 2
KL had Fe = 52.2 ksi

r
Fy
50

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 47.4 ( 50 ) = 32.2 ksi

Pn = 32.2 ( 22.6 ) = 728 kips Pn = 728 1.67 = 436 kips
Example 2
Determine the flexural strength for bending
about the x-axis of the lower segment
Unbraced length is Lb = 16 ft
W16x77 has compact flange and web
From Manual Table 3-2
Lp = 8.72 ft Lr = 27.8 ft BF = 7.34 ft-kips/ft
Mp Mr
= 374 ft-kips = 234 ft-kips

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7.29
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Example 2
Available moment strength
M n M p BF
= ( Lb Lp )

= 374 7.34 (16.0 8.72 ) = 321 ft-kips
Pr 81
Interaction =
Pc 436
= 0.186 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pr M r
+ 1.0 H1-1b
2 Pc M c
81 125
+ = 0.093 + 0.389 = 0.482 1.0
2 ( 436 ) 321
Example 2
Consider Case 3 Effective length factors
2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )

P1 = 33 kips K top =
( 45 (12 ) ) (1166 ) 70.5
33
2
P2 = 37.5 kips
117 ft-kips
= 1.41
Ptotal = 70.5 kips
2 ( 29, 000 )(1110 )
Kbot =
( 45 (12 ) ) (1166 ) 70.5
2

Pcr = 1166 kips 70.5
= 0.967
110 ft-kips
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7.30
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Example 2
Consider Case 3 We could have obtained Fe
directly from Pcr
P1 = 33 kips 33
1166
P2 = 37.5 kips Fe upper = 70.5 = 24.1 ksi
117 ft-kips
22.6
Ptotal = 70.5 kips 70.5

1166
Fe lower = 70.5 = 51.6 ksi
22.6
Pcr = 1166 kips
110 ft-kips
Example 2
strength of the upper segment
KL 1.41( 45 )(12 ) 29, 000
= = 109 < 4.71 = 113
rx 7.00 50
KL 1.0 ( 8.0 )(12 ) 29, 000

= = 38.9 < 4.71 = 113
ry 2.47 50
For compression, the x-axis controls
Copyright 2016
7.31
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Example 2
Note that this is the
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) same Fe = 24.1 ksi
Fe = = = 24.1 ksi
(109 ) that we had just
2 2
KL
calculated, without
r
using K
Fy
50

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 24.1 ( 50 ) = 21.0 ksi

Pn = 21.0 ( 22.6 ) = 475 kips Pn = 475 1.67 = 284 kips
Example 2
For bending about the x-axis, Lb = 8.0 ft
Mn M p
Lb = 8.0 < L p = 8.72 ft = = 374 ft-kips

Interaction Pr
=
33
Pc 284
= 0.116 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pr M r
+ 1.0
2 Pc M c
33 117
+ = 0.058 + 0.313 = 0.371 1.0
2 ( 284 ) 374
Copyright 2016
7.32
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In order to consider stepped columns, we
must investigate the influence of reducing
the moment of inertia along a portion of
the column length
We will consider the same pin-pin column
that was the basis for our consideration of
load applied at various points along the
length

The W16x77 used earlier will be the base of this
column. The upper portion will have the
moment of inertia
P
P
x I top = 555 in.4
45 ft
I bottom = 1110 in.4
P P
Copyright 2016
7.33
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Note that when the column is a full height
with I = 1110 in.4 the elastic buckling load
is the same as it was for our previous
study of load placement
Pcr = 1090 kips
When I is cut in half for the full length, the
elastic buckling load is also cut in half
Pcr = 545 kips

If we then determine the effective length
factor it too will vary as we alter the
moment of inertia
EI
K=
L Pcr
29, 000 (1110 )
= = 1.22
45(12) 738
Note that for this plot we have used,

I = 1110 in.4 in our determination of K
Copyright 2016
7.34
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When it comes to design, we will want to
use the properties of the individual
segments
We must also account for the magnitude
of force in each segment
So consider the stepped column with
loads applied at the top and the step

Pcr P 2 EI T
Define = = cr
( P1 + P2 ) Ptotal so that 2
K = 2
L ( P1 )
T
P1
2 2 EIB
K = 2
L ( P1 + P2 )
B
IT P2
Take the ratio

L 2 EI T IT
IB KT2
L ( P1 )
2
( P1 ) = I T P1 + P2
= =
KB2 2 EIB IB IB P1
L2 ( P1 + P2 ) ( P1 + P2 )
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7.35
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Solve for KT in terms of KB
P2
1 +
P1
KT I T P1 + P2 P1
= =
KB IB P1 IB I T
P2
L 1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.44
IB
IT
Example 3
Determine if the stepped column given will
be adequate to support the loading shown
P1
Upper segment W12x35c, L = 13 ft
8 ft 5 ft
A = 10.3 in.2
P2
I x = 285 in.4
H
rx = 5.25 in.
ry = 1.54 in.
Lower segment W24x62c, L = 32 ft

32 ft
A = 18.2 in.2 S x = 131 in.3

I x = 1550 in. 4
rts = 1.75 in.
rx = 9.23 in. J = 1.71 in.4
ry = 1.38 in. ho = 23.1 in.
Theres always a solution in steel! c = 1.0 7.72
Copyright 2016
7.36
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Example 3
ASD (DG 7) P1
Case 2
8 ft 5 ft
53.3 ft-kips
P1 = 31 kips P2
60.4 ft-kips
P2 = 50 kips H
Ptotal = 81 kips
32 ft
127 ft-kips
Example 3
As for Example 2, we will assume a fixed
base and a rotationally rigid top with
permitted sway
P P1 = 0.38 P
8 ft 5 ft
2 ( 29, 000 )( 285 )

K top =
P2 = 0.62 P
( 45 (12 ) ) ( 916 ) 81
31
2

H

= 0.896
L
I x = 1550 in.4
32 ft
(full length) 2 ( 29, 000 )(1550 )

Pcr = 1520 kips Kbot =
( 45 (12 ) ) ( 916 ) 81
2
K =1
Pcr = 916 kips 81
= 1.29
P
Copyright 2016
7.37
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Example 3
KL 0.896 ( 45 )(12 ) 29, 000
= = 92.2 < 4.71 = 113
rx 5.25 50
KL 1.0 ( 8 )(12 ) 29, 000

= = 62.3 < 4.71 = 113
ry 1.54 50
For compression, the x-axis controls
Example 3
strength of the upper segment, assume
Q=1 F =
E
=
( 29, 000 )
2 2
= 33.7 ksi
( 92.2 )
e 2 2
KL

r
Fy
50

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 33.7 ( 50 ) = 26.9 ksi

Copyright 2016
7.38
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Example 3
Check column element slenderness,
Section E7.2(a) using Fcr for Q = 1
h E 29, 000
= 36.2 < 1.49 = 1.49 = 48.9
tw Fcr 26.9
So the element slenderness does not

impact column strength
Pn = 26.9 (10.3) = 277 kips Pn = 277 1.67 = 166 kips
Example 3
about the x-axis of the upper segment
Mp Mr
= 128 ft-kips = 79.6 ft-kips

Copyright 2016
7.39
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Example 3
Available moment strength
M n M p BF
= ( Lb Lp )

= 128 4.34 ( 8.0 5.44 ) = 117 ft-kips
Pr 31
Interaction =
Pc 166
= 0.187 < 0.2 use H1-1b
Pr M r
+ 1.0 H1-1b
2 Pc M c
31 53.3
+ = 0.093 + 0.456 = 0.549 1.0
2 (166 ) 117
Example 3
KL 1.29 ( 45 )(12 ) 29, 000
= = 75.5 < 4.71 = 113
rx 9.23 50
KL 1.0 (16 )(12 ) 29, 000

= = 139 > 4.71 = 113
ry 1.38 50
For compression, the y-axis controls
Copyright 2016
7.40
Columns
Example 3
strength of the lower segment, assume
Q=1 F =
E
=
( 29, 000 )
2 2
= 14.8 ksi
(139 )
e 2 2
KL

r
Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (14.8 ) = 13.0 ksi
Example 3
Check column element slenderness,
Section E7.2(a) using Fcr for Q = 1
h E 29, 000
= 50.1 < 1.49 = 1.49 = 70.4
tw Fcr 13.0
So the element slenderness does not

impact column strength
Pn = 13.0 (18.2 ) = 237 kips Pn = 237 1.67 = 142 kips
Copyright 2016
7.41
Columns
Example 3
about the x-axis of the lower segment
Mp Mr
= 382 ft-kips = 229 ft-kips

Example 3
Since Lb > Lr, determine flexural strength
from Eqs. F2-3 and F2-4
2
Cb 2 ES x Jc Lb
M n = Fcr S x = 2
1 + 0.078
Lb S x ho rts

rts
2
1.02 ( 29, 000 )(131) (1.71)(1.0 ) 16 (12 )
= 1 + 0.078
16 (12 )
2
131( 23.1) 1.75

1.75
= 3850 in.-kips 321 ft-kips
M n 321
= = 192 ft-kips
1.67
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Example 3
Interaction
Pr 81
= = 0.570 > 0.2 use H1-1a
Pc 142
Pr 8 M r H1-1a
+ 1.0
Pc 9 M c
81 8 127
+ = 0.570 + 0.588 = 1.16 > 1.0
142 9 192
Example 3
The result is that the upper segment will
work fine for this loading condition
But, the lower segment will not be
adequate for this loading condition
Increasing the size of the lower segment
will
Change the second-order analysis results
Change the elastic buckling load
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Now consider how we might treat a
tapered member.
We will only consider members loaded at
their ends (no intermediate loads)
Remembering that the ultimate goal is to
determine the elastic buckling load, based
on Design Guide 25 we will determine a
modified moment of inertia and hold K = 1

If we are determining an effective length
factor
EI
K=
L Pe
If instead we determine an effective

moment of inertia, using K= 1.0
( KL )
2
Pe L2 Pe
I= =
2E 2E
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Define the tapered member
We will base our discussion of the
tapered column on the properties at
the top and the bottom. These will
generally be referred to as the large
L
end and small end although it really
does not matter which end is up.
x
We will then define properties at
another point, x from the small end.

If our software permits us to model the
taper, we can do an elastic buckling
analysis of this member
Consider these properties
b f = 8.00 in. hlarge = 36.0 in.

L
t f = 0.500 in. L = 360 in.
tw = 0.188 in. I small = 776 in.4
x
hsmall = 18.0 in. I large = 3400 in.4
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An elastic buckling analysis yields
Pe = 3730 kips
By our previous approach we might want

to determine the effective length factors so
that
2 EI small 2 EI large
K small = Klarge =
L2 Pe L2 Pe
2 ( 29, 000 )( 776 ) 2 ( 29, 000 )( 3400 )
= =
( 360 ) ( 3730 ) ( 360 ) ( 3730 )
2 2
= 0.678 = 1.42

However, there is another approach that
will prove more useful in the end
If we set K = 1.0 we can then determine an
equivalent moment of inertia that will give
us the same elastic buckling load
2 EI
From K = we can determine
L2 Pe
K 2 L2 Pe (1.0 ) ( 360 ) ( 3730 )
2 2
I = = = 1690 in.4
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 )
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With a bit of calculating of section
properties, we can determine that this
moment of inertia will exist on this specific
column when
d
2
0.188d 3
I = 2 4 + 0.25 + = 1690 in.4
2 12

d = 26.1 in.
x = 162 in. = 0.45 L

A study presented in DG 25 shows that
the distance x can be determined, as a
function of the moment of inertia at each
end, which leads to prediction of the
elastic buckling load with very good
accuracy
0.0732
I
x = 0.5 L small
I
large
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As we have seen in our previous examples,
once we know the elastic buckling load, we
can determine the elastic buckling stress,
Fe, and then proceed to determine the
nominal compressive strength.
Example 4
Determine the nominal compressive strength
for this column first without considering the
influence of slender elements
b f = 8.00 in. Asmall = 11.4 in.2
t f = 0.500 in. Alarge = 14.8 in.2
L tw = 0.188 in. I small = 776 in.4
hsmall = 18.0 in. I large = 3400 in.4
x
hlarge = 36.0 in. L = 360 in.
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Example 4
We already know that the elastic buckling
load is Pe = 3730 kips
So, at the top, with Q = 1 (ignoring element slenderness)
Pe 3730 Fy 50
Fe = = = 252 ksi = = 0.198 < 2.25
Alarge 14.8 Fe 252
L
Fy
50

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 252 ( 50 ) = 46.0 ksi

Pn = 46.0 (14.8 ) = 681 kips

Example 4
Check element slenderness
Flange b = 8.0 = 8.0 k = 4 = 4
f
= 0.289 < 0.35
2 ( 0.5 )
c
2t f h tw 191
h 36 kc E 0.35 ( 29, 000 )
= = 191 r = 0.64 = 0.64 = 9.12
tw 0.188 Fy 50
So the flange is not slender

Web
E 29, 000
r = 1.49
Fy
= 1.49
50
= 35.9 < 191 So the web is slender
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Example 4
Determine effective width
29, 000 0.34 29, 000
be = 1.92 ( 0.188 ) 1 = 8.66 in. E7-17
46.0 191 46
Effective area
A = 2 ( 8.0 ( 0.5 ) ) + 0.188 ( 8.66 ) = 9.63 in.
e
2
Slender element reduction factor

Ae 9.63
Q= = = 0.651
Ag 14.8
Example 4
Determine nominal strength at column top
QFy 0.651( 50 )
= = 0.129 < 2.25
Fe 252
QFy

Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.651( 0.6580.129 ) ( 50 ) = 30.8 ksi

Pn = 14.8 ( 30.8 ) = 456 kips For the column top
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Example 4
So, at the bottom, with Q = 1 (ignoring element slenderness)
Pe 3730 Fy 50
Fe = = = 327 ksi = = 0.153 < 2.25
Asmall 11.4 Fe 327
Fy
50

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658 327 ( 50 ) = 46.9 ksi

L
Pn = 46.9 (11.4 ) = 535 kips
Example 4
Check element slenderness
Flange b = 8.0 = 8.0 k = 4 = 4
f
= 0.409
2 ( 0.5 )
c
2t f h tw 95.7
= 95.7 r = 0.64 kc E = 0.64 0.409 ( 29, 000 ) = 9.86

h 18
=
t w 0.188 Fy 50
So the flange is not slender

Web
E 29, 000
r = 1.49
Fy
= 1.49
50
= 35.9 < 95.7 So the web is slender
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Example 4
Determine effective width
29, 000 0.34 29, 000
be = 1.92 ( 0.188 ) 1 = 8.18 in. E7-17
46.9 95.7 46.9
Effective area
A = 2 ( 8.0 ( 0.5 ) ) + 0.188 ( 8.18 ) = 9.54 in.
e
2
Slender element reduction factor

Ae 9.54
Q= = = 0.837
Ag 11.4
Example 4
Determine nominal strength at bottom
QFy 0.837 ( 50 )
= = 0.128 < 2.25
Fe 327
QFy

Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.837 ( 0.6580.128 ) ( 50 ) = 39.7 ksi

Pn = 11.4 ( 39.7 ) = 453 kips For the column bottom
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Example 4
Example summary
Column Top Column Bottom

Q Pn kips Q Pn kips
1.0 681 1.0 535
0.651 456 0.837 453
The smaller section has the lower strength, but not by as

much when we include element slenderness.
There may be other locations along the column length that

might control. Based on what we have calculated, we dont
know.
Example 4
If we were to take this example to its
proper conclusion and determine the final
nominal compressive strength we would
need to address
The flanges at the top are slender
The flanges at the bottom are not slender
The web at the top is slender
The web at the bottom is less slender
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Summary
We looked at the effect of placing half the
load at the top and half along the member
Any other division of the applied load will give
different elastic buckling loads
We have illustrated the impact of a 2:1
ratio for moment of inertia
Any other ratio will result in different elastic
buckling loads.
Summary
We have worked with pin end columns in
our parameter studies
Other boundary conditions will give different
results
Combining all these variables we see that
there are an infinite number of possibilities
Then we looked at a tapered member and
see yet another approach
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Conclusion
Recognizing the complexities associated
with using the effective length factor
should raise the question;
Isn't there a better way?
There is, it is the Direct Analysis Method
given in Chapter C of the Specification.
With it, you always use K = 1 and you let the
analysis take care of things for you
(See Design Guide 28)
References
Agrawal, K. M., and Stafiej, H. A., Calculation of Effective Lengths
of Stepped Columns, Engineering Journal, Vol. 17, No.4, 1980,
AISC, Chicago
Anderson, J. P., and Woodward, J. H., Calculation of Effective
Lengths and Effective Slenderness Ratios of Stepped Columns,
Engineering Journal, Vol. 9, No.4, 1972, AISC, Chicago
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, Technical Report No. 13,
Guide for the Design and Construction of Mill Buildings, AISE,
Pittsburgh, PA 2003
Vasquez, J., and Riddell, R., A Simple Stepped-Column Buckling
Model and Computer Algorithm, Engineering Journal, Vol. 48, No.1,
2011, AISC, Chicago
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Lesson 8
Our next and final lesson will address
column base plates
Base plates are required to distribute the
column load to the concrete foundation
We will look at base plates that transfer
compression only
Those that transfer tension
And those that also must transfer moment
Thank You

One East Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60601
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Copyright 2016
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AISC Night School Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

March 29, 2016 Session 7: Bracketed, Stepped, and Tapered

Thank you for joining our live webinar today.

Theres always a solution in steel!

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Alternatively, to hear the audio through the phone,

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Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects

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Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

Theres always a solution in steel!

The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

Theres always a solution in steel!

March 29, 2016

Theres always a solution in steel!

Theres always a solution in steel!

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Theres always a solution in steel! 8

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.9

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.11

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.19

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.20

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.21

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.22

E3. Flexural Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.23

E3. Flexural Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.24

E3. Flexural Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.25

E3. Flexural Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.26

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.27

I x = 82.7 in.4 Pe = 232 kips

2 EI EI 29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.29

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.30

The critical stress

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.31

Elastic Buckling Analysis

I x = 82.7 in.4 29, 000 ( 82.7 )

Elastic Buckling Analysis

The frame is permitted to

All members are W8x24 10.0 ft

Theres always a solution in steel! 7.33

Elastic Buckling Analysis

29, 000 ( 82.7 )