QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT-BIOLOGY
CLASS-12th
UNIT 1 REPRODUCTION (14 marks)
LESSON-1 - REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 What is life spam?

Q2 What type of organisms can be considered as immortal?Give one example?
Q3 Define reproduction?
Q4 Name any two organisms where cell division is mode of reproduction.
Q5 What is asesual reproduction?
Q6 What is zygote?
Q7 What marks the end of juvenile phase?
Q8 Name the palnt which flower once in 12 years?
Q9 What do you understand by oestrus cycle?
Q10 What is menstrual cycle?
Q11 What do you mean by seasonal breaders?
Q12 Define Clone?
Q13 Write one adavantage of cloning?
Q14 What is budding?
Q15 Define gemmules?
Q16 What is vegetative propogation?
Q17 How does potato multiply?
Q18 How does ginger and banana multiply?
Q19 What are antherozoid?
Q20 What is gamete?

SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 What is syngamy?
Q2 What is reult of syngamy?
Q3 What is meant bymeiocytes?
Q4 Name two plants having diploid body?
Q5 Name one biosexual and one unisxual animal?
Q6 Draw a labelled diagram of conidia penicillium.
Q7.Digramatically represent the asexual reproduction in yeast.
Q8.Digramatically represent the asexual reproduction in amoeba.
Q9.Cucurbits are referred to as monoecious.Justify the statement.
Q10.How does the progeny formed asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual
reproduction?
Q11.What a fruit,seed and an embryo?
Q12.Differentiate between binary fission and budding.
Q13.State the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Q14.Differentiate between gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Q15.Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous.
Q16.Explain why meoisis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Q17.Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Q18.Describe the post fertilisation changes in flower.
Q19.How many haploid cells are present in a mature female gametophyte of a flowering plant? Name
them.
Q20.Mention the reasons for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in an
angiosperm.

EXPLAIN SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1.Why higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity?
Q2.What is fission? What is basic difference between fission in amoeba and paramoecium?
Q3.What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples from animals.
Q4.Define juvenile phase, reproductive phase and senescence phase.
Q5.Explain events of prefertilisation.
Q6.Explain the type of progeny formd from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual
reproduction.
Q7.What is vegetative reproduction?give two examples.
Q8.Which is a better mode of reproduction- sexual or asexual. Why?
Q9.Why is reproduction is essential for organisms?
Q10.What is internal fertilisation?give two examples.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.What are vegetative propagules? Name any four of them along with an example for each.
Q2.What are the three phases in sexual reproduction of an organism and mention what major events
occur in each of them.
Q3.The unicellular organisms which reproduce by binary fission are considered immortal.justify.
Q4.How are seeds advantageous to flowering plants?
Q5.Explain apomixis and polyembryony.
Q6.Why is water hyacinth is called TERROR OF BENGAL ?
Q7.Digramatically represent the asexual reproduction in paramoecium.
Q8,Digramatically represent the asexual reproduction in spirogyra
Q9.Digramatically represent the asexual reproduction in clamydomonas.
Q10.Explain the events of sexual reproduction.
Q11.How do organisms formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual
Reproduction?

LESSON-2

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1.How many nuclei are present in a fully developed male gametophyte of flowering plants?
Q2.Name the kind of pollination in maize.
Q3.What features of flowers facilitate pollination by birds?
Q4.What technical term is applied to fruits formed without fertilisation?
Q5.What nuclei fuse to give rise to endosperm?
Q6.What is double fertilisation?
Q7.What is shield shaped single cotyledon of monocots called?
Q8.Who discovered double fertilisation in angiosperms?
Q9.Name a triploid tissue in the seed.
Q10.Name a plant where dichogamy is found.
Q11.Name a plant which produces cleistogamic flowers.
Q12.Name the two nuclei found in a pollen grain.
Q13.Name the tissue present in the fertilised ovules of angiospermic plants that supplies food and
nourishment to the developing embryo.
Q14 Which technical term is used when the pollen grains are transferred from one flower to stigma of the
same flower?
Q15. Which technical term is used when pollen grains are transferred from anther of a flower to the
stigma of another flower of another plant?
Q16.What is the site of microsporogenesis?
Q17.What is the site of megasporogenesis?
Q18.Which cell of male gametophyte produces the male gamate?
Q19.What is the function of tapetum?
Q20 Define parthenocarpy.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 Draw a labelled diagram of the L.S. of an ovule just before fertilisation.
Q2 Mention any two contrivances by which plants are able to preven seli-pollination in bisexual flower?
Q3 Draw a diagram of L.S. of an anatropous ovule of n angiosperm and label the following parts?
Q4Write two difference between parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy in plants?
Q5Give the technical term for the following:
(i)Pollination by wind (ii) pollination by water (iii)pollination by animals,(iv) Pollination by birds
(v)Pollination by bat (vi)Pollination by insects.
Q6What is geitonogamy?Give its one similarly to (a) autogamy and xenogamy.
Q7.Draw a diagram of fully developed male gametophyte
Q8.Give two examples of each:
i.Wind pollinated plants (anaemophilous)
ii.Water pollinated plants (hydrophilous)
iii.Insect pollinated plants (entomophilous)
iv.bird pollinated plants (ornithophilous)
Q9.What is emasculation?Explain its importance in hybridisation.
Q10.What are the constituents of egg apparatus?site its location in the flower/ovule?
Q11.What will be the ploidy of the cells of thr nucellus.microspore mother cell, the functional megaspore
and female gametophyte?
Q12.What is filliform apparatus? what is its function?
Q13.What is apomixis? what is its importance?
Q14.What is pericarp? mention its function.
Q15.Draw a labelled diagram of V.S. (L.S.) of an apple.
Q16.Draw a diagram of typical dicot embryo and label any four parts including the reduced suspensor.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 Enumaerate any six adaptive floral charcterstics of a wind pollinated plant?
Q2 Why do you think the exine should be hard? What is the function of germ pore?
Q3 State the siginifiance of pollination?List any four difference between wind pollinated and animal
pollinated flower?
Q4 What is agamosphermy?How is agamoshermy different from pathenogenesis and parthenocarpy?
Q5 Trace the development of female gametophte (embryo sac) from megaspore mather cell in a
flower?Give a labelled diagram of the final stage of female gemetophyte?
Q6 Given below is an enlarged view ofone microsporangium of a mature anther?
(i) Name 'a'. 'b' and 'c' wall layers?
(ii)Mention the charactersticks and function of the cell forming wall layer 'c'.
Q7 Write briefly the role of pollination in the growTh and development in an angiosperm.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.Draw a labelled diagram of the L.S. of embryo of grasses.How does it differ from that of bean?
Q2.Trace the events that would take place in a flower from the time the pollen grain of the same species
falls on the stigma up to the completion of fertilisation.
Q3.a.With the help of a labelled diagram depict the organisation of a typical embryo sac just after double
Fertilization.
b. How are seeds advantageous to angiosperms?
Q4 Write the adaptations for water pollination/hydrophily.
Q5 Draw well labelled diagram of typical monocotyledons embryo.
Q6 With the neat labelled diagram describe the parts of a typical angiosperm ovule.
Q7 With a neat diagram explain the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of the female gametophyte.
Q8 What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross pollination occurs cleistogamous flowers?Give reasons
for your answer.
Q9 Differentiate coleoptile and coleorhiza.
 CHAPTER-3

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1.What is the function of acrosome in a sperm?
Q2.Name the term used in metamorphosis of spermatids?
Q3.Name the scientific term used for the membrane that surrounds an ovum.
Q4.What is the function of bulbourethral glands?
Q5.What is the function of leydig cells or interstitial cells?
Q6.How many chromosomes are present in a human male sperm?
Q7.At what stage is the human embryo implanted in the uterus?
Q8.What is the function of scrotum?
Q9.Name the fluid which protects an embryo.
Q10.How many sperms will be produced from 50 primary spermatocytes?
Q11.What is trophoblast?
Q12 What do you mean by foetus ejection reflex?
Q13.EXPAND i.HCGii.FSH Q14.Define spermiogenesis.Where does it occur?
Q15.What is endometrium?
Q16.What is corona radiata?
Q17.Name the three layers of uterine wall.
Q18.What is corpus leuteum?
Q19.Name the tissue which lines the inner surfaces of fallopian tube
Q20.Where does fertilisation normally takes in human female?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1.What is ovulation? What happens to the graffian follicle after ovulation?

Q2.Draw a diagram of T.S.of the part of seminiferous tubule of testis of an adult male and label any four
parts in it.
Q3.First half of the menstrual cycle is caleed proloferative phase or follicular phase.Explain
Q4.Spermatids possesses haploin chromosomes number.Explain.
Q5.State any two differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Q6.What is corpus leteum? under what conditions does it undergoes degeneration?
Q7.Differentiate between morula and blastula.
Q8.Distinguish between.
i.corona radiata and zona pellucida
ii.blastula and gastrula
Q9.Why the testis are present outside the abdominal cavity in human male?
Q10.Where do sperms mature and becomes motile?
Q11.Why does meiosis amd mitotis occur in germ cells?
Q12.How is milk production regulated by hormones in human females.Explain.
Q13.Who dicovered sertoli cells ?.mention their role in spermatogenesis.
Q14.What is seminal plasma?What are its componenets?
Q15.Write a brief account of structure and function of placenta.
Q16.Mention the sites of action of the hormones GnRH and FSH during spermatogenesis in human
males.give one function of each of the hormones.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1.What is pregnancy hormone?Why is it so called?Name two sources of this hormone in a human

female.
Q2.What is the number of chromosomes in the following cells of a human male?
i.Spermatogonial cells ii.Spermatids iii.Primary spermatocytes iv.Sertoli cells
Q3.What is the number of chromosomes in the following cells of human female?
i.Primary oocyte ii.Ootid iii.Secondary oocytes iv.Follicle cells.
Q4.Briefly decribe the stages of spermatogenesis in human male.
Q5.A sperm has just fertilised a human egg in the fallopian tube.Trace the events that the fertilised egg
will undergo up to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus.
Q6.Make a digrammatic sketch of thr electon microscopic view of a mammalian sperm.Label any six parts
in its head, neck and middle piece.
Q7.What happens to the blastocyst immediately after implantation?
Q8.Draw a labelled diagram of the sectional view of mammary gland.
Q9.What is meant by each of the following:
i.primary follicle ii.secondary follicle iii. tertiary follicle

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.Describe the functions of the following:

i.Epididymis ii. Vas deferens iii.Seminiferous tubules iii.Vagina iv.Trophoblast v.Scrotum
Q2.Write briefly the changes in the following organs in the different phasesof the menstrual cycle.
i.Ovaries ii.Uterus iii.Fallopian tube.
Q3.Draw a flow chart to show hormonal control of human male reproductive system,highlighting the
inhibitory and stimulatory directions in it.
Q4.Draw a diagram of human female reproductive system and label any ten parts in it.
Q5.What is menstruation? What are the specific reproductive system and label any ten parts in it.
Q6.Draw a labelled diagram showing the parts of human male reproductive system .label ten parts in it.
Q7.Define oogenesis.Briefly describe the stages of oogenesis in human females.
Q8.Explain megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis.
Q9 Explain gametogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Q10.What is menstruation ? What are specific actions of FSH,LH,estrogen andprogestron in the
menstrual
Cycle?

CHAPTER - 4

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1.Expand ZIFT and RTI.

Q2.What are the commonly used barrier methods of contraception?
Q3.Name the causative agents of AIDS.
Q4.Expand MMR and IMR.
Q5.Define population explosion.
Q6.What is lactation amenorrhea?
Q7.Expand IUD and MTP.
Q8.Give two examples of natural methods of contraceptions.
Q9.What is artifical insemination?
Q10.What technique would you suggest for correcting infertility caused due to very low sperm counts of a
male partner.?
Q11.Mention early symptoms of STDs.
Q12.Bring out one main differnce between CuT and LNG -20.
Q13.Give the technical terms for foetal sex determination test basedon the chromosomal pattern in the
aminotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
Q14.What general term is given to the method in which male partner withdraws his penis from the penis
just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination?
Q15.Name the surgical methods for contaceptions.
Q16.What is sterilisation?
Q17.Name two STD caused by bacteria.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTONS (2 marks each)

Q1. Mention any four characteristics thet an ideal contaceptive should have.
Q2.A couple is eager to know the sex of the unborn child.What diagonistic technique will tou
suggest?What social abuse is assoscated with the applications of the technique?
Q3.Describe the chemical methods of sex control.
Q4.Write the name of pathogen thet causes AIDS.how it is transmitted?
Q5.Why are medical termination of pregnancy (MTPs) carried out?
Q6.Give two examples of intra uterine devices (IUDs). How do they function?
Q7.What is aminocentesis?
Q8.Name the age group where sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are reprted to be very high Mention
three practises to avoid them.
Q9.How do surgical procedurs prevent conception in humans?mention the way it is achieved in human
males.
Q10.Why is SAHELI consisdered to be an improved form of oral contraceptive for human female?
Q11.How do pills act as as contraceptives in human female?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 Explain the permanent methods of birth control?

Q2 Describe the three manners in which fertilisation of human ovum by a sperm can be prevented?
Q3 What are the barrier method of birth control?Explain?
Q4 Name three incurable sexually transmitted diseases and their causative organisms?
Q5 What are the consequence of population explosion?
Q6 Why is the term test tube baby is a misnomer?
Q7 Write the role of harmones in contraception?
Q8 What do you mean by contraception?Name the natural methods of contraception?
Q9Describe the differnt method of embryo transfer?
Q10How do the following contraceptives act to prevent unwanted pregnancy in human female?
(i)Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
(ii)''Saheli''.
Q11Describe the technique by which by which genetic disorder in a developing foetus can be detected?

LOND ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1 What do you mean by reproductive halth?Mention the different ways in which people are made aware
of the signifiace of reproductively heath society?
Q2 Describe vasectomy and tubectomy with diagram?
Q3 Expand the following:
(i)ART (ii)GIFT (iii)ICSI (iv)RTI (v)IUI
Q4 Describe the various methods of birth control?
Q5 Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present
scenario.
Q6 Explain the following terms :-
A. Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
B. Artificial Insemination technique
Q7 Describe the different methods of embryo transfer.
Q8 Write the role of hormones in contraception.
Q9 Why is the term test tube baby is a misnomer?

UNIT 2 (18 marks)

CHAPTER-5
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (1 marks each)

Q1 Define the term genetics.
Q2 Who coined the term gene?
Q3 Name the father of Genetics.
Q4 What are alleles?
Q5 What is hybridisation?
Q6 What is hybrid?
Q7 What is meant by genotype?
Q8 What is meant by phenotype?
Q9 Who rediscoverd Mendel's law of heredity?
Q10 What is monohybrid cross?
Q11 Define dihybrid cross?
Q12 Write two contrasting traits of pea palnt worked by mendal?
Q13 Define a gene pool?
Q14 What is genome?
Q15 What are pleiotropic gene?
Q16 Define hetrozygous.
Q17 Define recessive factor.
Q18 What is gene locus?
Q19 what are linked genes?
Q20 What is linkage?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 Why did Mendal choose garden pea for his experiment?How did he make sure that the plant were
true breeding?
Q2 List any four symptoms of down's syndrome.What is the basis of this disorder?
Q3 Why are haemophilia and colour blindness usually seen in humsn males?Can women are also
develope his disorder?Explain?
Q4 For flower color in pea,the allele for purple flower (P)is dominent to the allele for white flower (p).A
puple flowered plant therefore could be genotype PP or Pp.What gentic
cross would you make to determine the genotype of a purple flowered plant?Explain how your cross
gives you the correct genotype of the purple flowered plant?
Q5 Work out F1 and F2 generation to explian the inheritence of flower color in Pisum Satvum.Give the
phenotpe and genotype ratio (start with pure breeding)?
Q6 What is the chromosomal basis of Turner's Syndrome?Mention the sex and any three symptoms of
this disorder.
Q7 In garden pea (Pisum sativum) a plant with red flowers wascrossed with aplant with white flowers.
Work out the possible genotypes and phenotypes of F1 and
F2generations.State any one of the Mendel's that could be derived from this cross?
Q8 In snap dragon a plant with red flowers was crossed with a plant with white flowers.Work out all the
possible genotypes and phenotypes of F1andF2 generations.
Comment on the pattern of innheritance in this case.
Q9In garden pea a plant with yellow seeds was crossed with aplant with green seeds.Work out all the
genotypes and phenotypes of F1 and F2 Generations.
Comment on the pattern of inheritance in this cross.
Q10 (i)State the principle of independent assortment.
(ii)How would the following affect the phenomenon of independent assortment.
(a)Crossing over (b)Linkage
Q11List any four symptoms shown by Klinefelter's Syndrome sufferer.Explain the cause of this disease.
Q12 List any four symptoms shown by a Down's syndrome affected child.Explain the causes of this
disorder.
Q13 What is aneuploidy ?Differentiate between trisomic and triploid condition. Name anyone trisomic
condition found in human.
Q14 What is co-dominance?How does it differ from incomplete dominance?
Q15How do you relate dominance,co-dominance and incomplete dominance in the inheritance of
character?
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1State Mendel's principle of independent assortment.Explain with suitable crosses,how Mendel arrived
at this conclusion.
Q2 Describe the nature of inheritance of ABO type of blood group in human. In which ways does this
inheritance differ from that of hieght of the plant in garden pea?
Q3 Describe the inheritance of mechanism of ABO system of blood group,highlightning the principle of
genetics involved in it .
Q4State the three Mendelian principle of heredity.Describe anyone cross in which Mendel get the
phenotype ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
Q5 Explain the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Q6 How do you relate dominance , co-dominance and incomplete dominance in the inheritance of
character?
Q7 List any four symptoms shown by Downs Syndrome affected child. Explain the causes of this disorder
Q8 Give reasons why Mendel selected garden pea for his experiments? Give the biological name of this
plant. State the Mendels Principle of Segregation.

CHAPTER-6

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 Write the cetral dogma of mlecular biology?

Q2 What is nucleoid?
Q3 Mention the function of DNAase.
Q4 Name amino acid residues of histone protein.
Q5 How many base pairs are their in a Nucleosome?
Q6 What is chargaff's rule?
Q7 Name causal organism for pneumonia .
Q8 Name the genetic material in TMV.
Q9 What is transformation ?
Q10 Mention the function of DNA ligase.
Q11 What is origin of replication ?
Q12 What is replication fork?
Q13 What are exons?
Q14 When does DNA replicate in the cell cycle?
Q15 What is genetic code?
Q16 What is codon ?
Q17 What is anticodon?
Q18 Define translation .
Q19 What are introns ?
Q20 What is amino acylation ?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 What is meant by semi-conservatives nature of DNA replication?

Q2 Name the first two steps in DNA fingerprinting .Describe them briefly.
Q3 What is amplification with reference to DNA fingerprinting?
Q4 What are the functions of DNA polymerase?
Q5 Differenciate between codon and an anti codon .
Q6 How is elongation carried out during protein synthesis in a cell?
Q7 How is protein synthesis terminated during protein synthesis?
Q8 Write the full form of SNPs, BAC and YAC .
Q9 What do you mean by central dogma ?
Q10 What are untranslated regions (UTRs)?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 Describe the dis continuous of DNA.

Q2 State the structural and functional differences between mRNA and tRNA.
Q3 Explain the steps involved in the elongation of polypeptide during its synthesis?
Q4 List the three main functions of a gene.
Q5 What is DNA fingerprinting? Give two examples of its application.

LONG ANSWER QUESTION (5 marks each)

Q1 Draw a labelled diagram of DNA molecule.

Q2 Describe the process of DNA replication.
Q3 Describe in detail the step involved in the replication of DNA.
Q4 Describe in detail the steps in the technique of DNA fingerprinting.
Q5 Bring out the salient feature of genetic code.

CHAPTER-7

EVOLUTION

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 What is the cozomic theory of origin of life?

Q2 Name the theory by which earth originated.
Q3 Who proposed the theory of chemical evolution?
Q4 What is anology?
Q5 Where did life appear?
Q6 What do you mean by adaptive radiation?
Q8 What is divergent evolution?
Q9 When did first cellular form of life appear?
Q10 Define homology.
Q11 What is evolutionary biology?
Q12 Name one earliest fossil of pre-historic man.
Q13 What is fossil?
Q14 What do you mean by Darwin's finches?
Q15 Name the first ape man.
Q16 Write the analogous organs in plants.
Q17 Name the ancestor of bryophytes.
Q18 Name the descent of seed fern.
Q19 What is plaeontology?
Q20 What is cosmology?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 Whatis the siginificance of Archaeopteryx in the study of organic evolution?

Q2 What is specification?List any two two evvent leading to speciation.
Q3 What is meant by homologous organ?Taking suitable example,explain how they
 support the theory of organic evolution?
Q4 Give one example of analogy and homology plants.
Q5 Define the following giving one example each.
(i) Homologous organ
(ii) Analogous organ.
Q6 Explain the concept of differential reproduction as a major component of theory of natural selection.
Q7 What is differnetial reproduction?
Q8 Would you consider the wings of a butterfly and a bat as homologous or analogous?
Q9 Mention any four details that can be inferred about organism from their fossil?
Q10 How do you consider tendrils of curbita and thorns of Bougainvillea as homolgous structure?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1.What are fossils? mention any two ways in which the study of fossils support biological evolution of an
organism.
Q2.How does the resistance of mosquitooes to ddt explain darwin's theory of natural selection?
Q3.Explain natural selection with respect to industrial mecanism.
Q4.What is meant by abiotic synthesis?who proposed the idea and supported them experimentally?
Q5.How did urey and miller provide the condition of primitive earth to prove the origin of life in their
experiments?
Q6.What do you understand by differential reproduction and reproductive isolation?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.Trace the origin and evolution of man.

Q2 Mention the salient featurs of hugo -de-vries theory of mutation. how do hugo - de - vries theory differ
from darwinism?
Q3.Give an account of the factor that effect hardy -weinberg equilibrium.
Q4.Show that the darwin's natural selection is based on natural observation with an example for each.
Q5.Describe the evidence of evolution from comparitive analogy and morphology.

UNIT -3 (14 MARKS)

CHAPTER 8

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1.Give the scientific name of the causative germ of elephantitis.

Q2.Name two curable sexually transmitted disease
Q3.What is meant by metastatis?
Q4.What are primary lymphoid organs?
Q5Name the two major groups of cells required in attaining specific immunity.
Q6.How does saliva act in body defence?
Q7.ELISA test is for the detection of?
a.Hepatitis ,tuberculosis , aids
b.aids ,std ,hepatitis
c.typhoid ,hepatitis , aids
d.std , tuberculosis, aids
Q8.Name two chemical alarm signals , which cause inflammatory response.
Q9.Name the types of cells which produce antibodies.
Q10. What are interferons?
Q11. EXPAND ELISA.
Q12.Name three opoids.
Q13. What is humoral immunity?
Q14.What is neoplasm?
Q15.What is colostrum?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1.What are allergens? how do human being respond to them?

Q2.Distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.
Q3.What is carcinogen?Name one chemical carcinogen with its target tissue.
Q4.Name and explain the type of barrier of innate immunity system which involve macrophages.
Q5.How are cancerous cells are differ from normal cells?
Q6.Define auto immune disease.give two examples..
Q7.How do the b- cells of the immune system respond to antigen?
Q8.What harm do cancerous cells cause?
Q9.Name and explain the types of barriers of innate immuity which involve histamine and prostaglandins.
Q10.Name the cells that produces antibodies .Explain the main functions of these compounds.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1.Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.give any one example where passive
immunisation is needed.
Q2.What is a vaccine?give an example of the vaccine produced by recombinant dna technology.
Q3.Name the disease against which dpt vaccine develops immunity.?
Q4.Explain the term primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs with suitable examples.
Q5.How are auto immune disease different from immuno deficiency disease?give one example of each in
human.
Q6.What are t cells? how do they help in body defense?
Q7.What is meant by addictive disorder?
b.name any two opiate narcotics.
c. mention any two ways how opiate narcotics affect human body.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.Name the malarial parasite.where do the gametocytes of this parasite develpos?give the flow chart of
its life cycle in this host.
Q2.Write the scientific name of the bacteria that causes pneumonia?what happns in this disease?what
are its symptoms?
Q3.Describe the lifecycle of plasmodium.
Q4.Represent digrammatically the life cycle of HIV.
Q5.Name three species of fungi that cause ringworm.mention the symptoms of this disease.
Q6.Discuss the different barrier of innate immunity.

CHAPTER 9

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (1 marks each)

Q1 Name any two diseases of poultry.

Q2 Name any two factors on which the yield of milk depends.
Q3 What is dairying ?
Q4 Name the most common species of honey bees.
Q5 Define inbreeding depression.
Q6 Which chemical is used for doubling the chromosome number?
Q7 Name two cattle disease.
Q8 Name any plant growth regulator used in plant tissue culture.
Q9 Give any example of somatic hybrid produced.
Q10 Name two disease caused by virus in crop plants.
Q11 What is somatic embryo?
Q12 Which parent produce a mule?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 What is single cell protein? What is significance of such a protein?

Q2 What is mutation? List the step how mutation breeding is carried out in agricultural crop.
Q3 What is inbreeding in crops? What happens to the recessive alleles in this process?
Q4 Name the two main categories of mutagens. Give one example of each.
Q5 What is emasculation?Explain its importance in hybridisation.
Q6 What are indused mutation ? Give one example each of physical and chemical mutagen.
Q7 What is inbreeding depression? Why do the self pollinated crops not show the ill effects of inbreeding
depression?
Q8 What is interspecific hybridisation?Give one example of a crop in which it is practised and mention
one advantage derived from it.
Q9 What is micropropagation?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 What is mutation breeding ? List the steps in the mutation breeding to get the derived crop .
Q2 Defferenciate between inbreeding and heterosis.What is inbreding depression?
Q3 What is inbreeding?What is danger of inbreeding?
Q4 What is inbreeding and interspecific hybridisation in animals ? Give an example of each>
Q5 Give one example of diseasecaused each by fungi,bacteria and viruses in crop plant.
Q6 What is meaning of sterilisation?Why it is necessary in tissue culture?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1 Defferenciate between an inbred line & a hybrid variety of crop.Explain the steps involved in the
production of the hybrid variety .
Q2 What is protoplast?
Q3 What is meant by the following :-
(i) Somatic hybrid (ii) Micropropagation (iii) Explant
(iv) Somaclones (v) Tissue culture
Q4 Expand MOET with reference to animal breeding.Describe the process and use of it.
Q5 Enumerate the point that have to be considered for successful bee-keeping.

CHAPTER-10

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (1 marks each)

Q1 How is ' Toddy ' prepared?

Q2 Expand the term (i) LAB (ii)BOD
Q2 Name the blue green algae used as human food.
Q3 What causes doughing of wheat flour?
Q4 Who gave the term antibiotic?
Q5 Give the significance of biofertilisers.
Q6 Expand the term STP.
Q7 What are baculoviruses?
Q8 What are flocs?
Q9 What is the medical use of cyclosporin A?
Q10 Mention one commercial use of lipase.
Q11 When was first Ganga Action Plan started?
Q12 Discuss the role of LAB in producing curd.
Q13 Name two free living in N2 fixing microbes.
Q14 Write the constituents of biogas.
Q15 Who discovered the first antibiotic? Name the antibiotic.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2 marks each)


Q1 Legumes fertilise the soil but cereals do not.
Q2 What is the role of baker's yast in the production of bread?
Q3 What are methanogens? Mention its composition.
Q4 What are biosepticides?
Q5 What is biogas? Give its composition.
Q6 What is mycorrhiza?How it helps as biofertilisers?
Q7 Name any two undistilled alcoholic beverages and two distilled alcoholic beverages.
Q8 What are harmful effects of chemical pesticides?
Q9 What is BOD? What does it mean if a water sample has more BOD?
Q10 What are the properties of an antibiotic?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 What are statins ?Where they produced from ?How are they useful to man?
Q2 What are the advantages of using biofertilisers in agriculture?
Q3 What are antibiotics ? Name the classes of organisms that produce antibiotics.
Q4 How is cheese prepared ?
Q5 What is immobilisation of enzymes?
Q6 Describe a biogas plant.
Q7 How do cyanobacteria act as biofertiliser?
Q8 Explain the importance of baculoviruses in organic farming.
Q9 Name any three enzymes used in industry and explain their importance.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1 What are biofertilisers? Name the categories of organisms used as biofertilisers with examples for
each.How do they function in organic farming?
Q2 Explain the two steps involved in the sewage treatment .
Q3 What are biopesticides? Give any two examples of their application.
Q4 Enumerate the role of microbes in producing some household products.
Q5 Write short notes on :-
(i) Yamuna Action Plan (ii) Biocontrol agents

CHAPTER-11

BIOTECNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 What is Biotecnology?
Q2 Expand EFB.
Q3 Which enzyme is known as molecular scissors?
Q4 What is the function of restriction enzyme?
Q5 Name the first plasmid used as vector.
Q6 What is genetic engineering?
Q7 What are the molecular scissors?
Q8 What are palindromes?
Q9 What is DNA probe?
Q10 What is bioreactor?
Q11 What is cloning vector?
Q12 What is recombinant DNA?
Q13 What is ori?
Q14 What is gene gun?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 Differenciste between gene therapy and gene cloning.

Q2 Explain any two methods of vectorless gene transfer.
Q3 What is Ti plasmid?Name the organism where it is found.How does it help in genetic engineering?
Q4 How does a transgenic organism differ from the rest of it population?Give any two examples of such
organism for human advantage.
Q5 Differenciate between rDNA and cDNA .
Q6 Define genetic engineering.Name one natural genetic engineer of plants.
Q7 What is the role of lysing enzyme in biotecnology?
Q8 What do you mean by a clone .
Q9 What is elution?
Q10 What is the importance of biotecnology?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (3 marks each)

Q1 Why is Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation described as natural genetic engineering in

plants?
Q2 What is genetic engineering ?List the steps involved in rDNA tecnology.
Q3 Why are cloning vectors necessary in cloning?
Q4 How is DNA isolated from cell ?
Q5 What is PCR?Describe the process of PCR.
Q6 Illustrate briefly downstream processing.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1 What is cloning vector?Explain the technique of using such a vector in E.coli.

Q2 What is rDNA?Explain the technique of cloning rDNA.
Q3 Represent diagrammatically the steps in amplification of a DNA segment . Who designed the
process?
Q4 Represent diagrammatically the steps involved in rDNA technology.
Q5 Explain the different steps in the construction of recombinant DNA.

UNIT - 4 (10 marks)

CHAPTER-12

BIOTECNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 Give the full form of SCID.

Q2 What is Bt cotton?
Q3 What is' flvr savr ' ?
Q4 What are the transgenic animals?
Q5 How is patent given?
Q6 Name the first transgenic cow?
Q7 Distinguish between Cry and cry.
Q8 What is gene therapy?
Q9 Name four transgenic animals.
Q10 What is chemeric DNA?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 Expand GEAC.Give its functions.

Q2 What are genetically modified organisms ? Name two factors on which their behaviour depends.
Q3 What is PCR.
Q4 How is early detection of infectious disease possible by molecular dianosis?
Q5 What are the conditions for which patent is given?
Q6 Why are yeasts use extensively for functional expression of eukariotic genes?
Q7 Mention the problems when we consume GM food.
Q8 Define biopiracy.
Q9 What is legally wrong in the US patent law?Mention the common items if biopiracy.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 Name the biological products made in transgenic animal to treat emphysema.

Q2 What are the transgenic bacteria ?Illustrate using any one example .
Q3 Write a brief account of genetically engineered insulin.
Q4 Differenciate between PCR and gene cloning.
Q5 Mention some transgenic plants and their potential applications.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1 Name the soil bacterium that produces a protein/chemical that is toxic to insect pests.Show with
example that the different forms of them incoded
by different forms of genes are insect specific.
Q2 Why are transgenic animals produced?Describe with examples.
Q3 Explain the different uses of bitechnology in medical field.
Q4 What are transgenic animals?Explain any four way in which such animal can be benifical to humans.

CHAPTER 13

ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 What does ecological niche of an organism represent?

Q2 What does sigmoid growth curve of a population indicate?
Q3 Give one function of aerenchyma in aquatic plant?
Q4 What does J-shaped growth curve of a population indicate?
Q5 What are ectotherms?
Q6 What do you mean by term eurythermal?
Q7 Why mammal are most sucessful animals on earth?
Q8 What cause the annual variation in the distinct seasons?
Q9 What is stenothermal?
Q10 What is habitat?
Q11 What are the two primary requirements of a parasite from the host?
Q12 Name the mechanism employed by orphrys to get its flower pollinated?
Q13 Expand CAM?
Q14 What is meant by 'competitive release'?
Q15 What is Allen's rule?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1 Explain relationship between biotic potential and environmental resistance.

Q2 Define phenotypic adaptation.Give one example.
Q3 What is arenchyma?Mention any two specific functions of this tissue in hydrophyters.
Q4 Differntiate between hibernation and aestivation.Give one example of each.
Q5 Name the type of curve that charcterises most population growing in favourable environment.Also
define carying capacity.
Q6 Name the special type of tissue enabling palnt like lotous and water hyacinth to survive in aquatic
environment.Mention any two specific function of this tissue.
Q7 What does S-shaped pattern of populaton growth represent?How is J-shaped pattern different from it
and why?
Q8 How is cactus adapted to survive in its habitat?
Q9 Lichen is considered a good example of obligate mutualism.Expalin.
Q10 Diferentiate between mutualism and commensalism.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 How does the mutualism differ from commensalism?Give one example each?
Q2 Define phenotypic adaptation.Give one example.
Q3 What is aerenchyma?Mention any two specific function of this tissue in hydrophytes.
Q4 Differenciate between hibernation and aestivation. Give one example of each.
Q5 Name the type of curve that charaterises most population growing in favourable environment . Also
define carrying capacity.

LONG ANSWER QUESTION (5 marks each)

Q1 What is mutualism?Describe any four examples.

Q2 Describe the exponential growth model of a poulation with diagram and curve
Q3 Define commensalism.Describe any four examples
Q4 What is adaptation?Describe the adaptation of plant and animal in desert.

UNIT -5 (14 marks)

CHAPTER 14

ECOSYSTEM

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1 What is net primary productivity?

Q2 List two factors that determine the vegetation and the soil type of an ecosystem.
Q3 What are the starting point of a gazing food chain and detritus food chain respectively?
Q4 What is meant by that the energy flow in ecosysytem is unidirectional?
Q5.Define food chain.
Q6.Define trophic level.
Q7.Expand PAR.
Q8.Define primary production
Q9.What is detritus?
Q10.Name the important steps in the process of decomposition.
Q11.What is meant by humification?
Q12.How much of carbon is dissolved in oceans?
Q13.Name one inverted pyramid of number.
Q14.Name the trophic level occupied by
a. secondary consumers
b.tertiary consumers
c.quaternary consumers
Q15.What is meant by 10% law?
Q16.Define climax community.
Q17.Define mineralisation.
Q18.What are primary carnivores?
Q19.Why is a food web formed in nature?
Q20.Mention any one similarity between hydrarch and xerarch successons.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1.Explain xerarch succession highlighting the xeral communities.

Q2.What is the primary productivity? how it is different from net primary productivity?
Q3.List the three parameters used for constructing ecological pyramids.
Q4.Whay is the length of food chain generally limited to 3-4 trophic levels?explain with an example.
Q5.Name the kind of oraganisms which constitute the pioneer community of xerarch and hydrach
sucession respectively...
Q6.What is stratification in an ecosystem?explain with an ecosystem.
Q7.Why is secondary succession is faster then primary sucession?
Q8.Name the four functional aspects of ecosystem.
Q9.Construct a grazing food chain and detritus food chain using the following with 5 links each:
earthworm ,bird, snake ,vulture ,grass ,grasshopper, frog ,decaying plant matter.
Q10.Due to uncontrolled excessive hunting the population of tiger in a forest becomes 0.
Discuss the long term effects of this situation in the population of deer in that forest.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1 (a) What is meant by ecological succession? Explain how it occurs.

(b)What properties distinguish a pioneer community from a climax community?
Q2.Define ecological succession .give four differences between seral stages and climax community
during succession.
Q3.What is primary productivity? In what units could you express productivity?
b.Explain the differences between net primary productivity and gross primary productivity.
Q4 Write difference between production and de composition.
Q5 Explain food chain and food web.
Q6 Describe the components of ecosystem.
Q7 Define ecological pyramids and describe with examples, pyramids of number and biomass.
Q8 Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.What is ecological pyramid? Describe the different types of pyramids.

Q2.In terrestrial ecosystem DFC and GFC are interlinked at certain level. Justify the statement.
Q3 Write the important features of aSedimentary cycle in an ecosystem.
Q4 Explain salient features of carbon cycling in an ecosystem.
Q5 Describe the four aspects of an ecosystem? Describe the energy flow in an ecosystem?
Q6 What is ecological succession? What is climax community? How is climax community established?
Q7 Explain Xerarch succession.
Q8 What is decomposition. Write the factors affecting decomposition.

CHAPTER 15

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1.Whaen was the earth summit held?

Q2.What is cryopreservation?
Q3.Expand IUCN.
Q4.What do you mean by endemic species?
Q5.What is mass extinction?
Q6.Define biodiversity.
Q7.Name any two national parks of india?
Q8.Which forest is name as LUNGS OF THE FOREST?
Q9.What is a hot spot?
Q10.What is genetic diversity?
Q11.Write the scientific name of the plant that yeilds reserpine.
Q12.Name any two threatened animal species of india.
Q13.Expand CBD and MAB.
Q14.What are seed banks?
Q15.What are endangered species?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1.What are the different levels of bio diversity?

Q2.What is IUCN red list?give any two uses of this list.
Q3.What are david tillman's long term ecosystem experiments?
Q4.What is fragmented habitat?give one example.
Q5.Diffrentiate between :
a. keystone species and endangered species
b.genetic diversity and species diversity.
Q6.Biodiversity decreases as one move towards from equator to poles.justify the statement.
Q7.Represent diagramatically the proportion of different groups of plants,invertebrates and
vertebrates(global biodiversity).
Q8.Why the amazion rain forest in south america has the greatest biodiversity on earth sustainable with
nuber of different species of organisms.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1.Differentiate between insitu ans exsitu approaches of conserving biodiversity.

Q2.Write a note on biodiversity conservation.
Q3.What is the ecological importance of biodiversity?
Q4.Describe with an example the lattitudinal gradieent of biodiversity.
Q5.What is meant by the term hot spots in biodiversity?list two criteria used for determining a hot spot?
Q6 How do religious beliefs help in the conservation of biodiversity?
Q7 What do you mean by losses and fragmentation?
Q8 Explain narrowly utilitarian and broadly utilitarian.
Q9 Explain genetic diversity.
Q10 What do you mean by over exploitation and co-extinctions?
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1Explain the efforts for the conservation of bio diversity at international level.
Q2.What are scared groves? Where are scared groves found in India? Name any four.
Q3.Write note on exsitu conservation of biodiversity.
Q4.What are the reasons for bio diversity conservation?
Q5 How is biodiversity important for ecosystem functioning?
Q6 Explain species area relationship.
Q7 Write the importance of species diversity to the ecosystem.
Q8 What are the causes of biodiversity losses?
Q9 Write a short note on efforts for the conservation of biodiversity in India.
Q10 What are the advantages of cryopreservation?

CHAPTER 16

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 marks each)

Q1.What is the other namegiven to jhum cultivation?

Q2.Expand CFC'S.
Q3.Expand BOD.
Q4.Where do the chipko movement initally start?
Q5.What is algal boom?
Q6.How do plants control pollution?
Q7.What is ozone shield?
Q8.Why should unleaded petrol be used in automobiles with catalytic converter?
Q9.Name the unit to measure thicness of ozone.
Q10What is meant by ozone hole?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q1.What is biological magnification?how does DDT as a water pollutant undergo biological

magnification?
Q2.What is meant by jhum cultivation?explain how it is responsible for deforestation?
Q3.Mention the ill effects of biomagnification of DDT in fish eating birds.
Q4.How do CFC'S destroy the ozone layer?
Q5.List the gaseous pollutants of atmosphere.
Q6.What is eutrophicaton?explain its consequence on the life of plants and animals in such water bodies.
Q7.Which gas is most abundant of the commonest gases of green house gases?discuss the effect of this
gas on the growth of plants.
Q8.Write an account on montreal protocol.
Q9.Name four harmful/toxic compounds found in defunct ships.
Q10.Write the effects of global warming on human health.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

Q1.What is ozone shield and why is it important?name the gases that cause stratospheric ozone
depletion.
Q2.What is global warming?list four strargies for reducing global warming.
Q3.What are algal booms?how are they formed?give two harmful effects of formation of algal booms in
aquatic in a water body.
Q4.What is the difference between BOD and COD?
What is the efeect of a higher biological oxygen demand on the level of dissolved oxygen and
sensitive organisms in water body?
Q5.How can pollution by auto exhaust be minimised?
Q6.Diffrentiate between BAD ozone and GOOD ozone?
Q7.Mention the six harmful effects of noise on human health.
Q8.Describe chipko movement.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

Q1.Describe electrostatic precipitator along with diagram.

Q2.What is meant by ozone shield?Name two ozone depleting substances.How do the ozone - depleting
substances affect the ozone shield?
Write one damaging effects of ozone depletion on human and plants respectively.
Q3.Discuss the following:
a.Chipko movement
b.Scrubber
c.Radioactive wastes.
Q4 If sewage water is disposed of the river . Show its effects on BOD and dissolved oxygen.
Q5 Write short notes on the following :-
a. Eutrophication
b. Biological magnification
c. Ground water depletion and ways for its replenishment
Q6 What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Disscuss the effects of sewage discharge on
a river.
Q7 Explain greenhouse effect, global warming and control of global warming.
Q8 Describe briefly the following:-
a. Radioactive wastes
b. Defunct ships and e-wastes
c. Municipal solid wastes