Near-field characteristics of circular piston radiators

with simple support

Cheng He and Alex E. Hay
Departmentof Physics,Memorial Universityof Newfoundland,St. John's,Newfoundland
/lib 3X7, Canada

(Received15 August 1992;revised2 March 1993;accepted15 March 1993)

A closed-formexpressionfor the pressurefield producedby a circular pistonradiator with
simply supportedboundaryconditionand continuous-waveexcitationis derived.The methodof
Hasegawaet aL [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 1044-1047 (1983)], developedfor a uniformly
vibratingpiston,is extendedto includethe nonuniformcase.The resultingexpression is valid for
all fieldpointsand for largeratio of sourcediameterto wavelength.The averagepressureon the
surface of a circular receiver as a function of receiver size and distance from the transducer is
also calculated.

PACS numbers: 43.20.Rz, 43.20.Tb, 43.40.Rj

INTRODUCTION v= Vo[1-- (r/a)2]2. (3)

The problem of the baffledcircular radiator has been Dekker et aL and Greenspanobtainedclosed-formexpres-
very widely studiedfor variousapplications.A complete sionsfor the soundpressureamplitudeor intensityalong
descriptionof the soundfield producedby an acousticra- theaxis.Hasegawa
etaL9,0obtained
a rigorous
expression
diatorcanbeobtained
fromtheRayleigh
integral
1 for the field at any point producedby a circular piston
source,but only for the uniformly vibratingcase.

1fsve-ika
q=-- R ds, (1) Up to now, however,no closed-formexpression for the
acousticalpressurein the whole nearfield,includingnon-
where q,R, and v are, respectively,the velocitypotential, uniform velocity distribution on the source surface, has
the distancefrom the observationpoint to the radiator appearedin the literature. Basedon the work of Hasegawa
surfaceelementds, and the normal velocity at the surface eta/.,9'1
thispaperpresents
thederivation
of sucha for-
of the radiator. mula for the near-fieldsoundpressureof a circular piston
Becauseof the complex nature of the beam pattern undergoingcontinuouswave excitation.The resultsfor the
closeto the source,the integrationof the equationfor pres- case of nonuniform surfacevelocity are comparedwith
those for the uniform case.
sure becomesvery difficult to perform explicitly. There-
fore,numerical
techniques
areusually
required.
2-5Analyt-
ical solutions for particular cases are always valuable,
however,providingusefulcomparisonswith numericalre- I. GENERAL THEORY
suits, and instructivephysicalinsight into the behaviorof
A. Uniform radiator case
the soundfield as a functionof systemparameters.
For real situations,the velocity on the surfaceof the Because
someresults
fromHasegawa
etaL9,10
willbe
radiator may not be uniform. If the crystaldisplacementis usedlater, in this sectionwe briefly review their work.
dominated by the first mode of vibration (i.e., the only Two coordinatesystemsare used,as shownin Fig. 1:
nodal circle on the vibrating surfaceis at the edge), the the cylindricalcoordinates(z,p,ck),coaxialwith the piston;
velocity on the surfaceof the pistonshouldincreasefrom and the sphericalcoordinatesystem (r,O,ck) centeredat
theedgeto thecenter,
themaximum
beingat thecenter.
6 z= r0 on the axis of symmetry.In Eq. (1), R is givenby
This is the simplestcaseof nonuniformvibration, and is
theonetreatedhere.DekkeretaL7 andGreenspan
8 con- R2=r2+--2rrl cosF, (4)
sideredtwo different cases:(1) a disk with simply sup- where
ported edges,for which radial vibration of the disk is ev-
erywherepossibleand only axial displacementsvanish at COSF = cos0 cos01+ sin 0 sin 01 COS
(-- 1)' (5)
the edgeof the disk;and (2) a diskwith clampededges,for It can be shown9 that
which both the radial and axial displacementsvanishat the
--/kR
clamped boundary. For the case of simple support, the e

velocity distribution on the surfaceof the piston can be R

-- --ik (2n+1)jn(kr)h2)(kr)Pn(cos
F),
n=0

expressedin the form

r<r 1, (6)
v= Vo[1-(r/a)2]. (2)
wherein, h(n
2), andPn are,respectively,
the nth-order
For the clampedcase,this becomes sphericalBesselfunction, sphericalHankel function of the

554 J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 94 (1), July 1993 0001-4966/93/94(1)/554/8/$6.00 @ 1993 AcousticalSocietyof America 554

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 y

pr An(Z)=--ZPn h(n2)l(Z)-I
'- m=l2 (__])rn+l

X(2n--4m+ (Zo
1)Pn_2m t,(2) n>2,
''].._2m(Z),
(14)

TRANSMITTING
- i=r2
an(Z'--an-2(Z'=--Zh(n2)l(Z
PLANE
RECEIVING
PLANE An(Zo)-[-.,n_2(Zo)=O, (16)

where [n/2] meansthe integerpart of n/2.

FIG. 1. Coordinatesystem. For a piston with a uniform velocity distribution,the
aboveformulascan be usedfor calculatingthe acoustical
pressuredistributionin the nearfield,and Hasegawaet al.
secondkind, and Legendrepolynomial.Equation (1) can usedit to computethe three-dimensional pressurefield.
then be rewritten as
However,the boundaryconditionsimposeduponthe crys-
tal are onefactor which will affectthe velocitydistribution.
We considerthis problembelow.
q(r,O)=-ik
(2n+l)jn(kr)
f fshn2'(krl)
n=O 1

X Pn(cOsr)ds 1, (7) B. Simply supported radiator

wherev hasbeensetequalto unity, corresponding Now we considerthe problemof nonuniformvelocity

to the
distributionon the surfaceof the radiator. This may, in
caseof uniformvibration.Note that ds1=rl dr1dq51,since
some applications,be more realistic. In the caseof ultra-
(8) sonictransducers,experimentalevidenceindicatesthat the
surfacevelocity has a nonuniform distribution rather than
According
totheaddition
theorem
ll forLegendre
polyno- a uniform distribution.7'12'13
mials, it follows that
Laura
6 discussed
thefar-field
beampattern
produced
by circular radiators with two different normal velocity
Pn(cos
F)=Pn(cos
O)Pn(cos
0)+2m=
(n--m)
(n+m) profilesat the surface.For the simplysupportedcase,the
surfacevelocityis givenby the expression
X(COS 0)(COS 01)COS(--i), (9) N 2n

(17)
where is the associated Legendrefunctionof the first n=l

kind. Integratingboth sidesof the aboveequationwith

wherethe dn are constantsrepresentingthe weightsfor the
respectto &l gives
differentvibrationalmodes.For the clampedcase,

f=Pn(cos
F)d&l=2Pn(cos
O)Pn(cos
01).(10) =
n=2
. (18)

ThereforeEq. (7) becomes:

Here, Cnhavethe samemeaningas the
--2i DekkeretaL7 and Greenspan
8 havecomputed
the
(r,O)--
k o(2n+
1)j(kr)P(cos
O) soundpressuredistributionon the acousticaxis, and their
resultsindicate that the on-axis pressuredistributionis
x f (Zo,Za), (11) similarfor thesetwo differentcases.In thispaperwe there-
fore consideronly the simplysupportedcase,treatingit as
whereZo=kr o, Za=kra, and % is the distancefrom the an example.The result for the clampedplate can be ob-
rim of the transducerto the originof the sphericalcoordi- tained in a similar way.
nate system, and
The followinganalysisis basedon the assumption that
f(Zo,Za) (12) the first modeof vibrationdominatesthe crystaldisplace-
ment. So the velocity distribution on the disk surfacecan
The An are givenby the indefiniteintegral be approximatelyexpressedby

sO1
<el,
a(Z)=
f Zh2)(Z)Pa()dZ,
(13' V(Pl)=
O,pl>/el
. Vo(1-
p/e), (19)

whereZkr 1. As shownby Hasegawa

etel.,9'1
theAn Here, v is the surfacenormal velocityas beforeand Vois
must satisfythe recurrencerelations the surfacevelocity at the transmitter center, which is as-

555 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993 C. He and A. E. Hay: Near fieldof circularpiston 555

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sumedto be unity. Using Eqs. (8) and (10), the relative pistonsurface.Equation(21) can be integratedby parts,
velocitypotentialat the point P is now- usingtherelations
11
Zh(n2)(Z)=(2n--1)h
(2)(Z)
-n_l -- Zh(n2)2
_ (Z), (25)
q(r,O)
= 1
R e ds1
( n+ 1)Pn+i (Z) - (2n+ 1)ZPn(Z) -[-rtPn_
1(Z)
(26)
=-2rcki (2n+ 1)jn(kr)Pn(cOs
O) and
n=0

x
1-+-
11 11
rldrl f zl-nb
"n
2)
(Z)dZ=
--zl-nb
(2)
..n_l(Z). (27)

Then, the first severalsuccessive

Bn(Z)'s can be obtained
analytically(seeAppendixA), and are givenby
fro,
rh(n2)
a (ro)
(kr)P ].
dr (20)
Bo(Z) -- ( --Z 2+ i2Z+ 2)e-iz, (28)
If we let Z= kr 1 as beforeand defineBn(Z) B1(Z) = -- Zo(2+ iZ)e-iz, (29)
Bn(Z) = Z hn (Z)P n dZ, (21) B2(Z) =Z2A2(Z)-}-3ZoA
1(Z) -- 4Ao(Z)-}-Z2ho(Z),
(30)
in analogywith Eq. (13), then B3(Z) : Z2A3(Z) -[-Zo2
lO (Z) --'A1(Z)
Bn(Za)--Bn(Zo)= Z3h (Z)Pn dZ, (22) q--ZoZh
1(Z ), ( 31)
B4(Z)--Z2[A4(Z)--2(Z) ] --[ 10A2(Z)- 2Ao(Z)]
whereZ0= kro and Za= kra as before.Equation(20) can
then be rewritten as -[-Ao(Z)--Zo3
(Z)--A2(Z)--B2(Z),
(32)
q(r,
0)- k (2n+
1)j(kr)P(cos
n=0O) 1+ (z) : z2 [, (z) -- 3(Z)]--217A3(Z)--3Al(Z)]
1
(23) -I- 1(Z) -[-Z04
(Z) --'A3
(Z) -}-3B3(Z),
4
Xfn(go,ga)
-ak
bn(Zo,Za)
(33)
where
B6(Z)=Z2[A6(Z)---44(Z)]--219A4(Z)- 5A2(Z)

bn(g'ga)=k4fro-3-(2)
tinn ( krl )Pn
(r)
dr1. (24)
+Ao(Z) ] +2[A2(Z)---o(Z) ]
The velocitypotentialqnowconsists of two parts.The
+!ZoAs(Z)_15A4(Z) +B4(Z).
5 (34)
first part can be seento correspond to the expression for
the uniformvelocitycase,Eq. ( 11). The secondpart is the Usingtheseequations,
the relationbelowcanbe obtained
modifyingterm causedby the nonuniformvelocityon the by induction,

[ n/2 ]

Bn
(Z):g2 n(Z)-- An-2(Z))--2
(,ZI 2(n--l)
(n--l)
+ [n/-l]
(--1)
Z (--1)m+l(2n--4m+l)An-2m(Z) m+l m=l r/ rn=l

2(2n-- 1) 2(n-- 1) (2n--3) n--1

X (2n--4m--3)An_2m_2(Z)q- Zorn_ 1( Z ) -- An_2(g ) -[- Bn_2, n > 3. (35)
n n

The aboveequationcanbe furthersimplifiedby firstletting It then follows that

[ n/2-- 1]
[ n/2 ]

gn(Z)= m=l (--1)m+l(2n--4m+l)An_2m(Z),

n>2, gn_2(Z)
-- Z
m=l
( -- 1)m+l(2n_4m_ 3)An_2m_2(g),
(36)
n>4, (38)
where and thus

go(Z) =g (z) =o. (37) gn(Z)-}-gn_2(Z)=(2n--3)An_2(Z), n>2. (39)

556 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 94, No. 1, July1993 C. He and A. E. Hay:Near fieldof circularpiston 556

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 1

0.9

o.8

0.7

0.6
o
0.4 .................
0.3 ............
02

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Z (cm)

FIG. 3. Three-dimensionalpressuredistribution, with uniform surface

FIG. 2. Acousticalpressureon the acousticalaxis, f= 2.0 MHz. velocity.

those in the solid curve. As well, there are no zeroes in the

Substitutinggn(Z) into Eq. (35) finally givesthe recur-
renceformula for Bn(Z) as dashed curve, and its last maximum occurs at a point
nearer the piston surfacethan that of the solid curve, at
2(2n--1) approximately
0.75a2/.All of thesecharacteristics
arein
Bn(Z)
=Z2(An(Z)
--(n--1)
An_2(Z)
)+ goodagreement
Greenspan.
8
with the resultsof Dekkeretal.7 and
2(n-- 1) (2n--3) Figures 3 and 4 are three-dimensionalrepresentations
XZo_ 1(Z) -- an_2(Z )
of the soundpressurefield for uniform and nonuniform v,
respectively,calculatedby using Eqs. (11 ) and (23). The
2(n--l) n--1 computationswere made in the z directionfor 0<z< 12 cm
--2gn(Z) + gn_2(Z) q- Bn_2(Z), and in the x direction from the center of the circular radi-
ator to 1.4 times the transducer radius. It can be seen that
n > 3. (40)
an interferencepattern existsin both of them, but Fig. 4 is
The aboveresult can be provedby differentiatingboth much more regular and smooth, with sidelobesbeing es-
sideswith respectto Z (Appendix B). Equation (40), for sentiallyabsent.Theseresultsare similar to thosethat have
n> 3, and Eqs. (28)-(31) for n<3, expressthe Bn(Z) as been obtainedby numerical integration for radially sym-
functionsof the A n(Z), given by Eqs. ( 14)-(16). These metric surface velocity distributionswith zero normal ve-
relations therefore mean that the velocity potential given locityat theboundary.
4
by Eq. (23) for the particular case of non-uniform dis-
tit. SPATtALLY AVERAGED PRESSURE IN THE NEAR
placementsat the transducersurfaceconsideredhere, can
FIELD
be computedin terms of the coefficients
A n for the uniform
case.Sincethe recurrenceformulaecan be computedeasily Since the output of a receiver is proportional to the
and the Bn(Z) convergerapidly, the velocity potential averageacousticalpressureacting on its surface,in practi-
go(r,O)can be evaluatedefficiently.Becauseno approxima-
tion is used in the derivation, the result should be as exact
as specifiedby the convergencelimits.

it. NEAR FIELD OF A CIRCULAR PLANE RADIATOR

By use of the above equationsthe acousticalpressure

[=--po(db/dt)] is calculatedfor pointslocatedon a grid
in the x-z plane. In our calculation the diameter of the
piston is equal to 1.90 cm, the frequency f=2.0 MHz,
correspondingto a transducerused in a set of scattering
experiments
describedelsewhere.
TMThespeedof soundin
wateristakento be 1483m s-1. We chose
r0=22 cm.
Figure 2 showsthe soundpressureon the acoustical
axis (i.e., the z axis). The dashedand solid curves,respec-
tively, are the results with the nonuniform and uniform
velocity distributionon the pistonsurface.It is evidentthat FIG. 4. Three-dimensionalpressuredistribution,with nonuniform sur-
the extrema in the dashedcurve are small comparedwith face velocity.

557 d. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993 C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circular piston 557

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cal applications,knowing how beamwidth and average a2/al

pressureon the receiversurfacechangealong the acousti- 0.95

cal axis is often important. We will use the formulasob- 0.9

tained aboveto determinehow the acousticalpressureon .......... 0.95

0.85
the planewhich is perpendicularto the z axischangeswith i.0
axial distance. (Here we use pressureinsteadof velocity . 0.8

potential.The differencebetweenthem isjust a constantat - 0.75

a given frequency.)
0.7
The spatially averagedvalue of p over the receiving
crystal is 0.65

0.6

---- pals2, (41)

) $2 2 0.55
0

wheres2 is the receivingcrystalarea, and d$2 pdp d. Z(cm)

From the relation

p2 (to--r2)2. (42) FIG. 5. Average relative pressureon different sized receivingsurfaces

(radiusa2) producedby transmitter(radiusa 1) with nonuniformsurface
Then ds2 is velocity,at f= 2.0 MHz.

ds2= r dr d. (43)
is easily seenthat the averageacousticalpressureon the
SubstitutingEq. (23) into Eq. (41 ) gives
receivingarea along the acousticalaxis changeslesswhen
the boundaryconditionfor the simply supportedradiator
Z
n=0
is applied.The slopesof the curvesin Fig. 6 are alsolarger
than thosein Fig. 5, implyinggreaterbeam divergencein
the uniform case.

1+ fn(go,Z1)--ak
bn(go,Z1) IV. CONCLUSIONS

X Jn(kr) Pn r dr dr) . (44) A closed-formexpressionhas been derived for the

ro__r2 r soundfield producedby a circular pistonwith nonuniform
The integral can be simplifiedas follows: surfacevelocity. The expressionhas the advantagesof in-
cluding no approximationsand not requiring numerical
integration.
j n( kr ) Pn r dr dc)
ro--r 2
The resultsfor the near-fieldbeam pattern are consis-
tent with thosethat have beenobtainedpreviouslyby nu-
mericalintegration.
4 Thatis, compared
to thenear-field
2ref kra2
k2 dk(ro-r
2) beam pattern producedby a circular piston with uniform
surfacevelocity, that from a piston with simple support
vibrating in the first mode is much less complex, being
---fRed k(ro-r2) Zhn(2)(Z)Pn
- dZ
2Yf

--k2Re[fn(g6,z[)], (45)
0.95

whereZ6 = k (ro -- 1'2)andZ'1= kra2, withra2beingthedis-

0.9
tancefrom the rim of the receivingplane to the origin of
the sphericalcoordinatesystem.Equation (44) then be- 0.85
" .
.
................... 0.95
comes ..

...
0.8
..
..

0.75
Q)
=s2-
4rr2i
Yo(2n+
1) 0.7 ++++++++++++++
.... 1.1

+ +
1 + +++++++++++++++++++++++++
***.1.2
Re[ f n(Z6,Z[) ]. (46) 0.65

- ak
2bn
(go,Zl)
0'60 1 12
Figure 5 showsthe valuesof averagerelative acousti-
cal pressureon receivingplanesof differingsizesas a func- Z(cm)
tion axial distancez. Figure 6 showsthe same resultsfor FIG. 6. Average relative pressureon different sized receivingsurfaces
the casewhen v is uniform. By comparingFigs. 5 and 6, it producedby transmitterwith uniform surfacevelocity,at f= 2.0 MHz.

558 d. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993 C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circularpiston 558

Downloaded 12 Oct 2012 to 129.173.23.114. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/terms
essentiallyfree of sidelobesand axial foci. Furthermore, it
is shownby computingthe averagepressureon receiving
surfacesof differentsizethat the near-fieldbeampatternin
the nonuniform caseapproachesthe divergence-freelimit
much more closelythan doesthe uniformly vibratingpis-
ton. This appearsto be a new result.
The disappearance of the sidelobes
and axial foci in the
nonuniformcase,shownhere for the velocity distribution
corresponding to the first simplysupportedmode,and else-
where for Gaussianand linearly taperedvelocitydistribu-
tions,
4isclearlyrelated
to thefactthatthevelocity
drops
monotonicallyto zero at the boundaryin thesecases.We
suggestthat this behaviourcanbe understoodphysicallyin
terms of the edge wave/plane wave interference.That is,
the beam pattern of a continuouswave uniform piston
source can be constructed from the interference between a
plane wave propagatingfrom the pistonface and an edge
wavegenerated
at thepiston
boundary.
4'15Forthevelocity
distributionslisted above,the amplitudeof the edgewave
must be considerablyreduced compared to the uniform
case, and the attendant interference effects therefore Similarly, for B4(Z)
largely suppressed.

APPENDIX A

In order to show how the first several successive

Bn(Z) may be obtained,herewe givethe detailsassociated
with calculatingB2(Z) and B4(Z). The following three
relations will be used in the calculation:

( n d-1)Pn+ (z) -- ( 2nd- 1)zPn(z)d-nPn_ (z) =0,

(A2)

; z--nh
2
(z)dz=
--z-nh
"n
2
(z) "n--1 (A3)

ThenfromHasegawa
etal.9 wehave

;
and

= --ZP4 - (z)+ (z) (z).

So,
We know

+ ho
(2)(Z) dZ Therefore,

559 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993 C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circularpiston 559

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B4(Z)=Z2ZI4(Z)-- 10ZI2(Z)
+ 2ZI0(Z)-+-ZoA3
(Z)
Bn(Z)=Z
2,4n(Z)--(n--1)
/,/ ,4n-- 2(Z)
)+2(2n--
1)
2a0(z ]
2(n-- 1) (2n--3)
=Z2 [ZI4(Z)---]A2
(Z) ] -- [ 10ZI2(Z)-2Ao(Z)] XZon_l(Z ) -- n
Zin_2(Z)

2(n--l) n--1
--2gn(Z) -'l'- gn-2(Z) -'l'- n Bn_2(Z),
Other Bn(Z) may be obtainedin a similarway. n

n>3. (B1)
APPENDIX B
Differentiationof the two sidesof Eq. (B 1) and usingEq.
Here, we rewrite Eq. (40) (21) gives

Z hn(Z)Pn =2Z An(Z)-- n An_2(Z)+z (Z)Pn - n z.,,,n_2(Z)Pn_

2 -'
2(2n-- 1)
ZZh
(n2 () 2(n--1)(2n--3)
)l(Z)en-1 -- n Zh2)2(Z)Pn_
2 --2-gn(Z)
2(n-- 1) d n-1
n + n 3(2)(Z)Pn_2(_)
dZgn-2(Z) Z hn_2 .

Rearrangingthe aboveequationandusingthe relation[Eq.

(39)]

gn(Z) ---gn_2(Z)-- (2n-- 3)zin_2(Z),

we obtain =--2Z hn_l(Z)Pn
-' -+-2Z
hn_l(Z)Pn_
2
2(n--l) 2(2n-- 1) 2(2n--1)
2Zzin
(Z) -- n
gAn_
2(g) -'l- n
goZh
(n221(
Z) ,,n_3(Z)Pn-2

2(2n-- 1) d
XPn-I () 2(2n--1)(2n--3)
Zh(n2)2(Z)
-- n - n dZgn-2' (B3)

XPn-2 + n dZgn2(Z)
=0. (B2) Using relation
From the relations(14) and (15) for Zigthe firsttwo terms
in (B2) become
nPn(Z') = (2n-- 1)Z'Pn_i(Z')--(n-- 1)Pn_2(Z'),
2(n--l)
2ZZin( Z ) -- gZin_2( g )
n the first term on the rhs of (B3) can be rewritten as

2(2) (Z0)
=--2Z hn_(Z)P
n -
-2Z hn_l(Z)Pn

+2Z2(2) ()--2(2n-1)ZA
hn_l(Z)Pn_2 n n-2(Z)
2(2n-- 1)
=--2Z hn_l(Z)P n +2Z hn_l(Z)Pn_2

2(2n--1)
n Z2(2) ()
hn_3(Z)Pn_2 --I- Z hn_l(Z)Pn_
2 '' . (B4)
2(2n--1) [n/2-1
l
-- Z (--1)m+(2n--4m--3)
tl rn= l Also usingthe relation

560 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 94, No. 1, July1993 C. He andA. E. Hay:Nearfieldof circularpiston 560

Downloaded 12 Oct 2012 to 129.173.23.114. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/terms
 5H. D. Mair, L. Bresse,and D. A. Hutchins,"Diffractioneffectsof
(z'): (z')- (z'), planar transducersusing a numerical expressionfor edge waves," J.
the third term in (B3) becomes Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 1517-1525 (1988).
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characteristics
ofvibrating
circular
plates
and
2(2n-- 1) membranes," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1031-1033 (1966).

,2(2)
Z hn_3 -2 7L. D. Dekker,R. L. Piziali,and E. Dong,Jr., "Effectof boundary
conditions on the ultrasonic-beam characteristics of circular disks," J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 87-93 (1974).
2(2n-1)(2n-3)
8M. Greenspan,
"Pistonradiator:someextensions
of the theory,"J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 608-621 (1979).
9T.Hasegawa,
N. Inoue,andK. Matsuzawa,
"A newrigorous
expansion
2(2n- 1) for the velocity potential of a circular piston source,"J. Acoust. Soc.
Z hn_ -2 (B5) Am. 74, 1044-1047 (1983).
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N. Inoue,andK. Matsuzawa,
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561 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993 C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circularpiston 561

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