1

Standard Model Lagrangian (including neutrino mass terms)

From An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, 2nd Edition,
W. N. Cottingham and D. A. Greenwood, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007,
Extracted by J.A. Shiett, updated from Particle Data Group tables at pdg.lbl.gov, 2 Feb 2015.

L = 1 B B 1 tr(W W ) 1 tr(G G ) (U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) gauge terms)

4 8 ( ) 2
L
+( iD
L , eL ) + eR iD eR + R iD R + (h.c.) (lepton dynamical term)
eL
[ ( )]
2 e L
L , eL ) M e eR + eR M
( (electron, muon, tauon mass term)
v eL
[ ( )]

2
( eL , L ) M R + R M T eL (neutrino mass term)
v L
( )
uL
+(uL , dL )
iD +u R iD uR + dR iD dR + (h.c.) (quark dynamical term)
dL
[ ( )]
2 d uL
( d
uL , dL ) M dR + dR M (down, strange, bottom mass term)
v dL
[ ( )]

2
(dL , u L ) M u uR + u R M u T dL (up, charmed, top mass term)
v uL
+(D )D m2 [ v 2/2]2/2v 2 . (Higgs dynamical and mass term) (1)
h

where (h.c.) means Hermitian conjugate of preceeding terms, = (h.c.) = = T, and the derivative operators are
( ) [ ]( ) ( ) [ ]( )
ig1 ig2 L uL ig1 ig2 uL
D L = B + W , D = + B + W +igG , (2)
eL 2 2 eL dL 6 2 dL
[ ] [ ]
i2g1 ig1
D R = R , D eR = [ ig1 B ] eR , D uR = + B +igG uR , D dR = B +igG dR , (3)
3 3
[ ]
ig1 ig2
D = + B + W . (4)
2 2
is a 2-component complex Higgs field. Since L is SU(2) gauge invariant, a gauge can be chosen so has the form

T = (0, v + h)/ 2 , <>T0 = (expectation value of ) = (0, v)/ 2 , (5)
v 2/2]2/2v 2 is minimized, and h is a residual Higgs field.
where v is a real constant such that L = ( ) m2h [
B , W and G are the gauge boson vector potentials, and W and G are composed of 22 and 33 traceless
Hermitian matrices. Their associated field tensors are

B = B B , W = W W +ig2 (W W W W )/2, G = G G +ig(G G G G ). (6)

The non-matrix A , Z , W bosons are mixtures of W and B components, according to the weak mixing angle w ,

A = W11 sinw +B cosw , Z = W11 cosw B sinw , W+ = W = W12 / 2, (7)


B = A cosw Z sinw , W11 = W22 = A sinw +Z cosw , W12 = W21 = 2 W+ , sin2 w = .2315(4). (8)

The fermions include the leptons eR , eL , R , L and quarks uR , uL , dR , dL . They all have implicit 3-component gen-
eration indices, ei =(e, , ), i =(e , , ), ui =(u, c, t), di =(d, s, b), which contract into the fermion mass matrices
e u d
Mij , Mij , Mij, Mij , and implicit 2-component indices which contract into the Pauli matrices,
[( )( )( )( )]
1 0 0 1 0 i 1 0

= , , , , = [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], tr( i ) = 0, = , tr( ) = 2 . (9)
0 1 1 0 i 0 0 1

The quarks also have implicit 3-component color indices which contract into G . So L really has implicit sums
over 3-component generation indices, 2-component Pauli indices, 3-component color indices in the quark terms, and
2-component SU(2) indices in ( uL , dL ),(
L , eL ), ( eL , L ), (dL , u W , ( L ), ( uL ),( eL ), ( dL ), .
L ), , eL dL L uL
 2

The electroweak and strong coupling constants, Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV), and Higgs mass are,

g1 = e/cosw , g2 = e/sinw , g > 6.5e = g(m2 ), v = 246GeV (P DG) 2 180 GeV (CG), mh = 125.02(30)GeV (10)

where e = 4hc = 4/137 in natural units. Using (4,5) and rewriting some things gives the mass of A , Z , W ,
( )
1 B B 1 tr(W W ) = 1 A A 1 Z Z 1 W
W + + higher , (11)
4 8 4 4 2 order terms

A = A A , Z = Z Z , W = D W D W , D W = [ ieA ]W , (12)
( ) ( ) ( +
)
iv g2 W12 /2 ig2 v W12 / 2 ig2 v W
D <>0 = = = , (13)
2 g B
1 /2 + g W
2 22 /2 2 (B sinw /cosw + W22 )/ 2 2 Z / 2 cosw
mA = 0, mW = g2 v/2 = 80.425(38)GeV, mZ = g2 v/2cosw = 91.1876(21)GeV. (14)
Ordinary 4-component Dirac fermions are composed of the left and right handed 2-component fields,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eL1 L1 uL1 dL1
e = , e = , u= , d= , (electron, electron neutrino, up and down quark) (15)
eR1 R1 uR1 dR1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eL2 L2 uL2 dL2
= , = , c= , s= , (muon, muon neutrino, charmed and strange quark) (16)
eR2 R2 uR2 dR2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eL3 L3 uL3 dL3
= , = , t= , b= , (tauon, tauon neutrino, top and bottom quark) (17)
eR3 R3 uR3 dR3
( )
0
= where + = 2Ig . (Dirac gamma matrices in chiral representation) (18)
0

The corresponding antiparticles are related to the particles according to c = i 2 or L
c
= i 2 R c
, R
= i 2 L .
The fermion charges are the coecients of A when (8,10) are substituted into either the left or right handed derivative
operators (2-4). The fermion masses are the singular values of the 33 fermion mass matrices M , M e , M u , M d ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
me 0 0 me 0 0 mu 0 0 md 0 0
e e e u d
M = UL 0 m 0 UR , M = UL 0 m 0 UR , M = UL 0 mc 0 UR , M = UL 0 ms 0 URd , (19)
u u d

0 0 m 0 0 m 0 0 mt 0 0 mb
me = .510998910(13)M eV, me .001 2eV, mu = 1.7 3.1M eV, md = 4.1 5.7M eV, (20)
m = 105.658367(4)M eV, m .001 2eV, mc = 1.18 1.34GeV, ms = 80 130M eV, (21)
m = 1776.84(17)M eV, m .001 2eV, mt = 171.4 174.4GeV, mb = 4.13 4.37GeV, (22)
where the Us are 33 unitary matrices (U1 = U ). Consequently the true fermions with definite masses are actually
linear combinations of those in L, or conversely the fermions in L are linear combinations of the true fermions,
eL = ULe eL , eR = URe eR , L = UL L ,
R = UR R , uL = ULu uL , uR = URu uR , dL = ULd dL , dR = URd dR , (23)
eL = ULe eL , eR = URe eR , L = UL L , R = UR R

, uL = ULu uL , uR = URu uR , dL = ULd dL , dR = URd dR . (24)
When L is written in terms of the true fermions, the Us fall out except in u W ULe eL .
W ULd dL and L UL
L ULu
Because of this, and some absorption of constants into the fermion fields, all the parameters in the Us are con-
tained in only four components of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix Vq = ULu Ud L and four components of the
Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix Vl = UL ULe. The unitary matrices Vq and Vl are often parameterized as
( )( i/2 )( )( i/2 )( )
1 0 0 e 0 0 c13 0 s13 e 0 0 c12 s12 0
V = 0 c23 s23 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 s12 c12 0 , cj = 1 s2j , (25)
0 s23 c23 0 0 ei/2 s13 0 c13 0 0 ei/2 0 0 1
q
q
= 69(4) deg, s12 = 0.2253(7), q
s23 = 0.041(1), sq13 = 0.0035(2), (26)
l = ?, sl12 = 0.560(16), sl23 = 0.7(1), sl13 = 0.153(28). (27)
1
L is invariant under a U(1) SU(2) gauge transformation with U = U , detU = 1, real,
W U W U (2i/g2 )U U , W U W U , B B + (2/g1 ) , B B , ei U ,

(28)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
L L uL i/3 uL R R , uR e4i/3 uR ,
e U
i
, e U , (29)
eL eL dL dL eR e eR ,
2i
dR e2i/3 dR ,
and under an SU(3) gauge transformation with V 1 = V , detV = 1,
G V G V (i/g)V V , G V G V , uL V uL , dL V dL , uR V uR , dR V dR . (30)