Line Protection

CONTENTS

Introduction

Unit Protection

Distance Protection

Features of Distance Protection

Conclusion
Introduction
 Transmission Line
AVitalPartofthePowerSystem
l f h
Providepathtotransferpowerbetweengeneration
andload
dl d
Operateatvoltagelevelsfrom69kVto765kV
Highvoltage(HV):69to230kV
( )
Extrahighvoltage(EHV):345to765kV
Ultrahighvoltage(UHV):greaterthan765kV

4
 Frequencyoffaults
Transmission 85%
lines
BusBar 12%
Transformer/ 3%
Generator

TypesofFaultsInTransmissionLines
1.ShortCircuitType 2.OpenConductorType
LG 85% Oneopen
conductor
LL
LL 8%
Twoopen
2LG 5% conductor
3Ph 2%

5
 Line Protection
220
220kV&above
kV & b
Main1(Distance)
Main2(Distance/phasecomparison)
Main2 (Distance / phase comparison)
(RecenttrendisDoubleDistancewithboth
numericalor1Numerical+1static)
Overvoltage(400kV&above)
Openjumper(400kV&above)
LBB
132kV
Onedistance
O di t
OnedirectionalBackUpOverCurrent
LBB

6
 Line Protection

Unitprotection
Zoneisdefined
Zone is defined
Nobackuptoadjoinsections
SimilarCTsarerequired
Similar CTs are required
NonUnitprotection
Instantaneousprotectionforprimaryzone
i f i
Timedelayedprotectionforadjoinsections

7
 Line Protection

Unitprotection
Phasecomparison(oldrelayslikeP40)
Phase comparison (old relays like P40)
Pilotwiredifferential

NonUnitprotection
Distanceprotection
Distance protection
Directionalovercurrent
DirectionalEarthfault
Directional Earth fault

8
UnitProtectionScheme
Unit Protection Scheme

10
 Unit Protection Scheme for Lines
C
Comparestheinflowingandoutflowingcurrentinaline
h i fl i d fl i i li
Eitherasaphasecomparisonorasadifferentialprotection
Incurrentdifferentialscheme,ideallythedifferenceshouldbe
In current differential scheme ideally the difference should be
zerobutinpractice,thismaynotbethecaseduetoCTerrors,
ratiomismatchandlinechargingcurrent
Bothareavailableincompositephaseorphasesegregated
Phasesegregatedaresuitableasitsupportssinglephaseauto
reclosing
Drawbacks
Dependspurelyonthehealthinessofpilotwireor
Depends purely on the healthiness of pilot wire or
communicationchannel
Currentdifferentialandphasecomparisonsystemdonot
provideremotebackupforadjacentlines
11
 Phase Comparison Relay
Compares
Comparesthephaseanglebetweentheprimarycurrentatthe
the phase angle between the primary current at the
twoendsofalineandmagnitudesarenotcompared
SignalsarederivedfromtheCTsecondarycurrent
Signalssendfromeachendandreceivedatotherendthrough
communicationchannel
Ateachendoffeeder,thecarriersignalistransmittedunder
faultconditionswheneverinstantaneousflowofcurrentisin
thebusbartolinedirection
Iftwocurrentsareessentiallyequaland180o outofphase,
relaydetectsanexternalfaultanddonotinitiateatrip
Ifthesetwocurrentsareinphase,relaydetectsitasaninternal
faultandinitiateatrip
9 Advantage:Nounderreach/over
Advantage: No under reach / over reach

12
Phase Comparison Diagram

TRIP

NO
TRIP

13
Phase Comparison Diagram

14
 Pilot Wire Differential Protection
Current
Currentbalancedorvoltagebalanced
balanced or voltage balanced
Currentdifferentialismoresensitivethandistance
type,sincetheyrespondonlytothecurrenti.e.no
yp , y p y
potentialdevicerequired
Current onlyschemerequirenopotentialtooperate,
hence not affected by system swing conditions or fuse
hencenotaffectedbysystemswingconditionsorfuse
failureproblems
Noteconomicalforlonglinesduetothecostofpilot
wires
i
Strictsupervisionofpilotwiresrequired

RecentdifferentialRelaysbasedonFOcables

15
DistanceProtection
 Distance Protection
Distance relay,
relay primarily measures the impedance of
the line between the relaying point and fault point
and compares it with the setting impedance to
ascertain
t i whether
h th theth fault
f lt is
i within
ithi the
th zone or
outside
Length
g of the line ((i.e. its distance)) for a ggiven
conductor diameter and spacing determines its
impedance
As the impedance per km of a transmission line is
fairly constant, these relays respond to the distance to
a fault on the transmission line
CT If

R PT
17
 Distance Protection
Forthelines,theimpedanceinOhmsperKMis
h l h d h
approximatelyasunder

KV Z1(=Z2) LineAngle
132 0.4 60 to70Degg
220 0.4 70 to80Deg
400
00 0.3 80 to
to85Deg
85 eg

Thelineimpedanceistobecomputeddependingon
p p p g
lineconfigurationconductorsizeandclearances
Thevaluesinthetableareonlyrepresentative
The values in the table are only representative
18
 Distance Protection
9 Distance relay compares the currents and voltages at
the relaying point with Current providing the
operating torque and the voltage provides the
restraining
t i i t
torque (I other
(In th wordsd an impedance
i d
relay is a voltage restrained overcurrent relay)

9 Operating characteristics of the relay depend upon

the voltage, current and the phase angle between
them their characteristics can be best represented by
them,
utilizing only two quantities R and X (or Z and ) on
RX diagram which allows to represent both the relay
and the system
s stem on the same diagram

19
R-X Diagram

20
 Distance Protection

Since the distance relays are fed from the secondaries of line
CTs and bus PTs/line CVTs, the line parameters are to be
converted into secondary values to set the relay as per
requirements
Zsec = Zpri / Impedance ratio = Zpri (CTR/PTR)
( h
(where I
Impedance
d ratio
ti = PT Ratio
R ti / CT Ratio)
R ti )
21
 Distance Protection
R
Reachh Distancerelayoperateswhentheimpedanceseenby
Di l h h i d b
therelayislessthanthepresetvalue,thispresetimpedance
orcorrespondingdistanceiscalledasreachoftherelay(itis
themaximumlengthofthelineuptowhichrelaycanprotect)

Underreach Sometimesrelaymayfailtooperateevenwhen
Sometimes relay may fail to operate even when
thefaultpointiswithinitsReach
iftherelayisintendedtooperateupto100km(reach),but
if th
iftherelayoperatingonlyupto70km(<100km),thenitis
l ti l t 70 k ( 100 k ) th it i
underreaching

Overreach Sometimesrelaymayoperateevenwhenafault
pointisbeyonditspresentreach
Iftherelayisoperatingupto120km(>100km),thenitis
If the relay is operating up to 120 km (>100 km) then it is
overreaching
22
 Stepped Distance Protection
C
Conventional
ti l distance
di t relays
l have normally
h ll 3 zones off
operation an instantaneous first zone and time delayed
backup zone 2 and 3

23
Stepped Distance Protection

24
 Distance Protection
The Setting criterion for various zones is as
Zone 1 : 8085% of the Protected Section
Time
Ti : Instantaneous
I t t
Zone 2 : Protected Section + 50% of shortest adjoining
section or 120% of the protected section whichever is
greater
Time ((typical)
yp ) : 200 400 msec ((coordinate with p primaryy
protection of adjacent lines including CB trip time)
Zone 3 : Protected section + longest adjoining section
Zone 3 reverse reach = 25% of Z3 forward reach (back up
protection for Bus Bar )
Time:
Ti 1000 msec
25
 Distance Protection
Zone 1,1 being instantaneous,
instantaneous is set under reaching
with a margin of about 1520% to account for
possible relay/CT/PT
p y/ / errors and inaccuracies in the
line impedance parameters
Zone 2 is primarily intended to cover the last 1520%
of the protected section, and hence is set to
overreach the remote bus bars with similar margin, to
account for
f possible
ibl under
d reaching
hi d
due to relay
l
CT/PT errors
Zone
Z 2 coverage up tot 50% off the
th shortest
h t t adjoining
dj i i
section ensures that is does not overlap with the zone
2 of adjoining section,
section thus avoiding co coordination
ordination
problem
26
 Distance Protection
Long line followed by short line

Z2 setting based on shortest adjoining line will leave

very small margin for Z2 Z2 to accommodate under
under
reach (typically if AB is 100 km and BC s 10 km, Z2A
is 105 km this leaves only 5% margin)
Consequently zone2 setting criterion to be revised to
1.2 times of ZL1

27
 Distance Protection
Long line followed by short line

This will however make zone 2 at A overlap with

zone 2 on the shortest adjoining line BC
zone2 B C requiring
time coordination between the consecutive zone 2 at
A
A on AAB
B line and B on B
BC
C line
If teleprotection channel is provided, zone2 overlap
will be inconsequential
q since zone2 will be called
upon to operate in backup mode only
28
 Distance Protection
However
However, if the shortest adjoining section is too short,
short
compared to the protected section, the margin
against possible under reaching may not be adequate
In such an eventuality, the Zone 2 can be set to cover
120%% of the p
protected section
Zone 3 protection is intended as a backup against un
cleared external faults and hence set to cover the
longest adjoining line
The zone3 setting should however, be checked
against possible load encroachment, particularly in
case of long heavily loaded lines

29
Effect of In-feeds on Zone-3 Setting

30
Effect of In-feeds on Zone-3 Setting

31
 Tripping Characteristic of Distance Relay
Plain
PlainImpedance
Impedance
MhoRelay
SelfPolarizedMHO
Self Polarized MHO
OffsetMHO
ReactanceRelay
Reactance Relay
Lenticular
FigureofEight
g g
Quadrilateral
Polygonal

32
Tripping Characteristic of Distance Relay

Figure-of-eight characteristic

Quadrilateral
33
Features of Distance
Protection
 Distance Protection
Practical distance protection has several standard / optional
features. These are
Power Swing Blocking
V.T. Supervision and
Switch on to Fault
Power Swing Blocking
Power swing characterized by cyclic changes in current,
voltage and power,
power produced when the induced voltage of
generators at different locations in an interconnected
system, slip relative to each other to adjust to the changes
in power transfers (in magnitude and direction) following
system faults or disturbances such as major load change or
a dipp in voltage
g due to delayed
y fault clearance

35
 Power Swing Blocking
The tandem variations in voltage and current during a swing
presents a changing impedance to a distance relay, with the
impedance locus moving away from the load area towards the
relay characteristic
The distance relay is therefore prone for operation during a
swing and is required to be blocked,
blocked to allow the power system
to return to stable conditions, during recoverable swings

36
 Power Swing Blocking
The detection of power swing is achieved by monitoring rate of
change of impedance or conversely the time required for the
impedance locus to traverse the impedance gap between the
PSB characteristic and the uppermost tripping zone i.e. zone 3
If the time measured is more than the set time on the timer
T
T , it is considered as a power swing and blocking is applied to
the selected zones

37
 Power Swing Blocking
Since Power swing is a balance 3 phase phenomenon there is
no residual current during a power swing
However, if residual current is detected as would happen during
earth faults, following a power swing, power swing blocking is
inhibited, using a Neutral Current level Detector (NCD)

38
 Distance Protection
Voltage Transformer Supervision
Distance relays are primarily voltage restraint relays and
would tend to operate on load in the event of loss of V.T.
supply due to say a blown off secondary fuse
The VTS logic monitors either zero sequence or negative
sequence current and d voltage
l at the
h terminal
i l off the
h relay
l

39
 Voltage Transformer Supervision
Discrimination between a primary system fault and a
blown off P.T. fuse or secondary wiring discrepancy is
obtained by blocking the distance protection only
when zero or negative sequence voltage is detected
without the appearance of zero or negative sequence
current
When MCBs are used for controlling the VT supply, an
auxiliary contact of the same is used to block the
protection on operation of the MCB

40
 Distance Protection
Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
Polarizing voltage is required for the distance relay under all
fault conditions for correct measurement and directional
discrimination, However, the polarizing voltage signal may
completely vanish for a close up 3 phase fault
The memory polarization also will not help in case of a dead
line energization with its earthling clamps left inadvertently
in position, after maintenance shut down
To guard against such eventuality, a parallel switchon to
fault (SOTF) trip logic is provided in all distance relays as a
standard feature,
feature using voltage and current level detectors
The SOTF logic is enabled only after the voltage and current
detectors of all the three phases are in a deenergized status
for a preset time interval, signifying that line is initially dead
41
 Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
When the line is energized subsequently with a close up three
phase fault already existing, the current level detectors pickup
(seeing the fault current) without the voltage level detector
picking up simultaneously
SOTF trip is thus activated after a short time delay of about 20
msec The time delay is provided to override possible difference
msec.
in the response time of the current and voltage level detector
(the formal being faster) to permit healthy switching

42
 Other Protections
O
Open jumper
j protection
t ti
Detects the negative sequence current
Alarm/Trip issued when I2 exceeds a set limit and
after a set time delay
Time delay shall be greater than the single phase
dead time of A/R and a considerable margin
g
Over voltage
Two stage o/v protection
g 1 : 120 % 25 sec
Stage
Stage 2 : 140 % instantaneous

43