2017 Romanian protests

In January 2017, days after the government of the tice minister, the government meeting was convened and
Grindeanu Cabinet was sworn into oce in Romania, presided over by the president together with the prime
protests took place throughout the country against ordi- minister.[11] Despite the prime ministers initial attempt
nance bills that were proposed by the Romanian Ministry to block the press attendance and subsequent avoidance
of Justice regarding the pardoning of certain committed of the subject, the president announced to the media that
crimes, and the amendment of the Penal Code of Roma- there were two bills regarding the pardoning of crimes
nia (especially regarding the abuse of power).[3] and the amendment of the Penal Code of Romania.[12]
Despite the negative reactions from both the judicial in- He further announced that the prime minister assured him
stitutions and the public, the newly sworn-in government that these ordinances would not be passed without a trans-
secretly[4] approved an ordinance modifying the Penal parent process, which included consulting with the rele-
Code and Penal Procedure Code during the night of 31 vant judicial institutions, as well as the public.[11]
January.[5] Opponents raised accusations that the ordi- Soon after the government meeting, the Ministry of Jus-
nance was intended for decriminalisation of government tice published the bills on its website and sent them to the
corruption, and to help hundreds of current and former relevant judicial institutions for consultations. The gov-
politicians to escape ongoing criminal investigations or ernments main stated reason for these bills was that pris-
prison sentences.[6] ons were overcrowded and in order to avoid paying a ne
Immediately after it was announced that the ordinance to the European Court of Human Rights, such measures [13]
was passed, more than 25,000 people protested that night. were needed to improve the conditions in prisons.
The protests swelled the next day to over 300,000 people After analyzing the provisions in the bills, the judicial in-
throughout the country, making the protests the largest stitutions (including the High Court of Cassation and Jus-
since the fall of Communism and the overthrowing of tice, the Public Prosecutors Oce, the Superior Council
Nicolae Ceauescu.[7] The protests have been continuing of the Magistracy and the National Anticorruption Di-
on a daily basis since then and they reached their peak on rectorate) issued negative opinions on the proposed bills,
5 February when between 500,000 and 600,000 people generally stating that the laws would not achieve their
protested throughout the country, thus making them the stated goals and would rather undermine both the crimi-
largest in Romanias history.[8][9] nal justice system and the ght against corruption.[14]
So far, protestors have succeeded in compelling the gov- Civil society and certain media outlets also took a similar
ernment to withdraw the contested ordinance (subject to stance against the bills, and claimed that the governments
approval from parliament), and Florin Iordache, who as reasoning for these bills was just to mask the ruling par-
justice minister was formally responsible for putting for- ties real intent, which is to pardon convicted politicians
ward the ordinance, has resigned over the scandal that and cease ongoing cases against accused politicians.[13]
ensued.

1 Background 2 Protests

Although the government of Prime Minister Sorin 2.1 January

Grindeanu repeatedly denied that there were government
ordinance bills regarding the pardoning and amnesty of
committed crimes, there were strong rumors in the me-
dia that the government intended to pass such bills on 18
January 2017, mere days after the government was sworn
in.[10] Since the government did not publish the govern-
ment meetings agenda for that day, the President of Ro-
mania, Klaus Iohannis, took it upon himself to attend and
preside over the meeting, as envisioned by Article 87 of
the Constitution of Romania.[11] After a private meeting
between the president, the prime minister and the jus-
2.1.1 January 18
Considering the publics reaction to the events on
Wednesday, impromptu protests in a few cities were or-
ganised on social media against the proposed bills.[15]
Around 5,000 people protested throughout Romania,
with nearly 4,000 protesters in Bucharest marching from
University Square to the governments seat in Victory
Square.[16]

1
2 2
2.1.2 January 22
Following a mobilisation on social media after the ini-
tial protest, over 30,000 people protested on 22 Jan-
uary in Bucharest.[17] President Klaus Iohannis par-
ticipated in the event in order to show his solidarity
with the protesters, and announced to reporters that a
gang of politicians who have problems with the law
want to change the legislation and weaken the state of
law, and this is inadmissible ... Romanians are rightly
indignant.[13] Liviu Dragnea, the leader of Romanias
Social Democratic Party (PSD), reacted by accusing Io-
hannis of leading a Mineriad and labelling the protests as
the beginning of a coup.[3] The leader of the party Save
Romania Union (USR), Nicuor Dan, and interim leader
of the National Liberal Party (PNL), Raluca Turcan, were
also present at the protest in support of the protesters.
Over 5,000 people also participated at the protests in
Cluj-Napoca, and another 4,000 protesters in Timisoara
(together with the citys mayor).[18][19] There were also
notable protests in Sibiu, Iasi, Brasov, Bacau and Con-
stanta, as well as solidarity meeting in Copenhagen, Paris,
London and Haugesund.[20]
2.1.3 January 29
Protesters in University Square, Bucharest, 29 January
In what was described as the largest protest after the
Revolution",[21] tens of thousands of people took again
to the streets in Romanias main cities. Over 50,000
people were attending the protest in Bucharest, while
several tens of thousands of protesters were registered
across the rest of the country. For instance, some 10,000
people took to the streets in Cluj-Napoca.[22] In total,
over 90,000 people attended the protests, according to
an estimate by Digi24 TV station.[21] In Bucharest, the
crowd of protesters gathered in the center of the city, at
University Square, and went on a peaceful march that in-
cluded planned stops at the media watchdog CNA, the
Ministry of Justice, the HQ of the Ombudsman and the
government.[23] Solidarity marches took place in several The rest of the protests throughout the country were
countries abroad, with the largest reported in Brussels, started and ended peacefully, with the participation be-
Paris, London, Rome and Copenhagen.[24][25]
PROTESTS
2.1.4 January 31
After the Grindeanu Cabinet approved the aforemen-
tioned emergency ordinances on Tuesday evening, thus
turning them into laws, an impromptu protest took place
at Piaa Victoriei in front of Victoria Palace, the govern-
ment seat. Although the government meetings agenda
only included the approval of the proposed 2017 bud-
get, the cabinet secretly introduced and approved the or-
dinance bills during the meeting that evening. Once the
Justice Minister of Romania, Florin Iordache, announced
to the press that evening that the bills had been approved,
a protest started taking place 30 minutes afterwards.[26]
Within two hours, the protest swelled to 15,000 peo-
ple despite the late hours and cold weather.[26] Due to
the small initial presence of the gendarmes, the Victo-
ria Palace was completely surrounded by the protesters
and the main entrances blocked (although the people in-
side managed to leave through other entrances).[26] The
protest only subsided by 2 am.[26] Unlike the previous
protests, the people participating were visibly more riled
up considering the lack of transparency and the lack of
consideration of the Romanian societys reactions by the
government and PSD. As a result, the protesters were
calling for the governments resignation.[26]
Thousands of people also came out to protest in other
cities throughout Romania against the ordinances adopted
by the government: Cluj-Napoca (5,000), Timioara
(1,500), Sibiu (2,000), Braov (1,500), Iai (500),
Ploieti (100) and Constana (100).[27]
2.2 February
2.2.1 February 1
As a result of the government refusing to repeal the
ordinances, the protests continued from the day before
with 230,000 to 300,000 people participating through-
out the country.[28] So far, these were the largest protests
in Romania since the fall of Communism. The calls for
the repeal of the ordinances, as well as for the resigna-
tion of the government, continued.[28] Around 150,000
people peacefully protested in Bucharest.[7] However,
later on during the night, the protest was hijacked by
hooligans from CS Dinamo Bucureti who attacked the
Gendarmerie, as well as protesters trying to stop them,
resulting in ve injuries.[29] The Gendarmerie were suc-
cessful in containing the hooligans to one section of Pi-
ata Victoriei, thus peaceful protesters were not forced to
leave. There have been so far unfounded accusations that
the hooligans were sent by the owner of FC Dinamo Bu-
cureti, Ionu Negoi, and his brother, Robert Negoi,
both of whom are PSD members, and who would benet
from the ordinances, due to their criminal cases.[30]
ing as follows: Cluj-Napoca: 35,000, Timioara: 20,000,
 3

Sibiu: 20,000, Iai: 10,000, Braov: 8,000, Trgu- Grindeanu government at Cotroceni Palace during the
Mure: 6,000, Constana: 5,000, Bacu: 6,000, Alba Iu- afternoon. The protesters demanded the resignation of
lia: 5,000, Craiova: 4,000, Galai: 3,500, Arad: 2,500, President Klaus Iohannis.[36]
Media: 2,000, and Brila: 1,000.[7]
There were also protests in cities through Europe with 2.2.4 February 6
large Romanian communities, mostly in London, Paris,
Munich, Brussels, Dublin, Turin, Copenhagen and Up to 50,000 people continued to protest asking for the
Stockholm.[31] resignation of Grindeanu Cabinet, with between 20,000
and 25,000 protesting in front of the Governments build-
ing in Bucharest, and some other 25,000 protesters
2.2.2 February 24
around the country.[37][38]
On February 2, over 200,000 people protested, with Around 4,000 counter-protesters also met in front
80,000 in Bucharest.[32] On February 3, over 300,000 of Cotroceni Palace, asking for President Iohannis
people continued protest, with 150,000 in Bucharest.[33] resignation.[39]
On February 4, over 330,000 people continued protest,
with 170,000 in Bucharest.[34][35]
2.2.5 February 7

2.2.3 February 5 Up to 15,000 people protested throughout the country

with 8,000 in Bucharest.
Up to 1,000 people protested in front of Cotroceni Palace
too, in support of the Grindeanu cabinet, marking the 3rd
day of anti-Iohannis demonstrations.

2.2.6 February 8

As snowy weather swept Bucharest, President Iohannis

went out to meet the 100 people protesting in front of the
Cotroceni Palace against his presidency, in order to speak
with them and give them tea. He told the protesters that
we are all Romanians, as a response to many protesters
Protesters in Victoria Square, Bucharest, 5 February. The text
seen on the placard roughly translates as: THE MINERS HAS claiming he is against the Romanian population due to
ARRIVED. his German ethnicity. The dialogue quickly broke down
as protesters were shouting against him, uninterested in
Although the Grindeanu Cabinet adopted a new ordi- establishing a discussion, and he left soon after. The anti-
[40]
nance bill repealing the original bill, between 500,000 Iohannis protest attracted 400 people that day.
and 600,000 people came out to protest, thus making On the other side, the anti-government protest contin-
the protests the largest in Romanias history.[8][9] The un- ued for its 9th day with 9,000 protesters in Bucharest and
certain constitutionality of the new ordinance, as well 8,000 in the rest of the country.[41]
as the refusal of the government to meet any other de-
mands (resignation of the justice minister, resignation of
the cabinet, and new elections), led the protesters to ques-
tion the governments determination and the nality of the
3 Reactions
matter. Furthermore, Prime Minister Grindeanu stated
that the government will try instead to pass the major- 3.1 Klaus Iohannis
ity of the content from the original ordinance in a new
bill through Parliament (where PSD and ALDE have a After receiving negative opinions from the judicial insti-
comfortable majority), angering protesters further. Ac- tutions regarding the government ordinance bills, Klaus
cording to estimates by Digi 24, 300,000 people were Iohannis stated on 20 January that the presidency re-
present at the protest in Bucharest, followed by Cluj- quested the government to withdraw the government
Napoca (50,000), Sibiu (45,000), Timioara (40,000), proposals.[42]
Iai (30,000), Braov (10,000), Craiova (10,000), Baia Following the protests on 22 January, Klaus Iohannis an-
Mare (8,000), Constana (7,000), Oradea (5,000) and nounced that he would call for a referendum in order
Bacu (5,000).[8] Hotnews.ro provided a lower estimate for the public opinion to have a say on these controver-
for Bucharest, of 250,000.[9] sial issues.[43] He rebutted Dragneas claims of a coup by
Between 1,500 and 2,500 people rallied in support of the declaring that PSD was attempting a coup d'tat against
4 3 REACTIONS

the rule of law in the country, and that Romanians had the rmed by Justice Minister Iordache the following day
right to vote on these issues, especially since they were not
when he stated that the intent was to bring the two
part of PSDs electoral programme upon which they won Codes back to their prior form (including the result-
the 2016 parliamentary elections.[43] ing unconstitutionalities).[49] Furthermore, Prime Minis-
ter Grindeanu stated that the government will instead try
to pass the content from the original ordinance in a new
3.2 Liviu Dragnea bill through Parliament (where PSD and ALDE have a
comfortable majority).[50] Other than that, the govern-
Liviu Dragnea stated on 23 January that the Presidents ment refused to meet any other demands that day, such
attendance at the government meeting on 18 January as the resignation of the cabinet.[51]
was unconstitutional, and that he was attempting a coup
On 6 February, the Ministry of Justice announced that
against a democratically elected government by partici-
the intended bill for modifying the two Codes would not
pating (and leading) the protest on 22 January.[44] Fur-
be drafted and sent to Parliament for the time being.[52]
thermore, he stated that the President has been insistent
in blocking the implementation of PSDs electoral pro- On 8 February, the Minister of Justice, Florian Iordache,
gramme, and that the presidents actions risked the pos- announced his resignation with immediate eect due to
sibility of his suspension by the Parliament.[44] the scandal that ensued from the controversial ordinance
that modied the two penal codes.[53]

3.3 Romanian government

Despite the negative reactions from the relevant judicial
institutions, as well as the massive protests that took place
throughout the country, the Grindeanu Cabinet, espe-
cially Florin Iordache (Justice Minister), repeatedly re-
stated their position in favour of the bills. However, be-
fore 1 February, Florin Iordache was seemingly backing
down by leaning towards the option of the laws not being
passed as Emergency Government Ordinances, but rather
being sent to Parliament after the public consultations and
modications have been made.
On 31 January 2017, the Grindeanu Cabinet had a meet-
ing during the evening and the published agenda an-
nounced that the 2017 Budget will be discussed and
passed.[4][45] However, the emergency ordinance bill re-
garding the modication of the Penal Code and Pe-
nal Procedure Code was introduced during the meet-
ing, even though it was not listed in the agenda, nor
the supplementary agenda list.[4] During the meeting,
the emergency government ordinance was passed by the
government.[4] A mere ve hours after its approval, the
ordinance was published in the Monitorul Ocial (the
government gazette), thus turning the bill into law.[46]
The law were barely modied since the initial draft, and
in fact certain aspects of crimes were decriminalised,
such as limiting the crime of favouring the oender,
which were not included the initial draft during public
consultations.[47] The lack of transparency in passing the
bill, as well as the nal form of the law, has been inter-
preted as a lack of consideration of the reactions received
by the government and PSD from various parts of Roma-
nian society.[48]
On 5 February, due to the pressure of the ongoing
protests, the Grindeanu Cabinet adopted a new ordi-
nance (OUG 14/2017) repealing the original bill (OUG
13/2017) that modied the Penal Code and Penal Pro-
cedure Code. However, questions surrounding the
new ordinances constitutionality arose, which were af-
3.4 Constitutional Court
The Superior Council of Magistracy (CSM), as well as the
Presidency, notied the Constitutional Court on 1 and 2
February respectively that there was a constitutional con-
ict between the relevant institutions (government, par-
liament and CSM) with regards to the procedure chosen
by the government to pass the controversial ordinance.[54]
On 8 February, the Constitutional Court ruled the follow-
ing: A constitutional conict did not exist between the
Executive Power (Government) and the Legislative (Par-
liament), because the Government decision to adopt the
Government ordinance bills regarding the modication
of the Penal Code and the Penal Procedural Code can-
not be qualied as an act of arrogation of legislative pow-
ers that otherwise belongs to the Parliament. By adopting
the Government ordinance bills, the Government acted in
accordance with its own competences, as expressly pro-
vided in Art. 117 of the Constitution. ... A constitutional
conict did not exist between the Executive Power and
the Supreme Council of the Magistracy (CSM), because
the Government does not have legal obligation to request
approval from the CSM for such ordinances.[54]
3.5 Embassies
The Embassies of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany,
Netherlands and the United States released a strong-
worded statement against the passing of the ordinances,
both in terms of how it was passed, as well as their
content.[55] The statement explained that these actions
have undermined the rule of law and stied the ght
against corruption.[55] They further explained that the
governments actions risk damaging Romanias partner-
ship with Europe and NATO.[55]

3.6 American Chamber of Commerce
The American Chamber of Commerce in Romania (Am-
Cham) issued a statement noting that "[i]t is extremely
worrying for the business community and society as a
whole, that legislative pieces with such moral, societal and
[12] News Editor (18 January 2017). Moment inedit la sed-
economic implications with immediate and long term ef-
fects are adopted by the government without observing
the minimum requirements of transparency in decision-
making.[56]
4 See also
201215 unrest in Romania
Corruption in Romania
Romanian Revolution
5 References
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 7

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
2017 Romanian protests Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Romanian_protests?oldid=764855549 Contributors: Dan Koehl,
Anders Feder, Tpbradbury, Kaldari, El C, BD2412, Wavelength, Tavilis, Anonimu, Kintetsubualo, Jprg1966, Quackslikeaduck, Curly
Turkey, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Krzysiu Jarzyna, Yellowdesk, Gabinho, Norden1990, DadaNeem, Adrian two, Oshwah, Eugen Simion
14, Paulinho28, Nergaal, Alecsdaniel, Mild Bill Hiccup, ZgB, Excirial, Thomani9, MatthewVanitas, Satt 2, AnomieBOT, Brightgalrs,
CaptainFugu, Eduardm, Wikipediancag, Jim Michael, Illegitimate Barrister, Unreal7, Brandmeister, Kristijh, Rares992, Alexandru M.,
Prihoanca, BG19bot, EddyVadim, Silvrous, Pierrewee, Charles Essie, Jackninja5, Vanamonde93, Vycl1994, Finnusertop, Fixuture, Ho-
lapaco77, Dan Mihai Pitea, Xoegki, Keiiri, Gsvadds, HaEr48, Gamebuster19901, Itsyoungrapper, Robert.stefan.m, Continentaleurope,
Adam9007, Bogdan.doinea, Catalin Biro, Paho07, Cristandor, Yungmemelord, Chris H of New York, DecebalPopescu, I'm on day 4,
CristiB20, Icorescu, Sarnthil, Suavesculpture, Balochzeeshan99, RogueShadow124, ZomaAhmed, Matewqwe and Anonymous: 76

6.2 Images
File:"A"_VENIT_MINERII_Placard_during_2017_Victoria_Square_Protests.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/d/d5/%22A%22_VENIT_MINERII_Placard_during_2017_Victoria_Square_Protests.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gabinho
File:29_January_Romanian_protest.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/29_January_Romanian_
protest.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Babu
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Antarctica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Antarctica.svg License: CC0 Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Burundi.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors:
8 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Oce of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/IsraelAt50/Pages/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem.aspx Original artist: The Pro-
visional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the ocial
specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can
be found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

Credits:
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work after www.flag.de Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-
cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

6.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0