Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

Continuous thermodynamic correlation and calculation

of vapor pressure and vaporliquid equilibrium
constant of hydrocarbon fuel fractions
Wenjun Fang , Qunfang Lei
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
Received 7 February 2003; received in revised form 25 April 2003; accepted 22 May 2003

Abstract
To quantitatively predict the vaporliquid equilibrium characterization of hydrocarbon fuel fractions, continuous
thermodynamics with the Gaussian distribution function to represent the composition of each fuel fraction is
applied to correlate the experimental vapor pressure data. The vapor and liquid phase distribution functions, the
vaporliquid equilibrium constants of the component characterized by the normal boiling-point under different
bubble-point conditions are calculated. It can be observed that the continuous thermodynamic method is a suitable
tool for the correlation of vapor pressure data and the description of vaporliquid equilibria of the multicomponent
systems such as fuel fractions.
2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Continuous thermodynamics; Vapor pressure; Fuel fraction; Hydrocarbon; Gaussian distribution function; Method
of calculation

1. Introduction

Straight-run fractions, directly distillated from crude oils only according to the boiling-point tempera-
ture range, can be transferred into many important petroleum products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel
oil, endothermic hydrocarbon fuel and other special fuels due to different boiling-point range and hydro-
carbon type. Anyone of these fuel fractions is a very complex mixture of several hundred compounds. It is
not practical, indeed it may be impossible, to perform a complete component analysis to such systems. In
the past two decades, continuous thermodynamics has been developed as a new powerful method [116]
for the physical property and phase equilibrium calculations of polydisperse and multicomponent mix-
tures containing a large number of chemical species such as fuel fractions, petroleum fluids, coal-derived
liquids, polymer solutions and vegetable oils.

Corresponding author. Fax: +86-571-87951895.
E-mail address: fwjun@css.zju.edu.cn (W. Fang).

0378-3812/$ see front matter 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00238-3
126 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

In continuous thermodynamics, a continuous distribution function instead of mole or weight fraction

is used to represent the composition of an ultra-multicomponent system. The key to this method is the
application of a distribution function. One of the well-known equations for continuous description of
complex mixture is the Gaussian distribution function [1,17,18],


1 (I )2
f(I) = exp (1)
2 2 2
where I is a distribution variable such as boiling-point temperature or relative molecular mass. and are
two adjustable model parameters. The Gamma distribution function [2,3], an exponential decay function
[19] and the Weibull distribution function [2022] were also used in different calculations.
In the present work, continuous thermodynamics with the Gaussian distribution function is applied
to correlate the experimental vapor pressure data of some hydrocarbon fuel fractions. The vapor and
liquid phase distribution functions of the fuel fractions and their vaporliquid equilibrium constants are
calculated.

2. Experimental

2.1. Samples

Straight-run fuel fractions with different boiling-point temperature were obtained by the true boiling-
point (TBP) distillation technique [17,23] from four different crude oils (one from Russia, one from
Iran and two from China), which were provided by the Sino-PetroChemical Corporation. Some usual
physical properties used to characterize the fuel fractions were determined according to the ASTM
methods. Densities were measured to 0.0001 g cm3 with a picknometer, which was calibrated with
fresh triple distilled water. Kinematic viscosities were measured by a capillary tube viscometer, which
was tested by the Standard Bureau of Zhejiang Province of China. The picknometer and viscometer
were submerged in a thermostatic bath with a resolution of 0.02 K. Mass of the picknometer and its
content was weighed with a Mettler balance having a precision of 0.0001 g. Refractive indices were
measured using an Abbes refractometer connected to a Haake F3-C liquid thermostatic bath. Relative
molecular mass was measured by a KNAUER cryometer with benzene as solvent, which was calibrated by
phenanthrene and bibenzoyl with accuracy of 1%. Heats of combustion were determined with a bomb
calorimeter.

2.2. Vapor pressure measurements

An apparatus, with two same inclined ebulliometers made of quartz glass, of comparative ebulliometry
designed on the basis of the principle of the quasi-static method were used to determine the vapor
pressure of hydrocarbon fuel fractions. The principle and operation procedure were described in detail
elsewhere [24,25]. The bubble-point temperatures of a fuel fraction and a reference material (water) in
two separate ebulliometers were measured under the same pressure, which could be calculated from the
boiling temperature of water and its well known pressure-temperature behavior. The temperatures inside
the two ebulliometers were measured with two standard platinum resistance thermometers connected to
Keithley 195A digital multimeters.
 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138 127

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization properties

Various physical properties used to characterize the hydrocarbon fuel fractions under study are listed
in Appendix A.

3.2. Vapor pressure data

Vapor pressure data at various bubble-point temperatures for 50 different hydrocarbon fuel fractions
were measured over the equilibrium pressure range from about 5 to 101.3 kPa. Table 1 lists the exper-
imental data for the fuel fractions in series 1 and those for the fuel fractions in series 2 are illustrated
in Fig. 1. The bubble-point temperatures of all the fuel fractions at different pressures are given in
Appendix A.

3.3. Continuous thermodynamic correlation of vapor pressure data

Straight-run hydrocarbon fuel fractions are typical systems with continuous compositions. They mainly
contain hydrocarbons of one homologous series and they usually are predominantly paraffinic with low
naphthenic and aromatic content. Assuming the coexisting phases to behave ideally, the vaporliquid
equilibrium described by a distribution function may be characterized by the continuous version of

120

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12
100
2-13

80
p/kPa

60

40

20

0
320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

T/K

Fig. 1. Plots of experimental vapor pressure vs. temperature of hydrocarbon fuel fractions in series 2.
128 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

Table 1
Experimental data of vapor pressure for hydrocarbon fuel fractions in series 1
T (K) p (kPa) T (K) p (kPa) T (K) p (kPa) T (K) p (kPa) T (K) p (kPa)

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5

313.30 26.35 317.96 13.24 331.07 9.40 354.49 10.05 372.52 8.62
317.93 30.65 327.50 19.30 342.94 15.06 364.75 14.86 383.68 13.21
322.61 36.48 333.16 24.08 350.74 20.31 373.98 20.60 394.58 19.52
326.89 42.18 338.90 29.74 357.74 25.96 380.11 25.88 401.33 24.31
330.92 48.55 342.96 34.29 363.75 31.86 386.63 31.77 407.99 30.01
335.66 57.19 347.78 40.78 368.83 37.68 392.21 37.54 414.15 36.20
339.83 65.95 353.99 49.72 373.57 43.83 398.31 45.14 420.19 43.31
344.68 77.32 357.95 56.48 379.19 52.84 404.57 54.07 426.66 52.40
349.02 89.24 362.71 65.67 385.19 62.98 411.02 64.89 432.67 61.82
353.48 101.81 368.05 77.52 391.10 74.63 416.80 76.63 439.23 73.71
372.82 89.20 397.21 84.85 422.89 89.79 446.31 88.13
377.36 102.17 402.32 101.23 427.34 101.81 452.60 102.87
1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10
388.88 7.19 415.58 7.63 431.31 6.28 457.09 6.96 473.57 5.61
405.73 12.62 432.26 13.59 456.02 14.07 481.74 15.06 506.93 15.77
416.08 18.14 443.76 19.49 473.16 23.39 498.68 24.31 523.15 24.57
424.54 23.28 452.56 25.32 486.39 33.90 511.96 34.93 536.28 34.76
432.36 30.45 460.71 31.89 497.96 44.90 522.99 46.18 548.76 47.24
439.75 37.41 467.46 38.71 508.07 58.64 533.64 59.37 559.10 59.63
446.72 45.38 475.01 47.11 517.70 73.88 553.30 92.65 567.61 72.38
453.93 54.87 482.10 55.88 525.60 88.23 557.64 101.97 575.82 86.24
460.65 65.24 488.18 65.21 532.09 102.37 582.95 100.77
466.85 76.91 494.39 76.14
473.59 90.62 500.79 88.68
479.34 102.54 507.26 102.47
1-11 1-12 1-13
503.44 6.80 531.27 8.05 555.75 8.48
532.42 15.95 555.63 15.88 581.80 17.15
548.78 24.63 572.14 24.33 597.18 25.09
562.82 35.26 585.40 34.03 608.57 33.74
575.49 47.66 608.59 57.92 617.04 41.05
585.74 59.52 619.54 73.93 625.13 49.87
594.79 72.95 627.73 87.59 633.94 60.55
602.85 86.24 634.47 101.32 642.16 73.55
610.21 100.84 634.51 102.34 649.37 87.59
657.45 101.32

Raoults and Daltons laws [1,2,26]

V
pfmol () = p (, T)fmol
L
() (2)
where fmol
V
(), fmol
L
() are the continuous molar distribution density functions of the coexisting vapor and
liquid phases, respectively. p and T are the equilibrium pressure and temperature, respectively. p (, T )
gives the vapor pressure at the system temperature T of the pure species characterized by the boiling-point
 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138 129

temperature . The integration of Eq. (2), along with the normalization condition of fmol
V
(), yields the
vapor pressure expression of a hydrocarbon fuel fraction

p = fmol L
()p (, T ) d (3)

Combining the integrated ClausiusClapeyron equation with Troutons rule and the Gaussian distribu-
tion function
 
1 ( L )2
fmol () =
L
exp (4)
2 L 2( L )2
to describe the liquid phase with two characteristic parameters, L and L , the continuous thermodynamic
expression of vapor pressure as a function of temperature

 
L A2 ( L )2
p = p exp A 1
0
+ (5)
T 2T 2
and the distribution function of the vapor phase
 
1 ( V )2
fmol () =
V
exp (6)
2 V 2( V )2
were obtained [1,2] with V = L and V = L (A( L )2 /T), where p0 = 101.325 kPa and A is
Troutons constant, i.e. the quotient of the vaporization entropy and the gas constant. The original value
is 10.6. But the A-values actually used should be different constants for different fuel fractions [17].
Ratzsch et al. [26] used A = 11.35 for the diesel fuel.
According to the significant of parameter in the Gaussian distribution function, it may be reasonable to
let L equal to the middle boiling-point temperature for these investigated fuel fractions. The experimental
vapor pressure data are fitted with Eq. (5) and the parameters, A and L , of each hydrocarbon fuel fraction

Table 2
Correlation results of vapor pressure for hydrocarbon fuel fractions in series 1 by continuous thermodynamic method
Fuel Experimental temperature range (K) n A L L AAD (kPa) ARD (%)

Series 1
1-1 313353 10 10.66 360.65 21.20 0.80 1.2
1-2 318377 12 10.92 385.65 23.46 0.62 1.2
1-3 331402 12 10.98 410.65 23.76 0.77 1.6
1-4 354427 12 11.19 435.65 24.44 0.53 1.3
1-5 373453 12 11.52 460.65 25.85 0.45 1.3
1-6 389479 12 11.55 485.65 23.93 0.55 1.5
1-7 416507 12 11.74 510.65 18.53 0.23 0.7
1-8 431532 9 11.94 535.65 18.50 0.28 0.7
1-9 457558 8 12.20 560.65 17.37 0.16 0.6
1-10 474583 9 12.47 585.65 15.59 0.29 0.8
1-11 503610 9 12.68 610.65 6.655 0.31 0.6
1-12 531635 9 13.05 635.65 10.23 0.25 0.4
1-13 556657 10 13.65 660.65 16.90 0.51 0.9
130 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

can be obtained. The correlation results for fractions in series 1 are listed in Table 2, together with the
errors given by the average absolute deviation
n
1
AAD = |Pcal Pexp |i (7)
n i=1

0.040

0.035
2-7
0.030
2-1
2-5
0.025 2-3
2-2 2-4 2-6
2-9 2-10
0.020
2-8 2-11
L

2-12
f

0.015 2-13

0.010

0.005

0.000
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
(a) t /K

0.040

0.035
2-7
0.030
2-1
2-5
0.025 2-3
2-2 2-4 2-6 2-9 2-10
2-8 2-11
0.020
V

2-12
f

0.015 2-13

0.010

0.005

0.000
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
(b) t /K

Fig. 2. Molar distribution density functions of liquid and vapor phases against boiling-point temperature for fuel fractions in
series 2 at bubble-point temperature and 101.325 kPa.
 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138 131

and average relative deviation

n  
1   Pcal Pexp 
ARD =  100% (8)
n i=1 Pexp i

where n is the number of the experimental data points. Those for other series are presented in Appendix A.
Table 2 shows that the assumption of a constant parameter A for each component characterized by in a
given fraction can give satisfactory correlation results. But A changes considerably against the increase
of mean boiling-point temperature of fraction. The lower fractions obey Troutons rule, but the heavy
fractions possess much higher values for A. It is to say that all the fractions obey a similar expression in
the form of Troutons rule with different A-values.
It is also to be seen clearly that the vapor phase distribution function can be calculated with the help
of the liquid phase distribution function according to the correlation of vapor pressure measurements.
The vaporliquid equilibrium constant K() of a component characterized by its normal boiling-point
temperature can be calculated as follows:
fmol
V
()
K() = (9)
fmol ()
L

K-values are of large interest to both the chemical and petroleum industries. Design for different separation
facilities for crude oil and fuels depends to a large part on the availability of accurate K-values to predict the
phase behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures under various operating conditions [27]. With the correlation
results of A, L and L in Table 2, the characteristic parameters V and V of the vapor phase, the

2-1
2-2
2-3 2-42-5
2-6 2-7
2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11
2-12
2-13

1
K

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

t /K

Fig. 3. Vaporliquid equilibrium constant K() of a component characterized by boiling-point temperature of fuel fractions at
bubble-point temperature and 101.325 kPa.
132 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

10kPa
30kPa
50kPa
80kPa
101.3kPa

1
K

340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430

t /K

Fig. 4. Vaporliquid equilibrium constant K() of a component characterized by boiling-point temperature of the fuel fraction
2-2 at different bubble-point temperatures and pressures.

molar distribution density functions fmol L

() and fmol
V
() of the coexisting vapor and liquid phases, the
vaporliquid equilibrium constants K() can be predicted by combining Eqs. (4), (6) and (9). fmolL
() and
fmol () for the fuel fractions in series 2 at the bubble-point temperature and 101.325 kPa are shown in
V

Fig. 2a and b. The phase equilibrium constant K() as a function of the normal boiling-point temperature
for these fuel fractions at given VLE conditions are presented in Fig. 3. As examples, Fig. 4 also give
the change of K() against for the fuel fraction 2-2 at different bubble-point conditions. Combining
Eqs. (2), (5) and (9), K() may be expressed by

  
1 A L 2 A
K() = exp exp ( ) L
(10)
2 T T

where T is related to p by Eq. (5). Therefore, linear relationships between the values of log K() and
are obviously found for these hydrocarbon fuel fractions.

4. Conclusion

With the Gaussian distribution function to represent the composition of each straight-run hydrocarbon
fuel fraction, continuous thermodynamics is used to correlate the vapor pressure data of 50 different
complex systems with satisfactory results. On the basis of the vapor and liquid phase distribution func-
tions, the vaporliquid equilibrium constants of the component characterized by the normal boiling-point
temperature under different bubble-point conditions are also calculated. The continuous thermodynamics
 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138 133

provides an efficient way to quantitatively calculate the thermodynamic properties and the vaporliquid
equilibrium behavior of multicomponent systems such as fuel fractions.

List of symbols
A specific parameter
AAD average absolute deviation
ARD average relative deviation
f distribution function
I distribution variable
K vaporliquid equilibrium constant
n number of experimental data points
p vapor pressure (kPa)
R gas constant (J mol1 K1 )
T equilibrium temperature (K)

Greek letters
, parameters of the Gaussian distribution function
boiling-point temperature (K)

Subscripts
cal calculated value
exp experimental value
mol molar function

Superscripts
0 reference state
pure compound
L liquid phase
V vapor phase

Appendix A

Table A.1 presents the physical properties used to characterize the hydrocarbon fuel fractions under
study. tb is the middle boiling-point temperature in C of a fraction determined by the TBP distillation. d20
is the density at 20 C in g cm3 . 50 is the kinematic viscosity at 50 C in mm2 s1 . n70
D is the sodium-D
line refractive index at 70 C. M is the relative molecular mass. S is the specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 C,
API is the API gravity and KW is the Watsons factor, which are usually used in petroleum industry. Qc
is the heat of combustion.
Table A.2 lists the bubble-point temperatures of hydrocarbon fuel fractions at different pressures.
Table A.3 gives the correlation results of vapor pressure for hydrocarbon fuel fractions in series 2, 3
and 4 by the continuous thermodynamic method.
134 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

Table A.1
Physical properties of 50 hydrocarbon fuel fractions
Fuel tb ( C) d20 (g cm3 ) 50 (mm2 s1 ) n70
D M S API KW Qc (kJ g1 )

Series 1
1-1 87.5 0.7070 0.4567 1.3692 97 0.7121 67.22 12.16 48.11
1-2 112.5 0.7321 0.5407 1.3864 108 0.7370 60.49 12.01 47.44
1-3 137.5 0.7525 0.6406 1.3995 120 0.7573 55.35 11.94 47.73
1-4 162.5 0.7695 0.7468 1.4105 133 0.7742 51.27 11.91 45.74
1-5 187.5 0.7833 0.9164 1.4176 147 0.7879 48.09 11.92 45.56
1-6 212.5 0.8024 1.1958 1.4276 163 0.8069 43.86 11.85 45.96
1-7 237.5 0.8155 1.5091 1.4351 180 0.8199 41.08 11.86 45.50
1-8 262.5 0.8319 2.0409 1.4461 199 0.8362 37.71 11.81 45.22
1-9 287.5 0.8414 2.7849 1.4515 220 0.8457 35.82 11.86 44.62
1-10 312.5 0.8512 3.7994 1.4588 244 0.8554 33.92 11.90 44.24
1-11 337.5 0.8699 5.5612 1.4692 268 0.8740 30.40 11.81 43.84
1-12 362.5 0.8786 8.3360 1.4795 296 0.8827 28.81 11.85 43.51
1-13 387.5 0.8878 13.380 1.4820 326 0.8918 27.17 11.88 43.41
Series 2
2-1 87.5 0.7201 0.4774 1.3760 95 0.7255 63.54 11.94 47.96
2-2 112.5 0.7416 0.5554 1.3888 107 0.7466 58.03 11.86 47.17
2-3 137.5 0.7594 0.6452 1.4009 120 0.7639 53.73 11.84 46.66
2-4 162.5 0.7780 0.7771 1.4120 133 0.7824 49.35 11.79 46.37
2-5 187.5 0.7948 0.9617 1.4220 147 0.7990 45.60 11.76 45.76
2-6 212.5 0.8136 1.2251 1.4327 162 0.8178 41.53 11.69 45.26
2-7 237.5 0.8264 1.5819 1.4406 187 0.8305 38.88 11.71 45.16
2-8 262.5 0.8390 1.9941 1.4486 205 0.8430 36.35 11.72 45.06
2-9 287.5 0.8483 2.6530 1.4548 226 0.8522 34.54 11.77 44.90
2-10 312.5 0.8558 3.7026 1.4590 249 0.8597 33.09 11.84 45.35
2-11 337.5 0.8700 5.0549 1.4684 272 0.8737 30.45 11.81 45.21
2-12 362.5 0.8798 7.1587 1.4740 299 0.8837 28.62 11.84 45.06
2-13 387.5 0.8881 11.987 1.4782 329 0.8919 27.15 11.88 44.92
Series 3
3-1 87.5 0.7015 0.4888 1.3722 95 0.7066 68.76 12.25 48.72
3-2 112.5 0.7253 0.5716 1.3858 107 0.7303 62.27 12.13 48.11
3-3 137.5 0.7497 0.6211 1.4025 119 0.7545 56.04 11.98 48.04
3-4 162.5 0.7603 0.7740 1.4120 131 0.7650 53.46 12.05 47.64
3-5 187.5 0.7820 0.9513 1.4180 146 0.7866 48.38 11.94 47.58
3-6 212.5 0.7959 1.2028 1.4239 162 0.8004 45.28 11.95 47.54
3-7 237.5 0.8148 1.6085 1.4310 180 0.8192 41.22 11.87 47.52
3-8 262.5 0.8268 2.1108 1.4397 199 0.8312 38.74 11.89 47.44
3-9 287.5 0.8398 2.8926 1.4481 221 0.8441 36.14 11.88 47.39
3-10 312.5 0.8640 4.2682 1.4581 243 0.8681 31.49 11.72 46.74
3-11 337.5 0.8748 5.8784 1.4660 267 0.8789 29.50 11.74 46.52
3-12 362.5 0.8814 9.6048 1.4712 295 0.8854 28.31 11.81 46.62
3-13 387.5 0.8933 14.969 1.4750 325 0.8973 26.20 11.81 46.44
Series 4
4-1 112.5 0.7325 0.5392 1.3994 108 0.7374 60.39 12.01 47.73
4-2 137.5 0.7500 0.6276 1.4078 119 0.7548 55.96 11.98 46.87
4-3 175.0 0.7761 0.8201 1.4137 139 0.7808 49.73 11.92 45.65
 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138 135

Table A.1 (Continued )

Fuel tb ( C) d20 (g cm3 ) 50 (mm2 s1 ) n70
D M S API KW Qc (kJ g1 )
4-4 187.5 0.7848 0.9211 1.3980 147 0.7894 47.75 11.90 45.76
4-5 200.0 0.7926 1.0434 1.4219 155 0.7972 46.01 11.89 45.69
4-6 225.0 0.8069 1.3095 1.4292 171 0.8114 42.89 11.88 45.43
4-7 225.0 0.8090 1.3774 1.4312 171 0.8135 42.45 11.85 45.73
4-8 262.5 0.8293 2.0429 1.3979 199 0.8336 38.24 11.85 45.12
4-9 275.0 0.8365 2.3578 1.4486 210 0.8408 36.79 11.84 44.93
4-10 300.0 0.8482 3.1769 1.4555 232 0.8524 34.49 11.85 44.49
4-11 325.0 0.8602 4.5351 1.4636 256 0.8644 32.20 11.86 44.05

Table A.2
Bubble-point temperatures of hydrocarbon fuel fractions at different pressures
Fuel Bubble-point temperature (K)

10 kPa 30 kPa 50 kPa 80 kPa 101.325 kPa

Series 1
1-1 287.75 317.11 331.74 345.81 353.12
1-2 311.33 339.21 354.10 369.11 377.18
1-3 332.57 361.90 377.78 393.94 402.70
1-4 354.25 385.07 401.64 418.40 427.44
1-5 376.28 407.93 425.07 442.50 451.95
1-6 398.32 432.43 450.50 468.60 478.30
1-7 423.18 458.46 477.38 496.50 506.80
1-8 445.19 482.19 501.72 521.23 531.66
1-9 468.32 506.30 526.42 546.58 557.37
1-10 491.58 530.65 551.39 572.18 583.33
1-11 516.06 556.45 577.79 599.12 610.53
1-12 538.78 580.50 602.01 623.16 634.47
1-13 561.67 604.17 625.34 645.67 657.45
Series 2
2-1 294.47 321.13 335.32 349.58 357.24
2-2 314.59 342.26 357.32 372.70 381.06
2-3 335.64 365.08 381.15 397.59 406.55
2-4 357.23 388.53 405.29 422.21 431.33
2-5 379.32 412.52 430.14 447.80 457.27
2-6 400.54 435.05 453.33 471.64 481.45
2-7 425.64 460.87 479.78 498.91 509.22
2-8 445.03 481.48 500.90 520.42 530.91
2-9 468.10 505.75 525.80 545.97 556.81
2-10 490.99 529.65 550.26 570.98 582.12
2-11 513.46 553.28 574.41 595.60 606.96
2-12 534.70 575.82 597.21 618.36 629.58
2-13 554.98 597.13 618.41 639.05 650.73
136 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138

Table A.2 (Continued )

Fuel Bubble-point temperature (K)

10 kPa 30 kPa 50 kPa 80 kPa 101.325 kPa

Series 1
Series 3
3-1 292.41 318.84 333.13 347.64 359.35
3-2 314.02 342.07 357.10 372.28 380.46
3-3 337.78 367.41 383.23 399.16 407.72
3-4 359.79 390.79 407.43 424.25 433.33
3-5 380.66 413.06 430.38 447.83 457.22
3-6 397.21 431.62 449.80 467.99 477.71
3-7 420.85 455.97 474.71 493.58 503.72
3-8 443.82 480.44 499.96 519.59 530.14
3-9 467.72 505.77 525.87 545.97 556.71
3-10 486.22 525.32 545.98 566.62 577.65
3-11 508.19 547.75 568.78 589.88 601.20
3-12 528.96 570.21 591.72 613.04 624.36
3-13 551.75 593.33 614.71 635.71 647.05
Series 4
4-1 309.72 338.37 353.69 369.14 377.45
4-2 315.81 344.99 361.57 379.02 388.74
4-3 361.74 393.40 410.47 427.78 437.14
4-4 369.13 401.98 419.39 436.84 446.19
4-5 375.79 409.07 427.11 445.48 455.43
4-6 384.54 419.77 438.55 457.44 467.58
4-7 408.17 442.71 461.4 480.41 490.71
4-8 439.39 476.29 496.01 515.88 526.58
4-9 454.13 491.66 511.62 531.67 542.42
4-10 466.98 506.04 526.90 547.93 559.25
4-11 500.95 541.04 562.29 583.57 594.97

Table A.3
Correlation results of vapor pressure for hydrocarbon fuel fractions in series 2, 3 and 4 by continuous thermodynamic method
Fuel Experimental temperature range (K) n A L L AAD (kPa) ARD (%)
Series 2
2-1 315357 10 10.83 360.65 14.63 0.28 0.5
2-2 315381 12 10.93 385.65 17.95 0.31 0.9
2-3 335406 12 10.96 410.65 17.80 0.27 1.0
2-4 357431 12 11.16 435.65 18.03 0.25 0.8
2-5 381457 13 11.26 460.65 16.14 0.31 0.7
2-6 396481 13 11.47 485.65 18.33 0.22 0.5
2-7 416510 11 11.83 510.65 12.42 0.29 0.8
2-8 431531 9 12.05 535.65 20.51 0.25 0.8
2-9 473557 9 12.19 560.65 18.89 0.22 0.6
2-10 472582 9 12.56 585.65 18.87 0.33 0.9
2-11 492606 9 12.81 610.65 19.45 0.29 0.9
2-12 518629 9 13.06 635.65 23.41 0.35 0.7
2-13 544642 8 13.44 660.65 29.83 0.73 1.3
 W. Fang, Q. Lei / Fluid Phase Equilibria 213 (2003) 125138 137

Table A.3 (Continued )

Fuel Experimental temperature range (K) n A L L AAD (kPa) ARD (%)

Series 3
3-1 315359 9 10.76 360.65 8.989 0.17 0.3
3-2 311380 9 10.95 385.65 18.56 0.40 1.0
3-3 334408 9 11.19 410.65 14.47 0.20 0.6
3-4 357433 9 11.33 435.65 13.57 0.22 0.7
3-5 378457 9 11.52 460.65 16.56 0.22 0.7
3-6 393478 9 11.43 485.65 24.91 0.56 1.2
3-7 414504 9 11.78 510.65 24.00 0.38 1.1
3-8 428530 9 11.96 535.65 22.08 0.24 0.9
3-9 455557 9 12.20 560.65 18.87 0.17 0.5
3-10 465577 9 12.36 585.65 26.81 0.41 1.1
3-11 492601 9 12.72 610.65 29.63 0.37 1.1
3-12 513624 9 12.85 635.65 32.08 0.62 1.3
3-13 542639 9 13.42 660.65 34.88 0.68 1.4
Series 4
4-1 318378 10 10.57 385.65 23.39 0.54 1.1
4-2 331389 8 9.80 410.65 40.75 1.45 3.1
4-3 358437 10 11.11 448.15 28.73 0.70 1.9
4-4 378446 10 11.08 460.65 32.97 0.90 1.9
4-5 379456 10 10.89 473.15 37.46 1.00 2.5
4-6 404491 10 11.46 498.15 25.16 0.40 1.4
4-7 388468 10 10.72 498.15 49.77 1.74 4.0
4-8 435526 9 11.68 535.65 28.01 0.48 1.4
4-9 448542 9 11.93 548.15 22.57 0.28 0.9
4-10 464559 9 11.72 573.15 35.52 0.67 1.8
4-11 496594 9 12.35 598.15 17.74 0.18 0.6

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