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VITAMIN CHART

Vit Fat/wat Function Deficiency Excess/Toxicity Sources Notes


er
soluble
A retinol Fat -antioxidant -Night blindness -Acute toxicity: Found in Retinol is
-makes up visual -dry, scaly skin nausea, liver vitamin A, so
pigments (retinals) -corneal vomiting, and think retin-A
-essential for normal degeneration vertigo, blurred leafy (used topically
differentiation of -bitot spots on vision vegetab for wrinkles and
epithelial cells in conjunctiva (build -chronic toxicity: les acne)
specialized tissue (ex: up of keratin on alopecia
pancreatic and mucus- conjunctiva) (baldness), dry
secreting cells) skin, hepatic
toxicity/enlarge
ment, arthralgia,
teratogenic (cleft
palate, cardiac
abnormalities)
B1 thiamine Water In TPP (thiamine No Toxicity Think ATP a-
pyrophosphate) cofacto Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: confusion, ketoglutarate
r for DH enzyme opthalmoplegia, ataxia (classic triad), DH,
reactions confabulation, personality change, memory loss transketolase,
1. PDH (links glycolysis (permanent) pyruvate DH
to TCA) Dry Beriberi symmetrical muscle wasting,
2. a-KG DH (TCA) polyneuritis Spell beriberi as
3. Transketolase (HMP Wet beriberi high output cardiac failure, edema Ber1Ber1 to
shunt, pentose pathway) *All these seen in malnutrition and alcoholism remember
4. BKAD (2 to malnutrition and malabsorption) vitamin B1

Impaired glucose breakdown ATP depletion,


worsened by glucose infusion
Highly aerobic tissues (brain, heart) affected first

Deficiency leads to
entry of pyruvate into TCA, NADPH
production, FA synthesis, ketoacids in urine
B2- riboflavin Water Component of flavins No toxicity FAD and FMN
FAD and FMNused as Cheilosis inflammation of lips, scaling and are derived from
cofactors in redox fissures at corners of mouth riboFlavin
reactions (ex: succinate (B2 2 ATP)
DH in TCA) Corneal vascularization
2 Cs of B2
B3- niacin Water -Component of NAD+, Glossitis Facial flushing (induced by NAD derived
NADP+ (used in redox soreness/inflamm prostaglandin, not from Niacin (B3
reactions) ation of tongue histamine) = 3 ATP)
-derived from Trp *can avoid by taking aspirin
-synthesis requires B2 severe leads to with niacin
and B6 pellagra:
-lowers levels of VLDL Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
and raises HDL levels pellagra Diarrhea
-used to treat , Dementia (also Hyperuricemia
dyslipidemia hallucinations),
Dermatitis (C3/C4
dermatome,
circumferential
broad collar rash
or Casal
Necklace)
3 Ds of B3,
hyperpigmentatio
n of sun-exposed
limbs
B5- pantothe Water Essential component of Dermatitis No toxicity B5 is
nic acid 1. CoA (cofactor for acyl Enteritis pentothenic
transfers) Alopecia acid
2. fatty acid synthase Adrenal
insufficiency
Vit Fat/wat Function Deficiency Excess/Toxicity Sources Notes
er
soluble
B6- Water Converted to pyridoxal No toxicity
pyridoxine phosphate (PLP), which
is a cofactor used in Convulsions, hyperirritability,
1. transamination (ALT peripheral neuropathy (note the
and AST) neurotransmitters/neuro side effects)
2. decarboxylation
reactions Sideroblastic anemia due to impaired
3. glycogen Hb synthesis and iron excess
phosphorylase

Synthesis of heme,
niacin, histamine,
neurotransmitters epi/n
orepi, dopamine,
serotonin, GABA
B7- biotin Water Cofactor for No toxicity Avidin in egg
carboxylation enzymes whites avidly
(add 1-C group) Relatively rare binds biotin
1. pyruvate deficiencies dermatitis, alopecia,
carboxylase pyruvate enteritis (similar to B5)
(3C) OAA (4C)
2. Acetyl-CoA Caused by antibiotic use or
carboxylase: acetyl CoA ingestion of raw egg whites
(2C) malonyl-CoA
(3C)
3. Propionyl-CoA
carboxylase: propionyl-
CoA (3C)
methylmalonyl-CoA (4C)
B9 folate Water Converted to THF Most common vitamin deficiency in Found in Absorbed in
(coenzyme for 1-C USA leafy jejunum
transfer/methylation green
reactions) Deficiency seen in alcoholism and vegetab Folate from
pregnancy les foliage
Important for synthesis
of nitrogenous bases in Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia Small reserve
DNA and RNA Hypersegmented PMNs pool stored
Glossitis primarily in liver
No neurologic symptoms (as
opposed to B12 deficiency)
Labs: homocysteine, normal
methylmalonic acid levels

Deficiency can be caused by


methotrexate, sulfonamide,
phenytoin

Supplemental maternal folic acid in


early pregnancy decreases risk of
NTDs
B12- Water Cofactor for Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia Found in Anti-intrinsic
cobalamin 1. homocysteine Hypersegmented PMNs animal factor
methionine, Paresthesias product antibodies
methyltranferase Degeneration of spinal cord s diagnostic for
(transfers CH3 groups as due to abnormal myelin pernicious
methylcobalamin) anemia
2. methylmalonyl-CoA Labs: homocysteine,
mutase from propionyl methylmalonic acid levels
CoA succinyl CoA
Prolonged deficiency irreversible
Synthesized only by nerve damage
microorganisms
Deficiency caused by:
1. insufficient intake (ex: vegan)
2. malabsorption (ex: sprue, enteritis)
3. lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious
anemia, gastric bypass surgery)
4. absence of terminal ileum (Crohn
disease)

C ascorbic Water Antioxidant Scurvy (see IQ Nausea, Found in Pronounced as


acid Facilitates iron Case 2 for more) diarrhea, fruits absorbic acid
absorption by reducing vomiting, fatigue and
it to Fe2+ state (GI issues) vegetab Ancillary
Necessary for les treatment for
hydroxylation of pro and risk of iron methemoglobin
lys in collagen synthesis toxicity in emia by
Necessary for dopamine predisposed reducing Fe3+ to
-hydroxylase, which individuals Fe2+
converts dopamine to (people with
NE transfusions,
hereditary
hemochromatosi
s)

D Fat intestinal absorption of Rickets- children, Hypercalcemia Fortified D2 =


calcium and phosphate bone pain and Hypercalciuria milk, ergocalciferol
deformity Loss of appetite egg (ingested from
bone mineralization Stupor yolks, plants)
Osteomalacia- fish oil,
adults, bone pain Seen in dairy, D3 =
and muscle granulomatous cereal cholecalciferol
weakness, disease (milk, formed in
hypocalcemic ( activation of sun-exposed
tetany vitamin D by skin in stratum
epithelioid basale)
Breastfed infants macrophages)
should receive 25-OH D3 =
oral vitamin D storage form
(best indicator
Deficiency of status)
exacerbated by
low sun exposure, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 =
pigmented skin, active form,
prematurity calcitriol

Osteoporosis
reduced bone
density, loss of
calcium from
bones due to
inadequate
synthesis of
vitamin D (older
people at higher
risk)
E tocopherol Fat Antioxidant (protects Hemolytic anemia Vitamin E can
or tocotrienol RBCs and membranes Acanthocytosis RBC that has spiked cell enhance
from free radical membrane anticoagulant
damage) Muscle weakness effects of
Posterior column and spinocerebellar tract warfarin
demyelination

*Neurologic presentation may appear similar to


B12 deficiency but without megaloblastic
anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or
serum methylmalonic acid levels
K Fat Cofactor for the Neonatal hemorrhage Neonates given
phytomenadi carboxylation of (neonates have sterile intestine and unable to vitamin K
one, glutamic acid residues synthesize vitamin K and its not in breast milk) injection at birth
phylloquinone on various proteins to prevent
, required for blood Hemorrhaging occur after prolonged use of hemorrhagic
phytonadione clotting broad-spectrum antibiotics (because bacteria disease of
Necessary for make vitamin K on their own) newborn
maturation of
clotting factors K is for
Koagulation

Synthesized by Warfarin-Vit K
intestinal flora antagonist

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