EE601- ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Unit-5

State Estimation method of least squares statistics errors

estimates test for bad data structure and formation of
Hessian matrix power system state estimation.
Power System State Estimation is a process whereby telemetered data from
network measuring points to a central computer, can be formed into a set of
reliable data for control and recording purposes.

A static state estimate is obtained from measurements taken within a time

interval of about 0-5 s. This is the commonly used state estimator. Obviously, a
state estimator of this type essentially gives a steady state snapshot of the
system.

A dynamic state estimate is obtained from measurements in a relatively

shorter time (say 0.01 s). Moreover, all such measurements are synchronised
or "time stamped" using a common clock and communicated from
geographically distant locations to a load dispatch centre. These measurements
could be used for advanced control schemes.

The main concern in state estimation is the reliability of the measured data.
Usually to minimize the errors, the data is crosschecked using more
measurements than necessary (redundant measurements). This is done in a
systematic fashion as discussed in the following slides.
Use of these phasors for line and
equipment protection is conceivable

Moreover, these measurements may be

used to detect or predict angular
instability when a system is actually
undergoing a transient. This can allow
for quick control actions to avoid
complete failure of the grid (blackout).

At present, these systems are not widely

deployed, but in future they are likely to
find greater use in real time control and
protection of power systems.
 Dynamic Measurements : Wide Area Measurements

Dynamic state estimation allows data acquisition at a faster rate (say several
samples within a cycle of 20 ms). This data can be obtained from various locations
which may be geographically far apart. Since data is measured and transmitted at a
fast rate, it is possible to capture changes as they evolve in time e.g., transients like
angular oscillations

These measurements are also synchronised. Synchronisation is made possible by

common timing signals provided to the various measuring units at different locations
by a satellite. Therefore the voltage/current phasors at different locations can be
measured with respect to a common reference and communicated to a load dispatch
centre, facilitating the direct calculation of angular differences.

In Static State Estimation, measurements are usually not synchronised and phase
angular differences are obtained not by direct measurement, but estimated from real
and reactive power measurements.
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
 (5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Hessian matrix

(9)

Hessian matrix: Gives the relationship between unknown parameters and the measured
parameters
 (10)

(11)
 (12)

It is not desirable to choose the algebraic sum of the errors to be minimized since
positive and negative errors could then offset one another and the estimates would not
necessarily be acceptable.

It is preferable to minimize the direct sum of the squares of the errors.

(However, to ensure that measurements from meters of known greater accuracy are
treated more favourably than less accurate measurements, each term in the sum of
squares is multiplied by an appropriate weighting factor w to give the objective
function)

(13)
(14)

(15)
 (16)

The partial derivatives for substitution in Eq. (16) are found from Eqs. (5) through (8) to
be constants given by the elements of H, and so we obtain

(17)
Using the compact notation of Eq. (12) in Eq. (17) yields

(18)

(19)
in Eq(19), i.e.

(20)

(21)

Eq(21) into Eq(12) i.e,

(22)
In the dc circuit let the meter readings are Zl =
9.01A Let Z2 = 3.02 A, Z3 = 6.98 V, and Z4 =
5.01 V. Assuming that the ammeters are more
accurate than the voltmeters, let us assign the
measurement weights Wl = 100, A, W2 = 100,
W3= 50, and W4 = 50, respectively. Determine
the weighted least squares estimates of the
voltage sources Vl and V2 .

Solution

The measured currents and voltages can be expressed in terms of the two voltage
sources by elementary circuit analysis using superposition.

The results are shown by the system

Substituting the values in Eq.19, we get
Eq(11)
Consider, for instance, that the voltmeter reading Z4
is 4 .40 V rather than the 5.01 V. If the other three
meter readings are unchanged, we can calculate the
estimates of the state variables from Eq. (19) as
follows:

The estimated measurement errors

are again given by Eq.(11) as
Note:
In probability theory and statistics, the chi-squared distribution (also chi-square or -
distribution) with k degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares
of k independent standard normal random variables.

It is one of the most widely used probability distributions in inferential statistics, e.g.,
in hypothesis testing or in construction of confidence intervals.

Pearson's chi-squared test is used to assess two types of comparison: tests of goodness
of fit and tests of independence.

A test of goodness of fit establishes whether or not an observed frequency

distribution differs from a theoretical distribution.

A test of independence assesses whether paired observations on two variables,

expressed in a contingency table, are independent of each other (e.g. polling responses
from people of different nationalities to see if one's nationality is related to the response).