LATERITE & BAUXITE

Guyana
An interesting pattern emerged. For each chain, the islands become progressively younger to
the southeast. The extreme southeast end of each chain is marked by active volcanoes.
Wilson proposed that the Hawaiian islands formed successively over a common source of
magma called a hot spot. The Island of Hawaii is currently located above the hot spot.

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
Dept. of Geology FIKTM ITB
 Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
Dept. of Geology FIKTM ITB
Hot, solid rock rises to the hot spot from greater depths. Due to the lower pressure at the
shallower depth, the rock begins to melt, forming magma. The magma rises through the Pacific
Plate to supply the active volcanoes. The older islands were once located above the stationary
hot spot but were carried away as the Pacific Plate drifted to the northwest .
 PLUTONIC=COOL BELOW THE SURFACE; COOL SLOWLY -> LARGE CRYSTALS
VOLCANIC=COOL ABOVE THE SURFACE; COOL FAST -> SMALL CRYSTALS & GLASS
Dept. of Geology FIKTM ITB
Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

<--SILICA as high as
~50%
CONTENT--> 72%
<--LAVA
LOW HIGH
VISCOSITY-->
LIGHT/FELSI
DARK/MAFIC COLOR
C
PLUTONIC GABBRO DIORITE GRANITE
VOLCANIC BASALT ANDESITE RHYOLITE
 Average Compositions of Some Igneous Rocks
(expressed as weight percent oxides)

Peridotite Alkalic Thoeliitic Diorite- Granodiorite Granite-

(mantle) Basalt Basalt Andesite -Dacite Rhyolite

SiO2 44.82 44.30 49.58 58.17 64.25 71.30

TiO2 0.12 2.51 1.98 0.80 0.64 0.31

Al2O3 3.37 14.70 14.79 17.26 17.47 14.32

Fe2O3 0.94 3.94 3.38 3.07 1.46 1.21

FeO 8.00 7.50 8.03 4.17 2.91 1.64

MnO 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.07 0.05

MgO 39.19 8.54 7.30 3.23 2.03 0.71

CaO 3.19 10.19 10.36 6.93 5.14 1.84

Na2O 0.19 3.55 2.37 3.21 4.51 3.68

K2O 0.03 1.96 0.43 1.61 1.31 4.07

P2O5 0.01 0.74 0.24 0.20 0.14 0.07

H2O 0.04 1.20 0.91 1.24 0.20 0.64

Co2 0.03 0.18 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.08

Totals 100.06 99.57 99.58 100.08 100.14 99.94

2CaAl2Si2O8 + 2CO2 + 4H2O Al4Si4O10(OH)8 + CaCO3
Plagioklas Kaolinit Kalsit

CaAl2Si2O8 + 4F- + 4H+ Al2[F2SiO4] + SiO2 + CaF2 + H2O

Plagioklas Topas Kuarsa Fluorit

5(Mg,Fe)2SiO4 + 8H+ Mg6Si4O10(OH)8 + 4 (Mg,Fe)2+ + SiO2

Olivin Serpentin Kuarsa

2Mg2SiO4 + Mg2Si2O6 + 4H2O Mg6Si4O10 (OH)8

Fosterit Enstantit Serpentin

2CaAl2Si2O8 + 4Mg2Si2O6 + 4Na+ + 4HCO3 + 2CO2 + 6H2O

Plagioklas Piroksen
4 NaAlSi3O8 + 2Mg4Al2[Al2Si2O10(OH)8] + 6CaCO3 + 4SiO2
Albit Klorit Kalsit Kalsedon

CaAl2Si2O8 + 10KMg3[AlSi3O10(OH)8 + 10H+ + 9H2O + CO2 +

Plagioklas Biotit
+ 6Mg4Al2[Al2Si2O10(OH)8] + CaCO3 + 14SiO2
Klorit Kalsit Kuarsa

3 CaAl2Si2O8 + 2K++ 4H+ 2KAl2[AlSi3O10(OH)2] + 3Ca2+

Plagioklas Serisit

KAlSi3O8 + 4H+ KAl2[AlSi3O10(OH)2] + 6SiO2

K-Felspar Serisit Kuarsa

3NaAlSi3O8 + CaAl2Si2O8 + SiO2 + Mg2+ + CO2 + 15H2O

Plagioklas Kuarsa
3Na0,33(Al1,67Mg0,33)Si4O10(OH)2].4H2O + CaCO3 + 2Na+
Monmorilonit (lempung) Kalsit
Nepheline : Na Al SiO4
Manganese ore deposits associated with carbonate sedimentary
rocks.
Bauxite deposits associated with nepheline syenite, schist and
karst limestone.
Uranium ore deposits associated with an
aquifer zone of sandstone layer. The U-ores
have been enriched between oxidized and
reduced zone and called as Nose Ore. This
U-type of mineralization is named :
sedimentary U, Roll front, Wyoming type
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