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Surveying*&*
Leveling*
Sem*III*
2016*
Pra6ma*Singh*
IAPNU*

*
The$technique,$profession,$and$science$of$
accurately$determining$the$terrestrial$or$
three7dimensional$posi8on$of$points$and$
the$distances$and$angles$between$them.$$
Types of Surveying
 Surveying*
Topics:*
Measurement*of*Distance*
Types*of*Chains*
Tapes*
Instruments*used*in*Chaining*
*
*
*
 Measurement*of*Distance*
Methods:*
1.*Direct*measurements*(actual**
measurement)*
2.*Measurements*by*op6cal*means*
(observa6ons*taken*through*telescope)*
3.*Electromagne6c*methods*
(instruments*relying*on*propoga6on*
used)*
 Measurement*of*Distance*
Methods:*
1.*Direct*measurements*(actual**
measurement)*
2.*Measurements*by*op6cal*means*
(observa6ons*taken*through*telescope)*
3.*Electromagne6c*methods*
(instruments*relying*on*propoga6on*
used)*
 Methods of Measuring distance
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
DIRECT MEASUREMENT
It involves methods such as
Counting of paces:
tachometry, electromagnetic
distance measurement, and Pacing
trigonometric leveling. Passometer
Tachometry uses a Pedometer
theodolite fitted with a Chaining
stadia diaphragm or a Use of wheel-based
tachometer to compute instruments:
distances from intercepts of
Speedometer
cross hairs on a staff or
stadia rod. Perambulator/Odometer
Surveyor's wheel
Also know as: Clickwheel/Hodometer/Waywiser/
Trundle wheel/Measuring wheel/Perambulator
CHAIN SURVEY
SUITABILITY FOR CHAIN SURVEY

Suitable cases Non-Suitable cases

! Area to be surveyed is large.
! Area to be surveyed is
comparatively small.
! Ground is fairly level. ! Ground is quite uneven.

! Area is open. ! Area is crowded.

! Details to be filled up are ! Details to be shown are too

simple and less. many.
 Requirements for a Chain Survey
! Chain or Tape
! Ranging rods
! Arrows
! Cross Staff
! Pegs
! Plumb bob
! Offset rods
! Plasterer's laths and whites

! Also need a FIELD BOOK

 Chain
! A chain is a unit of length; it measures 66 feet or 22 yards
or 100 links.
! There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute
mile.
! An acre is the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one
chain by one furlong).
! The chain has been used for several centuries in Britain and in
some other countries influenced by British practice.
! The ends of the chain are provided with handles for dragging
the chain on the ground, each wire with a swivel joint so that
the chain can be turned without twisting.
! The length of the chain is measured from the outside of one
handle to the outside of another handle.
! Following are the various types of chain in common use:
! Metric Chains
! Gunters Chains or Surveyors Chain
! Engineers Chain
! Revenue Chain
!Steel Band or Band Chain

Self Study: Testing and Adjusting Chain

 METRIC CHAINS
! Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are
fixed at every five-meter length and brass rings are provided
at every meter length except where tallies are attached.
 GUNTERS CHAIN

! One of the first chains used in the U.S. was the Gunters
chain.
! The Gunters chain was a series of links attached to a handle
which included an adjustment for wear.
! The chain was 22 yards (66 ft) long.
 MEASURING TAPE
A tape measure or
measuring tape is a flexible
form of ruler. It consists of a
ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber
glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a
common measuring tool. Its
flexibility allows for a measure of
great length to be easily carried
in pocket or toolkit and permits
one to measure around curves or
corners.
The following are the various types of tapes
! Cloth tape
! Metallic tape
! Steel tape
! Invar tape
Among the above, metallic tapes are widely used in
surveying. A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of
waterproof line interwoven with small brass, copper or
bronze wires. These are light in weight and flexible and are
made 2m, 5m 10m, 20m, 30m, and 50m.
 RANGING ROD
! Ranging rods are used to range some intermediate points in
the survey line .
! The length of the ranging rod is either 2m or 3m.
! They are shod at bottom with a heavy iron point.
! Ranging rods are divided into equal parts 0.2m long and they
are painted alternately black and white or red and white or
red, white and black.
! When they are at considerable distance, red and white or
white and yellow flags about 25 cm square should be fastened
at the top.
 ARROWS
! Arrows are made of good quality hardened steel wire of 4
mm diameter.
! The arrows are made 400 mm in length, are pointed at one
and the other end is bent into a loop or circle
 CROSS STAFF
! The simplest instrument used for setting out a right angle.
 OFFSET RODS
! The offset rod is used for measuring the off set of short
lengths.
! It is similar to a ranging rod and is usually of 3m lengths.
 PEGS
! These are rods made from hard timber and tapered at one
end, generally 25mm or 30mm square and 150mm long
wooden pegs are used to mark the position of the station on.
 PLUMB BOB
! While chaining along sloping ground, a plumb bob is
required to transfer the points to the ground.
! Used for making ranging poles vertical, centering aid
LINE RANGER
 Ranging our Survey Lines
! Use: For measuring length of survey line or chain line.
! Use: When length of line exceeds the length of the chain
before chaining, intermediate points required to be
established in line with 2 terminal points.
Chain/tape stretched along line joining two terminal
stations.
! RANGING: Process of fixing or establishing such
intermediate points.
! Methods:
Direct
Indirect
 RANGING: Direct Ranging
! Use: When two ends of survey lines are intervisible.
! Can be done either by eye or through some optical
instruments (e.g.line ranger/theodolite)
Ranging by Eye
A P C

Surveyor

! Code of Signals are used in ranging.

 ! Code of Signals are used in ranging.
Sr.No Signal by Surveyor
.
1 Rapid sweep with right hand
2 Slow sweep with right hand
3 Right arm extended
4 Right arm up and moved to the
right
5 Rapid sweep with left hand
6 Slow sweep with left hand
7 Left arm extended
8 Left arm up and moved to the left
9 Both hands above head and then
brought down
10 Both arms extended forward
horizontally and the hands
depressed briskly
Action by the Assistant
Move considerably to the right
Move slowly to the right
Continue to move to the right
Plumb the rod to the right
Move considerable to the left
Move slowly to the left
Continue to move to the left
Plumb the rod to the left
Correct
Fix the rod
 Indirect RANGING
! Also known as Reciprocal Ranging
! Use: When both ends of the survey line are NOT INTERVISIBLE
Due to high intervening ground
Due to long distance between them
Use: When both ends of the survey line are NOT INTERVISIBLE

Ranging done indirectly by selecting two intermediate

points
 CHAINING
Unfolding of Chain
! Both handles kept together in left hand
! Rest of Chain thrown in forward direction with right hand
! Other chainman assists in removing knots and making chain
straight
 CHAINING
Lining and Marking
Follower: Holds zero end of chain at terminal point
Leader: Proceeds forward with other hand and set of 10 arrows and a ranging rod in
other hand
At approx. 1 chain length, follower directs leader to fix rod in line with terminal poles.
POINT IS RANGED and leader makes mark on ground, holds handles with both hands
and pulls chain to make straight between terminal point and fixed point. Little jerks
also given if required.
Leader puts arrow at chain end and proceeds (end handle in one hand, rest of arrows and
ranging rod in other hand.
Follower also takes the end handle in one hand and ranging rod in other hand, follows
leader.
Follower puts zero end of chain at first arrow fixed by leader and ranges leader.
Leader stretches the chain straight in line and fixes the second arrow in ground.
Follower takes first arrow and ranging rod.
 CHAINING
! Two persons required
! More experienced one remains at zero end/rear end
(FOLLOWER)
! Other one holding the forward handle is known as the LEADER
! Leader takes a bundle of arrows and Ranging rod in one hand and
handle of chain in other

! Unfolding of Chain
! Lining and Marking
 Technique of unfolding and folding
of a metric chain.
UNFOLDING:
! Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles
in the left hand and hold the remaining portion of the chain in
the right hand.
! Holding both the handles in the left hand, throw the remaining
portion o f the chain in the forward direction on the ground.
! Now the follower stands at the starting station by holding one
handle and directs the leader to move forward by holding the
other handle until the chain is fully stretched.
FOLDING:
! Bring the two handles together on the ground by pulling the
chain at the center.
! Commencing from the center two pairs of links are taken at a
time with the right hand and placed alternatively in both
directions in the left hand.
! When the chain is completely folded the two brass handles will
appear at the top.
! Now tie the chain with leather strap.
 Some Technical terms used
! STATION- It is a point of importance at the beginning or at
the end of a survey line.

! MAIN STATION- These are the stations at the beginning or

at the end of lines forming main skeleton.

! SUBSIDIARY OR TIE STATIONS- These are the stations

selected on main lines to run auxiliary/secondary lines for
the purpose of locating interior details.
! BASE LINE- It is the most important line and is the longest
line. Main framework of survey lines are built on it.

! DETAIL LINE- If the important objects are far away from the
main lines, the offset readings are too large, which results
into inaccuracies and time-consuming in the field work. In
such cases the secondary lines are run by selecting stations on
main lines.

! CHECK LINES- These are the lines connecting main station

to a subsidiary station on the opposite side or connecting two
subsidiary stations on the sides of main lines. These lines are
also known as PROOF LINES.
 Selection of Stations
! A station selected should be visible from at least two more
stations.
! If possible should have one or two base lines which run on
level ground and through the middle of the area.
! Main frame should have as few lines as possible.
! All triangles should be well-conditioned.
! Each triangle should have at least one check line.
! Subsidiary stations should be selected such that offsets to
main objects from subsidiary lines are as short as possible.
! Avoid obstacles to ranging and chaining.

! As far as possible survey lines should be on the level ground.

! Sides of the larger triangles pass as close to boundary lines as

possible. They should be almost parallel to the boundary.

! Trespassing and frequent crossing of the roads should be

avoided.
 Offsets
! Lateral measurements to chain line for locating ground
features are known as Offsets.
! There are two types of offsets used in chain surveying viz.
PERPENDICULAR OFFSET and OBLIQUE OFFSET.
! In case of perpendicular offset, foot of the perpendicular on
chain line is found from the object and the surveyor notes
down offset distance and the chainage of foot of the
perpendicular.
! In case of oblique offset, the distance of the object from two
convenient points on the chain lines are measured and noted
down.
 Errors
Erroneous Length/ Incorrect length of Chain or Tape (Cumulative + or -).
Bad/Incorrect ranging (Cumulative, +).
Sag in Chain/Loose chain (Cumulative, +)
Variation/change in Temperature (+ or -).
Variation in pull (Compensating + , or Cumulative + or -).
Errors in slope measurements.
Incorrect marking.
Personal mistakes
Displacement of Arrows
Miscounting chain length
Misreading
Erroneous booking
Bad straightening (Cumulative +errors)
Non Horizontality (Cumulative + errors)
Careless Holding and Marking (Compensating + errors).
 Relative Importance of Errors in
Chaining
Cumulative Errors more important than Compensating errors.
Not all cumulative errors are equally important.
In a short length, a compensating error fails to compensate
because such an error may occur only once or twice. The more
tape lengths there are in a line, the more likely are such errors to
be truly compensating.
The more times a line is measures, the more likely are accidental
errors to disappear from the mean.
One cumulative error sometimes balances other cumulative
error. For example, a greater pull may offset sag, or high
temperature may offset a slight shortage in the length of the tape.
All things being equal it is important to guard against those
errors which are most likely to occur.
 Field Work
! Reconnaissance- Reconnaissance of the area to be
surveyed has to be undertaken first. This identifies key
features of the area the survey are to be located and
determines the kind of equipment needed to be carried to
complete the survey.
! Equipment- Generally the following equipment will be
required. A chain with at least 10 arrows, a metallic or steel
tape, a dozen of ranging rods, an offset rod, pegs, a plumb
bob, etc.
! Marking stations- Survey stations should be marked on
the ground as per the plan prepared.
! Chaining and locating details- The survey lines are then
measured accurately, starting from the base line. The details
are located by taking offset at right angle or oblique offsets.
Plotting a Chain Survey (Office work)
After carrying field work next step in surveying is plotting to
get plan of the area surveyed. It is carried out by the surveyor
himself or the assistance of the draftsmen may be obtained.

Steps involved in plotting are as follows:

! SCALE: Depending upon the area in the field and area of

drawing sheet scale is decided. Normally, it is decided before
the commencement of survey itself
!ORIENTATION: Skeleton of the network of triangles should be
drawn to a scale on a tracing sheet and the orientation of the plan
on drawing sheet be decided. After the orientation is decided
using the skeleton diagram on tracing sheet base line and stations
are picked.

!DRAWING NETWORK OF TRIANGLES: First base line is

drawn to the scale. By intersection other stations are fixed and
main triangles are drawn. The network of triangles is checked
using check lines.
!PLOTTING OFFSETS: Any one of the following methods
may be used-
" Mark points along chain line and draw perpendicular
with set square. If oblique offsets are taken, arcs are drawn
from the respective positions on chain line and the position
of the objects fixed up.
" Main scale and offset scale may be used. Main scale is
kept along direction of chain line and offset scale gives the
perpendiculars to it.
!OTHER DETAILS: If readings are taken to only one or two
faces of buildings, using overall dimension outline of the
building may be completed. Graphical scale should be plotted
so that even if the paper shrinks, correct measurements may
be obtained without calculations.
Conventional Symbols
Traversing with chain and tape only
! Though triangulation is the basic principle of chain surveying,
it is possible to go for traversing using only chain and tape.
! Traversing is the survey which is conducted along desired
lines by measuring the length and the direction of survey
lines.
! CLOSED TRAVERSE- When the lines form a circuit which
starts from a line and after covering an area ends at starting
point.
! OPEN TRAVERSE- If the starting point of survey and
ending point are different.
! Closed traverse- lakes and building surveys.
! Open traverse- road and canal surveys.
 Bibliography

! Books-
! Surveying and Leveling, S.S. Bhavikatti
!Surveying and Leveling, S.C.Rangawala
!Surveying and Leveling, B.C.Punamia
THANK YOU