Contents

QUESTION 1.................................................................................................................................. 3
Deriving the formula: .................................................................................................................. 3
Graphs: ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Tau tends to 0 .............................................................................................................................. 8
QUESTION 2................................................................................................................................ 10
Matlab: ...................................................................................................................................... 10
OrCAD: ..................................................................................................................................... 18
RC ......................................................................................................................................... 18
RL ......................................................................................................................................... 19
RLC ....................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 1: TAU = T/2 ....................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2: TAU = T/20 ..................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: T = 3.7ms ......................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 4: RC Time Domain .......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 5: RC Frequency Domain .................................................................................................. 18
Figure 6: RL Time Domain........................................................................................................... 19
Figure 7: RL Frequency Domain .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 8: RLC 0 ohm Resistor - Time Domain ............................................................................ 20
Figure 9: RLC 0 ohm Resistor Frequency Domain ................................................................... 20
Figure 10: RLC 22 ohm - Time Domain ...................................................................................... 21
Figure 11: RLC 22 ohm - Frequency Domain .............................................................................. 21
Figure 12: RLC 680 ohm - Time Domain .................................................................................... 22
Figure 13: RLC 680 ohm - Frequency Domain ............................................................................ 22
Figure 14: RLC 10k ohm - Time Domain .................................................................................... 23
Figure 15: RLC 10k ohm - Frequency Domain ............................................................................ 23
QUESTION 1

Deriving the formula: Pulse Train

0 0
<<
() = { 2 2
0 0
0 < < 0
2 2
1 0
0 = ()
0 0
0
1 0 2
= ()
0 0
2
0
1 2
= ()
0 0
2
0
1 2
=
0 0
2

0
= | 20
0 2
0 0
= [ + ]
0 2 2
0
=
0
= Ad

= 0.5 = = 0.05 =
2 20
 0
2 2
= cos(0 )
0 0
2

0
2 2
= cos(0 )
0 0
2

2 (0 ) 0
= ( | 20
0 0
2

2 0 0
= [sin (0 ) + sin (0 )]
0 0 2 2
2
= sin()

0
2 2
= sin(0 )
0 0
2

=0

() = 0 + cos(0 ) + sin(0 )
=1

2
() = + sin() cos(0 )

=1

The Exponential Fourier series can be derived from the Trigonometric Fourier Series.
0 = 0 = Ad , is the DC component which is equal to zero for a duty-cycle (d=0) and
non-zero for a duty-cycle (d>0).
In taking the general expression for the exponential Fourier coefficients (Dn) for a square
wave with any duty-cycle (d),

= = sin() 0
2

() = 0
=

The exponential Fourier series for a pulse train with duty cycle (d) is given by:


() = + sin() 0 , 0

=

The amplitude of the pulse train (A) has been taken as 1V. The Graph is for the two-sided
amplitude spectrum. The Fourier coefficient (bn) was found to be zero for all n and therefore the
Phase Spectrum is also zero.
Graphs:

Figure 1: TAU = T/2

Figure 2: TAU = T/20
Figure 3: Tau = 75us, T = 3.7ms

Tau tends to 0
As Tau -> 0 the graph flattens out and becomes more like a dcwave, and it expands over the
frequency domain towards +/- .
QUESTION 2

Matlab:
P-Spice:
RC

10000
Time: = 10000

Figure 4: RC Time Domain

1
Frequency: = 1+10000

Figure 5: RC Frequency Domain

RL
56=40
( )
103
Time: = (56) + 1
103

Figure 6: RL Time Domain

(40(40+56))2 +(103 (56))2

Frequency: = (40+56)2 + (103 )2

Figure 7: RL Frequency Domain

RLC
Time: 3.039 23 cos(1.15 0.182)
Figure 8: RLC 0 ohm Resistor - Time Domain

Figure 9: RLC 0 ohm Resistor Frequency Domain

Time: 3.039 33 cos(1.15 0.2819)

Figure 10: RLC 22 ohm - Time Domain

Figure 11: RLC 22 ohm - Frequency Domain

Time: 3.39 3.64 cos(8.334 0.40797)

Figure 12: RLC 680 ohm - Time Domain

Figure 13: RLC 680 ohm - Frequency Domain

Time: 2.29 4.965 + 7.538 1.56

Figure 14: RLC 10k ohm - Time Domain

Figure 15: RLC 10k ohm - Frequency Domain