Thermal radiation is that electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body as a result of its temperature.

-Third mode of heat transfer.

Reflectance and absorptance of thermal radiation from real surfaces are a function not only of the
surface itself but also of the surroundings.

Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is the radiant energy released by

certainelectromagnetic processes. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation, as is invisible light, such
as radio, infrared, and X-rays.

Solar radiation is a form of thermal radiation having a particular wavelength distribution.

- concentrated at short wavelengths

Gas Radiation is a radiation exchange between a gas and a heat-transfer surface.

Blackbody radiation because materials that obey this law appear black to the eye; they appear black
because they do not reflect any radiation. Thus a blackbody is also considered as one that absorbs all
radiation incidents upon it. Eb is called the emissive power of a blackbody.

one that absorbs all the incident radiation falling upon it.
that an ideal thermal radiator, or blackbody

Energy emitted by a black body Eb =T2 W/m2

Incident Radiation

For the gray body the incident radiation (also called irradiation) is partly reflected,
absorbed or transmitted.

When radiant energy strikes a material surface, part of the radiation is reflected, part is absorbed,
and part is transmitted. We define the reflectivity as the fraction reflected, the absorptivity as
the fraction absorbed, and the transmissivity as the fraction transmitted. Thus

++ =1

Reflectivity is the property of reflecting light or radiation, especially reflectance as measured

independently of the thickness of a material.

Absorptivity is the amount of radiation absorbed by a surface compared to what is absorbed by a

black body.

Transmissivity is the degree to which a medium allows something, in particular electromagnetic

radiation, to pass through it.

Emissivity is the measure of an object's ability to emit infrared energy. Emitted energy indicates the
temperature of the object. Emissivity can have a value from 0 (shiny mirror) to 1.0 (blackbody). Most
organic, painted, or oxidized surfaces have emissivityvalues close to 0.95.

The ratio of the emissive power of a body to the emissive power of a blackbody at the same
temperature is equal to the absorptivity of the body. This ratio is defined as the emissivity of the
body,

Equation (8-8) is called Kirchhoffs identity. The assumption that the medium is nonreflecting and
that Kirchhoffs identity applies.
Most solid bodies do not transmit thermal radiation, so that for many applied problems the
transmissivity may be taken as zero. Then

+=1

Two types of reflection phenomena may be observed when radiation strikes a surface.

If the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, the reflection is called specular.

On the other hand, when an incident beam is distributed uniformly in all directions after reflection,
the reflection is called diffuse.

The emissive power of a body E is defined as the energy emitted by the body per unit area and per unit
time.

A gray body is defined such that the monochromatic emissivity of the body is independent of
wavelength. The monochromatic emissivity is defined as the ratio of the monochromatic emissive
power of the body to the monochromatic emissive power of a blackbody at the same wavelength and
temperature.

The emissivities of various substances vary widely with wavelength, temperature, and surface
condition.

StefanBoltzmann law
states that the total radiant heat energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power
of its absolute temperature.

is the energy radiated per unit time and per unit area by the ideal radiator.

applies only to blackbodies

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

=5.669108 W/m2 K4 [0.171410-8 Btu/h ft2 R4]

Radiation heat transfer in the environment is governed by the absorption, scattering, and reflection
properties of the atmosphere and natural surfaces.

Two types of scattering phenomena occur in the atmosphere.

Molecular scattering is observed because of the interaction of radiation with individual molecules.

Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the air, and can be
extended to scattering from particles up to about a tenth of the wavelength of the light. It is Rayleigh
scattering off the molecules of the air which gives us the blue sky.

The blue color of the sky results from the scattering of the violet (short) wavelengths by the air
molecules.

Particulate scattering in the atmosphere results from the interaction of radiation with the many types
of particles that may be suspended in the air.

Albedo is used to describe the reflective properties of surfaces.

Insolation to describe the intensity of direct solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface per unit
area and per unit time.

Irradiation employed for incident earthbound radiation.

G = irradiation
= total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time and per unit area
 J = radiosity
= total radiation that leaves a surface per unit time and per unit area

The radiation spectrum of the sun and noted that the major portion of solar energy is concentrated in
the short-wavelength region.

The intensity of radiation is defined as the rate of emitted energy from unit surface area through unit
solid angle. It was also noted that as a consequence of this spectrum, real surfaces may exhibit
substantially different absorption properties for solar radiation than for long-wavelength
earthbound radiation

Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum is the term used by scientists to describe the entire range of light that
exists. From radio waves to gamma rays, most of the light in the universe is, in fact, invisible to us!
Light is a wave of alternating electric and magnetic fields.

Spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but
can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word was first used scientifically within the field of optics
to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism.