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Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
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Table 1: Values for Manning coefficient n (Ref. 1; Table 10.1)
Wetted perimeter n
Natural channels 0.03 - 0.45
Floodplains 0.035-0.15
Excavated earth channel 0.022-0.035
Artificially lined channel 0.01-0.025
hydraulic cross-section (i.e. minimum area) for a given flow rate Q , slope S0 and
1
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
dy S f S0
(8)
dx 1 Fr2
dy S f S0
For 0 , the factor 2 becomes a non-zero quantity, which is essentially the
dx 1 Fr
dy
gradually or rapidly varying flow. Now, the sign of i.e. whether the flow depth
dx
increases or decreases with distance along the channel depends on both numerator and
denominator of Eq. (8). The sign of denominator depends on whether the flow is sub-
critical or super-critical. In fact, for a given channel, there exists a critical slope
S0 compared to that of slope required for producing uniform flow S0c . They may be,
Mild slope with S0 S0c (i.e. the flow would be sub-critical Fr 1 , if it were of
uniform depth)
Steep slope with S0 S0c (the flow would be super-critical Fr 1 , if it were of
uniform depth)
Horizontal slope with S0 0
met by S0 and depth of flow. For example, with S0 S0c , it is possible to have either
dy
A rapidly varied flow in an open channel is characterized by : 1 i.e. the flow
dx
depth changes occur over a relatively short distance. One such example of a rapidly
varied flow is hydraulic jump in which flow changes from a relatively shallow, high-
2
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
speed condition into a relatively deep, low-speed condition within a horizontal distance
of just a few channel depths. The mathematical analysis of hydraulic jump will be
discussed in the subsequent lectures. Many open channel flow-measuring devices are
based on the principle associated with rapidly varied flows. These devices include broad-
crested weirs, sharp-crested weirs and sluice gate.
Example 1
Water flows in an open channel of trapezoidal cross section with a velocity of 0.9m/s at a
rate 14m3/s. The bed slope and side slopes are 1:2500 and 1:1 respectively. Find the depth
and bottom width of the channel. Take Chezys constant as 40.4.
Solution
Given that,
1
Discharge, Q 14m3 /s ; Velocity, V 0.9m/s ; Bed slope, S0 ; Side slope, N 1
2500
Q
Area of the flow, A 15.57m 2
V
2 2
V 1
0.9
By Chezys formula, V C Rh S0 Rh 2500 1.24m
C S0 40.4
The area of the flow and wetted perimeter for a trapezoidal section is given by,
A b Ny y 15.57m 2
P b 2 y N 2 1 b 2.83 y
By definition of hydraulic radius,
A 15.57
Rh 1.24 b 2.83 y 12.55
P b 2.83 y
Thus,
A b Ny y b y y 15.57 12.55 2.83 y y y 15.57
12.55 y 1.83 y 2 15.57
y 2 6.86 y 8.5 0
3
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
Example 2
A trapezoidal channel with base width 2m and side slope of 1:2 carries water with a depth
of 1m. The bed slope is 1 in 625. Calculate the discharge and average shear stress at the
channel boundary. Take Manning coefficient as n 0.03 .
Solution
Given that,
1
b 2m; y 1m; N 1/ 2 ; S0 ; Side slope, N 1
625
The area of the flow and wetted perimeter for a trapezoidal section is given by,
A b Ny y 2.5m 2
P b 2 y N 2 1 4.24m
By definition of hydraulic radius,
A 2.5
Rh 0.59
P 4.24
Using Mannings formula,
2
Rh2 3 S01 2 0.59 3 1 625
0.5
V 0.95m/s
n 0.03
Discharge, Q A V 2.375m 3 /s
Average shear stress at the channel boundary,
gRh S0 1000 9.81 0.59 1/ 625 9.26 N m 2
Example 3
Water flows in channel (cross-section of the shape of isosceles triangle) of bed width a
and sides making an angle 450 with the bed. Determine the relation between depth of flow
d and the bed width a for the condition of: (i) maximum velocity; (ii) maximum
discharge. Use Mannings formula.
Solution
4
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
H J (a/2)
45 deg. 45 deg.
E F
d a d
Rh2 3 S01 2
(i) By Manning equation, V
n
The area of the flow and wetted perimeter for the above cross-section is given by,
EF JH a 2d a d A
A d d a d d ; a 2d
2 2 d d
d P
P EF FJ EH a 2 2d ; 2 2
d d
For a given bed slope, the velocity will be maximum when,
d Rh d A P d A d P
0; 0; P A 0
d d dd d d d d
Thus by substitution, 2.83d 2 2ad a 2 0
Solving the above quadratic equation, d 0.34 a
1
ARh2 3 S01 2 1 A5 3 2
1
(ii) Discharge, Q AV
. 2 S0
n n P
d A5 P 2 0; 5P d A d A
2 A 0
dd d d d d
d P d A
Substituting and , we get,
d d d d
22.63d 2 1.5ad 5a 2 0
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NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
Example 4
A rectangular channel of 5m width and 1.2m deep has a slope of 1 in 1000 and is lined
with rubber for which the Mannings coefficient is 0.017. It is desired to increase the
discharge to a maximum by changing the section so that the channel has same amount of
lining. Find the new dimensions and probable increase in discharge.
Solution
Using Mannings formula, the discharge through the channel is given by,
ARh2 3 S01 2
Q1 AV
.
n
1 A
Here, S0 ; A 5 1.2 6m 2 ; P 5 2 1.2 7.4m; Rh 0.81
1000 P
Substituting the values, Q1 9.7 m s
3
Let b and y be the width and depth of the flow for the new section of the channel. In
order to have the same amount of lining,
P b 2 y 7.4
For the discharge to be maximum in a rectangular channel, it can be proved that
b 2y
ARh2 3 S01 2
By Mannings formula, new discharge, Q2 AV
. 12.1m3 s
n
Q2 Q 1
Percentage increase in discharge 100 24.45%
Q1
EXERCISES
6
NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
0.7m
0.7m
5. Water flows in canal with bed slope of 1:2300. The cross-section of the canal is shown
in the following figure. Estimate the discharge when the depth of water is 2.5m. Assume
Chezys constant as 40.
0.6m
2.5m
140m
15m
Side slope = 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
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NPTEL Course Developer for Fluid Mechanics Dr. Niranjan Sahoo
Module 04; Lecture 33 IIT-Guwahati
6. A concrete lined circular channel of 0.6m diameter has a bed slope of 1: 500. Find the
depth of flow when the discharge is 0.3m 3/s. Also, determine the velocity and flow rate
for conditions of: (i) maximum velocity; (ii) maximum discharge. Assume Chezys
constant as 40.