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Ancie

nt
Music Medieval
and
renaissan
ce (500-
1600)
Baroque
(1600-
1750)

Classical
(1750-1820)

Romantiq
ue (1820-
1910)

20th
Century
Conventional style periods in music History
CONVENTIONAL APPROXIMATE DATES FEW REPRESENTATIVE
COMPOSERS
Babylonian Times From about 1800 BCE to
approx 1250 BCE
Ancient Greek From about 1250 BCE to 600
Medieval (Middle Ages) From about 600 to 1400 Hildegard, Machault
Renaissance From about 1400 to 1580 Dufay,
Josquin,Lassus,Palestrina

Baroque From about 1580 to 1750 Monteverdi, Corelli, Vivaldi,


Handel, Bach

Classical From about 1750 to 1810 Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven


Romantic From about 1810 to 1910 Schumann, Chopin Verdi,
Wagner,Brahms
Modern After 1910 Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Berg,
Bartok, Britten, Shostakovitvh,
Technological stages in Western Music
STAGE 1 Development if musical literacy From about 800
(early music notation) creating the
possibility of transmitting music
from composer to performer,
distinguishing their respective roles.

STAGE 2 Invention of printing from moveable From about 1500


type, making the reproduction of
music relatively easy and cheap.

STAGE 3 Birth of Romanticism and with it the From 1810


idea of trancendent and autonomous
musical works, implying that art and
music was now intended for gazing
or listening, not for doing, and it was
intended for the ages rather than the
present. Creation of aesthetis
capital

STAGE 4 The age of recording, making it From about 1890


possible for people to consume
music without doing anything and
enabling music to be commercialized
to an extent previously undreamt of
CONCEPT OF RECEPTION
An important concept on how we approch musical
studies in the 21st century.
Cook (2000) says that; Instead of the detached, non-
participant viewpoint of the traditional hisotries and
appreciation texts, the reception-based approach
says that we can best understand music by being in
the middle of it. It says that the starting point must
be how we actually use, internalize, or otherwise
care about music, whether by going to concerts or
discos, relaxing to it in the sitting room, or whistling
it at work it assumes that to study music is to
study your own participation in it.
Two important approch to Music History
Composition based approach

Reception based approach


*****
To Read
Cook (2000)- Ch5 A matter of Representation

Activity:
1. Write a definition on how you understand the
term Reception History and briefly discuss how
you think this can aid in understanding musical
genre of your choice.

2. Make a list of the reasons for and against using


Style Periods (in any genre) as a way of
studying music.
MUSIC IN BIBLICAL TIMES

Destruction of second temple by the Romans and the loss of Jewish national
souvereigty in 70CE.
Music in Mesopotamia (Babylon)
Genesis 24:10- The first time we here of
Mesopotamia.
1800 B.C.E.- The first music writing in
Mesopotamia.

Clay tablet 1400-


1250 BCE
Hymn to Nikkal,
wife of the moon
god.
Bible references on music
Genesis (4:20-21)- credits a man of jubal with
fashioning the first musical instruments.
Exodus 19- The use of the Shofar.
Music used in Worship
Genesis 4:4- First worship- Cain and Abel
6 Generations later;
Genesis 4:26- Appearance of Vocal offerings
Two Generations later;
Genesis 9:26.

Jewish music progressed from an initial era of pure


vocalism to a time when singing was accompanied
by a wind instrument like the shofar. (Sachs.1962)
Music in public lithurgy and private devotion
Leviticus Chapter 16- day of atonement (Yom
Kippur)
900 BCE- 586 BCE- Levites in the first temple
sang at top volume in order to be heard (2
Chronicles 5:12)
Deuteronomy 6:4- Psalmodic recitation lends
solemnity above all to Judaisms declaration of
faith.
Deuteronomy 6:4- Judaisms declaration of
faith the Schema: Weekday and Sabbath
(twice each)
Shema Yisrael,
Adonai Eloheinu,
Adonai Echad
***
Hear, O Israel
The Lord is our God
The Lord is One!
Techniques used to transmit lithurgy
Cantillation:
Is more rhetoric, each word is sung to a tiny
melody of its own, often consisting of no more
than two or three notes.
Use of neumes(Gestures) to indicate the melodies.
Psalmody:
Follows no cantillation motifs. It of free in order to
stimulate the worshippers imagination.
Modal Chant:
Chanting according to fixed musical modes.
Temple Music
1 Chronicles 15 refers to the formation of a trained
and official body of musicians to lead worship. After
Salomon had built the temple around the year
900BC, the lithurgy became more elaborate and
sumptuous. 2 Chronicles 5:11-13, we read about
the role of music at this time.
The Biblical Psalms, which have enriched both
Jewish and Christians music, were not the only texts
sung in the temple, although they took a central
role in the temple worship.
Instruments in the Bible
Chordophones: Genesis 31:27, 1 Chron.25:3, 1
Sam.10:5, 1 Sam.16:23

Silver Lyre from Ur,


Southern Irak about
2600-2400 BC (British
Museum)
Aerophones: Jos.6:16
Use of aerophones before something happens;
Mt 24:31, 1 Cor.15:52, Rev.8:7, 1 Thess.4:16
Membraphones:
Ex15:20, Judg.11:34, 1 Sam.10:5
Idiophones:
Ex.28:33, Ex39:25, 2 Sam.6:5
Activity:
1. Give a brief account of Jewish music in Biblical
times. To what extent did the Jewish practice at
this time share similarities with that of other
near Eastern cultures?

2. Why were instruments important in Jewish


times. To what extent do you agree that music is
important in Religion?
ANCIENT GREEK MUSIC
Greek gods
GREEK INSTRUMENTS
LYRE: String instrument (Associated to
Appollo god of light, prophecy and arts.

Kithara: (Guitar)
Aulos
GREEK MUSIC THEORY
Pythagoras- Founder
of Greek music Theory

..numbers were the


key to the universe
and music was
inseperable from
numbers (Grout and
Palisca .2010
Pythagoras Monochord
Greek Music Theory
3 Types of Tetrachord
Cleonide species of consonances
Epitaph of Seikilos
EPITAPH OF SEIKOLOS
As long as you live,
Be lighthearted.
Let nothing trouble you.
Life is only too short,
And time takes its toll

Melody was closely linked to rhythm and
poems.
Musicians relied on their memory and
formulas rather than written notations
Phytagoras, cleonides and Aristoxenus
conceived the music system linked with
nature.
A well-developed musical system founded on
aristhmetic.

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