Appendix 15

The Fluxes and the Equations

of Change
B.l Newton's law of viscosity

B.2 Fourier's law of heat conduction

B.3 Fick's (first) law of binary diffusion

B.4 The equation of continuity

B.5 The equation of motion in terms of

B.6 The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid with constant p and fx

B.7 The dissipation function ^ for Newtonian fluids

B.8 The equation of energy in terms of q

B.9 The equation of energy for pure Newtonian fluids with constant p and

B.1O The equation of continuity for species a in terms of )a

B.ll The equation of continuity for species A in terms of (oA for constant

B.l NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY

[T = - - K)(V v)5]

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

(f/x - K)(V v)

(f/x, - K)(V v) (.1-2

(la fc)(V v)
dz

+ (B.l-4)
dx

- + (B.l-5)
dy ~d~z
~dvx
(B.l-6)
dz
in which

(B.l-7)
dy dZ

When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For
monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity is zero.
843
844 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.l NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY (continued)

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):

v)

(B.I-9)"

(.1-10

I T(ir / (B.l-ll)
\ )
1 ^ ^
= T,/, = i (B.l-12)
dz \
dvr dVz
(B.l-13)
~dz+~dr
in which

(B.l-14)

a
When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For
monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity is zero.

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

= -fL

Too =

V 1 ^ , Pr + Pfl COt g\]

21 : - -- + r I + (/, - fc)(V v) (.1-17
\ Sin 0 > /J

TrO = T0r = " (B.l-18)

sin (B.l-19)
~

\ sin r sin

= = + (B.l-20)
r sin dr \
in which

~ (B.l-21)

When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For
monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity is zero.
 B.2 Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction 845

B.2 FOURIER'S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION"

[q = -fcVT]
Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

(B.2-3)

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):

(.2-4)

(.2-5)

(B.2-6)

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

(B.2-7)

(B.2-8)

(B
-2"9)
a
For mixtures, the term Xa(Ha/MQ)]a must be added to q (see Eq. 19.3-3).
846 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.3 FICK'S (FIRST) LAW OF BINARY DIFFUSION"

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

(B.3-2)

(B3-3)

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):

^ (B.3-4)

J~ (B.3-5)

^ (.-6)

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

(B.3-7)

(B.3-8)

( B 3
"9)
a
To get the molar fluxes with respect to the molar average velocity, replace \A, p, and by J% c, and xA.

B.4 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY"

[dp/dt + (V pv) = 0J
Cartesian coordinates (x, ,z):

dp ,
dt
(pV )
6 )X r x x
+ "" (pi V* 0 (B.4-1)
dy

Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0, z):

? . 1
(
ipv0) = 0 (B.4-2)

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

#9 \ 1 1
+
- (pr2vr) + PVe sin 0) +- ( ) ) (.4-3)
dt 21 r sin r sin 0
3
When the fluid is assumed to have constant mass density p, the equation simplifies to (V v) = 0.
 B.5 The Equation of Motion in Terms of 847

B.5 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN TERMS OF r

[pDv/Dt = - Vp - [V ] + pg]
a
Cartesian coordinates(x,y, z):
(dvx dv. dvx dvx\ = J
P
\-dt+V
I- v
dy ' z dz) ix~ dx
xx + Pgx (B.5-1)

S dvtJ\
x
A. 1- v = - d
+ Pgy (B.5-2)
z
dz) dx
Txy
^
dy
(dVz dvz_ dvz\ dp d
+i + Vy >vz + Pgz (B.5-3)
i~dt dz) Tzz
' dz

a
These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for
example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, rvl/ and ryx may be
interchanged.

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):b

dvr dvr ve dvr dvr v2o\ dp \i

i
]
(B.5-4)

dv *>e W
Wo) _ _ 1 *P
*P _ f l l_,Y 1 d d ror -
+ Vr (B.5-5)
^r+
0
+ {r Toe
m )- Tie \ydr Tde T p g e

dvz dvz ve dvz dv dp

+ v + + v (.5-6)

b
These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, 1. = 0.

Spherical coordinates (r, , ):

(dVr dV, VgdV, t dVr V] + V\\ _ dp

p Vr
\ dt dr r\ r sin d$ r
dr
+T
1 d , . . . 1 d ^1 , (B.5-7)
: ^ -T \ Sin 0) "7 +
P^r

dv0 dve ve dv0 dve vrve - vl cot 6) _ i dp

r sin elkj>
(1. - ) - c o t
(.5-8)

dV(h Ve dV COt 1
p +Vr +
[ dt dr r sin r sin

(T^r - ) + COt
(.5-9)
sin

These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, - = 0.
848 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.6 EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID

WITH CONSTANT p AND /x
[pDv/Dt = - V p + fiV2v + pg]

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

dVx dVx dVx dVx\ dp \ d2Vx d2Vx d2V:

dx

dVu dVu dVx

dy2

dVz dVz dVz dVz\ dp d2V7 d\,7,

- i + - \+Pgz (B.6-3)

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):

dVr dVr Vo dVr dp

( (B.6-4)
ut / ' Ow
2
dz dr\rdr +
2 2 2
(dVi dve VodVe r dO dz
dve vrv\ _ dp \ (\ d , , 1 <? , 4 S \+PZe (B.6-5)
(dVz dVz Vo dVz dvz\ dp \\ d ( dvz\ 1 d2vz d2vJ
(.6-6)

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

(dvr dvr ve dvr dvr

9 +Vr +
\dt ~dr~ T~d6+ r sin 1 dr

(.6-7
2 dl

dv0 dv0 vQ dve dv0 vrve - v\ cot Idp

r r
dt dr SO r sin 0 d r dO

2 COt 0
(B.6-8)
sin 2 Sin 2 d2 2 d6

V
cot 1 dp
r
dt dr r SO r sin d ~ r sin d

The quantity in the brackets in Eq. B.6-7 is not what one would expect from Eq. (M) for [V Vv] in Table A.7-3, because we have added
to Eq. (M) the expression for (2/r)(V v), which is zero for fluids with constant p. This gives a much simpler equation.
 B.8 The Equation of Energy in Terms of q 849

B.7 THE DISSIPATION FUNCTION FOR NEWTONIAN

FLUIDS (SEE EQ. 3.3-3)
Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

1 \dvy Sv^V

2 dvx dl
+ (B.7-1)
[ dx ) \ dy ) [_ dy dz J ~ 3 [li" ^
Cylindrical coordinates (r, (I z):

m H(")' f [t

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

+ \rf
dr) +
01
)]

<? (v\ 1 ^ . l 2 , sin ( v+ \ 1 dv^V 1 ^ i_fM

\ ) ] \_ \ sin ) sin ] [ sin \

-^ * (s i n W + - L _ (B.7-3)
sin 0 (?0 sm

.8 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY IN TERMS OF q

[pC,,DT/Dt = -(V q) - (d In p/d In T)pDp/Dt - (T:VV)]

Cartesian coordinates (x, y,,z):

p, (dT , dT , dT dT /<?ln p\ Dp
pL +Vx v + - (T:VV) (.8-1
\dt dx dy dz\ \d In r/ F Dt

Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0, z):

\dq0 di Dp
pel + v,. + - d zj
(B.8-2)fl
^\ot dr
r dO V^lnT/p
Spherical coordinates (, , ):

x (dT , dT ^vfl sT dT\ l

^ (a sin ^ +
i <^< / d In p\ Dp
pC[ + vr + - ) 1 - (T:VV)
r sin (^) ' r sin ^ du r sin d\ \i In T/p Dt
(.8-

a
The viscous dissipation term, -(T:VV), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1, 2,3. This term may usually be neglected, except for
systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (d In p/d In T)p is zero for fluid with constant p.
850 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.9 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY FOR PURE NEWTONIAN

FLUIDS WITH CONSTANT" p AND
[pCpT/Dt = kV2T +
Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

* ^ = \ + + 2 2
(.9-1)
z
Sz) |_
Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):

Hr{rf)-
v
p (dT _,_ dT o dT
(B.9-2)b
2 6>02 ^z2j

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

pL \

1 v71

1
V&
1
V<i>
It 1 ^ 1 cin fl ^ 1 1 1 67 i I
, (.9-3)/;
\dt ' 'dr ' ' rsin ) L Sin vv \ OV 2 s i n 2 ^ <?</>2J

a
This form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumptions = constant and {d In pi In T)t,Dp/Dt = 0. The
assumption p = constant is given in the table heading because it is the assumption more often made.
b
The function is given in B.7. The term /, is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients.

B.1O THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES a

IN TERMS" OF )a
[pDtjJDt = -(V

Cartesian coordinates (x, yf z):

z (B.10-1)
dz J
Cylindrical coordinates (r, , z):

() () 1>0 da>a do)a\

r + Vz = + (B.10-2)

\ dt Vr
3 < ~de~ ~dz~) ~\J~dr^r]ar' ~r~de+~>

Spherical coordinates (r, , ):

() ) ve )

\ dt Vy
r sin d )
\_12

dr
2
(r /> ) 1ar
l
Sin de \JaO > ) ~H
S i n + ra (B.10-3)
r

a
To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of J* make the following replacements:
Replace p ] v ra

by V* Ra-Xaf,Rfi
3 1
 B.ll The Equation of Continuity for Species A in Terms of OJA for Constant 851

B.ll THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES A

IN TERMS OF <oA FOR CONSTANT" p<3)AB
2
p<d)ABV (DA + rA]

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

(( ) () U2a>A ()
v SWA
) , + ^ 1+ r

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):

^ ^2 n2 1
1 ) ) Ve do)A
1 (x)A u>A
[- * j
Spherical coordinates (, , ):

) ) v0 > 1 ( 2
\ , 1 ( .

(.11-3)

obtain the corresponding equations in terms of xA, make the following replacements:
Replace p con v ra
N
by v* RQ - xQ 2 Rp
8 1