Electrical Fundamentals

Electrical Fundamentals My Notes and Calculations
Chapter 1
Electrical Fundamentals
Objective
To begin your study of electrical systems, it is important that you understand the
fundamental concepts of what makes electricity work. In this section you will learn
what electricity is and the various terms used to describe it. These concepts are
vital to an understanding of electrical systems and provide a basis on which to
learn more about electrical power.
Fundamentals
The Atom
Bohrs Atom
To understand electricity, we must begin with the fundamental building block of
matterthe atom. Niels Bohr developed a basic model of the atom that resembles
the solar system. Like a sun with orbiting planets, an atom is comprised of a
nucleus with orbiting electrons.
The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge,
neutrons have no charge, and
the orbiting electrons carry a
negative charge.
Electron Transfer
When a force such as friction
or a magnetic field influences
an atom, electrons can be
transferred from one atom
to another. This principle of
transferring electrons is the Figure 1.1 Electron transfer
basis for electricity.
2
Units and Symbols

Constants
When learning to understand a physical system, there are generally several
parameters involved in the analysis. A constant is a system parameter that does
not change. Constants include parameters such as mass and length. In an electrical
circuit, some constant parameters include resistance, capacitance, and inductance.
You will notice that each parameter is given a name, letter, unit, abbreviation, and
graphic symbol.
Variables
A variable is a parameter in a system that can change
or be adjusted. Variables include parameters such
as temperature and pressure.
In an electrical circuit the variable parameters are
charge, current, voltage, power, and time. Once
again, you will notice that each parameter is given Figure 1.2 Common
a name, letter, unit, abbreviation, and graphic variables
symbol.
SI Prefixes Multiplier SI Prefix Symbol
109 Giga G
Constants and variables are often
106 Mega M
expressed in powers-of-ten notation.
Powers-of-ten notation also has a 103 Kilo k
condensed form known as SI prefixes. 102 Hecto h
SI means Standards International, 101 Deka da
which is an international group that 10-1 Deci d
helps to define the use of variables 10-2 Centi c
and constants. 10-3 Milli m

10-6 Micro
Table 1.1 shows common prefixes
10-9 Nano n
with their specific power-of-ten
10-12 Pico p
multiplier. Some examples of the
more common prefixes are gigawatts,
milliamps, kilohms and microfarads. Table 1.1 SI prefixes and their
respective symbols
4
For example, 9 kilohms is equal to nine times ten raised to the third power, or nine
thousand ohms.
Charge
Charge is the basis of all electricity. It is represented by the letter Q and is measured
in units of coulombs. The letter C is used to abbreviate coulombs. Charge is
schematically illustrated with the letter Q along with a plus or minus sign to denote
a positive or negative charge.
Remember from our discussion
of the Bohr atom that electrons
and protons carry a charge. The
charge on an electron is minus
1.602 x 10-19 coulombs and the
charge on a proton is positive
1.602 x 10-19 coulombs. Figure 1.3 Charges
When the net charge of an atom is zero, meaning that it is neither positive
nor negative, it is said to be neutral. If a force such as a voltage is placed on the atom
with enough energy to push or pull an electron out of orbit, it will subsequently
force an electron from an adjacent atom out of its orbit and so on.
Lets look at the atoms inside a copper wire.
The transfer of one electron results in a
complete string of electrons transferring to
adjacent atoms around the loop. If the force
is removed, the atoms in the copper wire
stop transferring or are neutral. If the force
is maintained and is of sufficient magnitude
Figure 1.4 Electron transfer
to continue forcing the electron exchange, within a wire
we say that a current exists.
Voltage
Voltage, V, is the force that pushes charge through a circuit to produce current.
Often, voltage is compared to pressure. Voltage is also referred to as EMF, which
stands for electromotive force.
6
Voltage is represented by the letter V and measured in units of volts. The letter V
is also used to abbreviate volts. Voltage can be schematically illustrated in various
ways. In electrical circuits, batteries are often used to produce a constant voltage.
Current
Defined
Current is the circuit variable represented by the letter I and is measured in
units of amperes. The letter A or amps is used to abbreviate amperes. Current is
schematically illustrated with an arrow to show the direction of current flow.
Current is defined as the rate at which electrons flow in an electrical circuit and is
mathematically defined as,
Equation 1.1
Q (C)
I (amps) =
t (s)
where Q is the charge in coulombs and t is the time in seconds.
Remember, a current exists if electrons are flowing.
Density
Current density, J, is a term used to express the degree of electron crowding. The
need for the expression comes from the fact that the temperature of a wire will go
up as the current density is increased. Sufficiently high temperatures can damage
insulation and even cause a fire.
Equation 1.2
Current
Current Density =
Area
8
Example 1.1
A copper wire carrying 3000 A has a cross sectional area of 2 in2. Calculate the
current density in the wire.
Solution: Substituting the values into Equation 1.2 we get:
3000 A
J=
2 in 2
Answer: 1500 Amps / in 2
It is recommended that copper usually be held to a current density of less than
1000 A / in2. The 1500 A / in2 in Example 1.1 could cause excessive heat in the
wire and result in damage.
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy, E, is a variable that describes the amount of power consumed or
supplied in a certain period of time. It can be expressed in many ways but is always
the product of power and time. Electrical energy is commonly expressed in watt
hours (W hr) and kilowatt hours (kW hr).
Equation 1.3
Energy = Power x time
Example 1.2
A 100 W light bulb is turned on for 20 hours, as seen in Figure 1.9 above. Calculate
the energy consumed by the light bulb.
Solution: Substituting the values into Equation 1.3, we get:
E = 100 W x 20 hrs
Answer: 2000 W hr or 2 kW hr
Basic Physics
Resistance
Resistance is the opposition to electron flow. Resistance is represented by the letter
R and measured in units of ohms. The Greek letter is used to represent ohms.
Resistance is schematically illustrated with a zigzag line.
10
Large diameter conductors have low resistance to current due to their large cross
sectional area. The resistance of a long uniform wire can be calculated according
to the formula,
Equation 1.4
x l (in)
R (ohms) =
A (in 2)
where r is the resistivity of the material, l is the length of the wire, and A is the
cross sectional area of the wire.
Remember, the larger the cross sectional area, the less resistance; the longer the
wire, the greater the resistance.
Conductance
Conductance, G, is the inverse of resistance and is measured in units of siemens. A
material is conductive if it is suitable for carrying an electric current. Gold, copper,
and silver are good conductors due to the ease with which electrons can flow
through them. Mathematically, conductance is represented as,
Equation 1.5
1
G(siemens) =
R(ohms)
Resistors
Resistors are devices fabricated for the purpose
of restricting current in a circuit. Schematically,
resistors are typically drawn with a series of
zigzag lines.
A resistors value is determined by a standard Figure 1.7 Schematic rep-
color code. Each resistor has four colored resentation of a resistor
bands, which represent its resistance in ohms.
Equation 1.6 along with Figure 1.8 show how to read the resistance of a resistor
from the color code. The first two color bands combine together to give the first
two significant digits of the resistance. The third band is a power of ten multiplier.
The fourth band gives the tolerance of the resistor value.
12
Equation 1.6
Resistance = AB x 10 M T%
Figure 1.8 Interpretation of resistor color code
Color Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
Gold 5% Tolerance
Silver 10% Tolerance
No Band 20% Tolerance
Table 1.2 Resistor color code
14
Example 1.3
Determine the resistance of the resistor shown in Figure 1.8.
Solution: From Table 1.2, red corresponds to 2, green corresponds to 5, yellow
corresponds to 4, and gold corresponds to a value of plus or minus 5 percent.
Substituting these values into Equation 1.6, we get:
Resistance = 25 x 10 4 5%
Answer: Resistance = 250,000 or 250 k
Inductance
Inductance in an electric circuit creates opposition to changes in current.
Inductance is represented by the letter L, and measured in units of henries. The
letter H is used to abbreviate henries. Inductors are schematically illustrated with
a coil.
The main purpose of an inductor is to prevent the current in a circuit from
increasing or decreasing instantaneously. An instantaneous increase in voltage in a
circuit without inductance will result in an instantaneous rise in current.
If an inductor, which opposes change in current, is introduced into the circuit, the
result will be a slower rise in current and voltage.
Inductors
Inductors are manufactured for use in electrical circuits and are rated to have a
certain amount of inductance. They are used in such devices as electric motors,
transformers, and relays. The most basic inductor consists of a coil of wire
wrapped around a core.
Mathematically, the inductance can be calculated with the equation,
Equation 1.7
N 2(turns) x A(in 2) x
L(henries) =
l(in) x 39.4
where N is the number of turns of wire, A is the cross sectional area of the core in
square inches, is the permeability of the core material, l is the length of the core
in inches, and 39.4 is a constant.
16
Example 1.4
The inductor shown below has 200 turns of wire with a cross sectional area of 0.5
in2, a permeability of 12 x 10-7 and a length of 2 in. Calculate the inductance of
the inductor.
Figure 1.9 Example of a inductor
200 2 turns x 1 0in 2 x 12 x 10 -7

L= = 0.0 0609H
2in x 39.4
Answer: L = 6.09 mH
Inductor Voltage
The voltage drop across an inductor, VL, can be calculated according to the
formula,
Equation 1.8
L(henries) x I(amps)
VL(volts) =
t(s)
where L is the inductance, I is the change in current, and t is the change in time.
The Greek letter delta, , is used to signify an incremental change.
18
Example 1.5
In the image shown below, a 0.005 H inductor is undergoing a current that changes
from 0 to 2000 A in 2 s. Calculate the voltage drop across the inductor.
Figure 1.10 Voltage across an inductor illustration

0.005II x 2000A
VL = = 5V
2s
Answer: VL = 5V
Energy Stored
The energy stored in an inductor is related to the current the inductor carries.
It is represented by WL, measured in joules, and mathematically represented by
the formula,
Equation 1.9
L(henries) x I 2(amps)
WL (joules) =
2
where L is the inductance of the inductor and I is the current.
20
Example 1.6
A 300 mH inductor carries a current of 10 A. Calculate the energy stored in the
inductor.
0.3 x 10 2
WL =
2
Answer: WL = 15 joules
Capacitance
Capacitance is the property of electricity that opposes change in voltage and allows
a circuit to store charge.
Capacitance is the circuit parameter represented by the letter C and measured in
units of farad. Farad is abbreviated with the letter F. Capacitors are schematically
illustrated with a line and an arc for polar capacitors and two parallel lines for non-
polar capacitors.
Figure 1.11 Schematic representation of a capacitor
The main purpose of capacitance is to provide additional energy when needed.

Capacitance of a capacitor, C, can be calculated according to the formula, where Q
is the charge stored in the capacitor, and V is the voltage across the capacitor.
Equation 1.10
Q(coulombs)
C(farads) =
V(volts)
22
Example 1.7
The capacitor shown here receives 5 A of current for 10 s and has a final voltage
of 20,000 V. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
Figure 1.12 Capacitance example
Solution: First, solve for the charge by rearranging Equation 1.1. Substituting the
values we get:
Q = I x t = 5 A x 10 s = 50 = Coulombs
Now, solve for the capacitance using Equation 1.10.
50C
C= = 0.0025F
20,000V
Answer: 2500F
Capacitors
Capacitors are manufactured for use in electrical circuits and are rated to have a
certain capacitance value. The most basic capacitor consists of two parallel plates
spaced by a very thin dielectric material.
24
A dielectric material is a substance that is a poor conductor of electricity but is an

efficient supporter of electrostatic fields. It is these electrostatic fields that store
the energy in a capacitor.
Figure 1.13 Parallel plate capacitor
The positive plate or anode is separated a distance or thickness, T, from the negative
plate or cathode. There is an electric field between these two plates where charge
is stored.
Parallel plate capacitors have capacitance values dependent on plate area, the
dielectric material, and the thickness and type of the dielectric material.
The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor can be determined according to the
formula,
Equation 1.11
8.85 x 10 -12 x k x A(in 2)
C(microfarads) =
T(in) x 39.4
where 8.85 x 10-12 and 39.4 are constants, k is the dielectric constant, A is the area
of the smallest plate, and T is the thickness of the dielectric.
26
Example 1.8
For the parallel plate capacitor seen in Figure 1.14, the plate area is 20 in2, the
dielectric is mica, and the dielectric thickness is 0.02 inches. Mica, k, has a value of
6. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
Figure 1.14 Parallel plate capacitor example

8.85 x 10 -12 x 6 x 20in 2
C= = 0.00135F
0.02in x 39.4
Answer: C = 0.00135 F or 1350 pF
Current
The current flowing into a capacitor, Ic, in amps equals,
Equation 1.12
C(farads) x V(volts)
IC(amps) =
t(seconds)
where C is the capacitance, V is the change in voltage, and t is the change in
time.
28
Example 1.9
Calculate the current flowing into the 200 F capacitor seen in Figure 1.15. The
graph shows the change in voltage during a 1 second timeframe.
Figure 1.15 Current through a capacitor illustration
Solution: The graph shows that the voltage goes from 0 to 5000 V in 1 s.
Substituting the given information into Equation 1.12, we get:
0.0002F x 5000V
IC = = 1A
1s
Answer: IC = 1 Amp
Voltage
The voltage across a capacitor, VC, can be calculated according to the formula,
Equation 1.13
Q(coulombs)
VC (volts) =
C(farads)
where Q is the charge stored in the capacitor, and C is the capacitance of the
capacitor.
30
Example 1.10
In Figure 1.16 a current of 5 A passes into a 100 F capacitor for 30 s. Calculate
the voltage across the capacitor.
Figure 1.16 Voltage across a capacitor illustration
Solution: The charge can be calculated from Equation 1.1:

Q = I x t = 5 A x 30s = 150 coulombs
Substituting the values into Equation 1.13 we get:
150C
VC = = 1,500,000V
100F
Answer: VC = 1.5MV
Energy Stored
The energy stored in a capacitor, EC, is related to the voltage across the capacitor.
It can be calculated according to the formula,
Equation 1.14
C(farads) x V 2(volts)
EC (joules) = 2
where C is the capacitance, and V is the voltage across the capacitor.
32
Example 1.11
The voltage across a 1000 F capacitor is 120 V. What is the energy stored in the
capacitor?
.001F x 120V
WC = 2 = 7.2J
Answer: 7.2 Joules

Electrical Laws
Ohms Law
The most basic formula used in electrical circuits
is Ohms Law. It states that current varies directly
with voltage and inversely with resistance.
A simple way to remember Ohms Law is to use
the Ohms Law triangle. To solve for resistance,
simply cover the R with your finger and you are
left with the equation,
Equation 1.15
V(volts) Figure 1.17 Ohms

R(ohms) = Law triangle
I(amps)
where V is the voltage across a resistor, and I is the current passing through the
resistor.
This simple technique will work when solving for voltage and current as well.
Equation 1.16 Equation 1.17
V(volts)
V (volts) = I (amps) x R (ohms) I(amps) =
R (ohms)
34
Example 1.12
A 10 resistor has 12 A of current passing through it. What is the voltage across
the resistor?
V = 12 A x 10 = 120 V
Answer: V = 120 V
Watts Law / Power
Power is the rate of doing work. It is the
circuit variable represented by the letter P and
measured in units of Watts. The letter W is used
to abbreviate Watts.
A power source is schematically illustrated in
various ways, but will always be labeled with the
letter P.
Watts Law allows us to calculate the power
usage in an electrical circuit and states that
Equation 1.18 Figure 1.18 Watts
Law power triangle
P (watts) = I (amps) x V (volts).
It is important to remember that in an electrical circuit, power supplies produce
energy, and power sinks, or loads, consume energy.
A simple way to remember Watts Law is to use the Power Triangle. To solve for
power, simply cover the P with your finger and you are left with Equation 1.18.
This simple technique will also work when solving for current and voltage.
P(watts) P(watts)
I(amps) = V(volts) =
V(volts) I(amps)
36
Different forms of Watts Law can be derived by substitution of the three forms
of Ohms Law into the basic power equation. Some common forms of Watts Law
include:
V2
P = I2 x R P=
R
Example 1.13
The 120 V motor seen in Figure 1.19 draws a current of 12 A. Calculate the power
output of the motor.
Figure 1.19 Motor illustration for example 1.13

P = 12 A x 120 V = 1440 W
Answer: P = 1.44 kW
SUMMARY
The atom is the fundamental building block of matter. It is composed of protons,
neutrons, and electrons. The transfer of electrons between one atom to the next
is the basis for electricity.
38
Electrical Fundamentals Electrical Fundamentals
A constant is a system parameter that does not change. Resistors are devices fabricated for the purpose of restricting current in a circuit.
A variable is a system parameter that can change or be adjusted. A resistors value is determined by a standard color code.
Equation 1.6
SI prefixes are used to represent powers-of-ten notation as seen in Table 1.1.
Charge is the basis of all electricity. The charge of an electron is -1.602 x 10-19 Resistance = AB x 10 M T%
coulombs. Inductance, L, is the circuit parameter that opposes instantaneous changes in
Voltage, V, is the force that pushes charge through a circuit to produce current. current. The most basic Inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a
core.
Current, I, is the rate at which electrons flow in an electric circuit.
Equation 1.7
Equation 1.1
N 2(turns) x A(in 2) x
Q (C) L(henries) =
I (amps) = l(in) x 39.4
T (s)
Inductors are manufactured for use in electrical circuits and are rated to have a
Current density, J, is the term used to express the degree of electron crowding. certain amount of inductance.
Equation 1.2
The voltage drop across an inductor, VL, can be calculated according to Equation
Current 1.8.
Current Density =
Area
Equation 1.8
Electrical energy, E, is the amount of power consumed or supplied in a given L(henries) x I(amps)
time period. VL(volts) =
t(s)
Equation 1.3
The energy stored in an inductor is related to the current the inductor carries.
Energy = Power x time
Equation 1.9
Resistance, R, is the opposition to electron flow. The resistance of a long uniform
L(henries) x I 2(amps)
wire is calculated according to Equation 1.4. WL (joules) =
2
Equation 1.4
x l (in) Capacitance is the property of electricity that opposes change in voltage and
R (ohms) = allows a circuit to store charge.
A (in 2)
Equation 1.10
Conductance, G, is the inverse of resistance and is measured in units of
Q(coulombs)
siemens. C(farads) =
V(volts)
Equation 1.5
1
G(siemens) =
R(ohms)
40 41
The most basic capacitor, a parallel plate capacitor, consists of two parallel FORMULAS
plates spaced by a very thin dielectric material. The capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor can be calculated according to Equation 1.11. Current
Equation 1.11 Q (C) Q (C)
I (amps) = Q(C) = I(amps) x t(s) t(s) =
8.85 x 10 x k x A(in )
-12 2
T (s) I(amps)
C(microfarads) =
T(in) x 39.4
The current flowing into a capacitor, IC, in amps equals Current Density
Equation 1.12 I I
J= I=JxA A=
C(farads) x V(volts) A J
IC(amps) =
t(seconds)
The voltage across a capacitor, VC, can be calculated according to the formula
Electrical Energy
Equation 1.13
V(W h) V(W h)
Q(coulombs) V(W h) = P(W) x t(hr) P(W) = t(hr) =
VC (volts) = t(hr) P(W)
C(farads)
The energy stored in a capacitor, WC, is related to the voltage across the
capacitor. It can be calculated according to the formula Resistance
Equation 1.14 (ohms in) x l(in) (ohms in) x l(in)
R(ohms) = A(in 2) =
C(farads) x V 2(volts) A(in 2) R(ohms)
WC (joules) = 2
A(in 2) x R(ohms) A(in 2) x R(ohms)
Ohms Law states that current varies directly with voltage and inversely with (ohms in) = l(in) =
l(in) (ohms in)
resistance.
Equation 1.15
V(volts)
R(ohms) =
I(amps)
Watts Law allows us to calculate the power usage in an electric circuit and states
that
Equation 1.18
P (watts) = I (amps) x V (volts).
42 43
Conductance Capacitance
1 1 Q(coulombs)
G(siemens) = R(ohms) = C(farads) = Q(coulombs) = C(farads) x V(volts)
R(ohms) G(siemens) V(volts)
Inductance Q(coulombs)
N 2 (turns) x A(in 2) x L(henries) x l(in) x 39.4 V(volts) =
L(henries) = A(in ) =
2 C(farads)
l(in) x 39.4 N 2(turns) x
Current through a capacitor
L(henries) x l(in) x 39.4 N (turns) x A(in ) x
2 2
C(farads) x V(volts) IC (amps) x t(seconds)
= l(in) = IC (amps) = C(farads) =
N 2(turns) x A(in 2) L(henries) x 39.4 t(seconds) V(volts)
Voltage across a capacitor

Voltage across an Inductor Q(coulombs)
Vc (volts) = Q(coulombs) = Vc (volts) x C(farads)
L(henries) x I(amps) V(volts) x t(s) C(farads)
V(volts) = L(henries) =
t(s) I(amps)
Q(coulombs)
Energy stored in an inductor C(farads) =
Vc (volts)
L(henries) x I 2(amps) EL (joules) x 2
EL (joules) = L(henries) = Energy stored in a capacitor
2 I 2(amps)
C(farads) x V 2(volts) WC (joules) x 2
EL (joules) x 2 WC (joules) = C(farads) =
2 V 2(volts)
I(amps) =
L(henries)
WC (joules) x 2
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor V(volts) =
C(farads)
8.85 x 10 -12 x k x A(in 2) C(farads) x T(in) x 39.4
C(farads) = k=
T(in) x 39.4 8.85 x 10 -12 x A(in 2) Ohms Law
V(volts) V(volts)
C(farads) x T(in) x 39.4 8.85 x 10 -12 x k x A(in 2) V(volts) = I(amps) x R(ohms) I(amps) = R(ohms) =
A(in 2) = T(in) = R(ohms) I(amps)
8.85 x 10 -12 C(farads) x 39.4
Watts Law
P(watts) P(watts)
P(watts) = I(amps) x V(volts) I(amps) = V(volts) =
V(volts) I(amps)
44 45
QUESTIONS Current 16.A light bulb consumes 50 W of power

for 10 hours. What is the amount of
12. Current is defined as the rate at which
energy consumed by the light bulb?
The Atom 7. The SI prefix _____ represents 10-3. _____.
a. 5 W hr
a. kilo a. the charge increases in an
1. Protons carry a negative charge. b. 5000 W hr
b. milli electrical circuit
a. True c. 0.5 W hr
c. nano b. electrons flow in an electrical
b. False d. 500 W hr
d. centi circuit
c. voltage changes in an electrical
2. The basis of electricity is _____. circuit Resistance, Conductance,
a. the transfer of electrons
Charge d. the temperature changes in an and Resistors
b. magnetic forces electrical circuit
c. friction forces 8. Charge is measured in _____. 17. Resistance is defined as the opposition
a. amperes to voltage.
13. Current density refers to _____.
3. Electrons carry _____. b. coulombs a. True
a. the amount of electron crowding
a. a negative charge c. farads b. False
b. the heat of the wire
b. a positive charge d. webers
c. the density of the wire carrying
c. They are neutral. 18. A wire with a cross sectional area of
the current
9. Charge is represented by the letter 1 in2 has a resistance of 200 and a
_____. resistivity of 20. What is the length of
14. A wire carries a current of 1,000 A
Units and Symbols a. W
and has a cross sectional area of 2 in2.
this wire?
b. V a. 15 in.
4. Temperature is a _____. What is the current density of the wire?
c. I b. 5 in.
a. variable a. 2000 A / in2
d. Q c. 10 in.
b. constant b. 250 A / in2
d. 20 in.
c. measurement c. 500 A / in2
d. None of the above. d. 750 A / in2
Voltage
19. A 30-inch long wire with a cross
5. The SI prefix mega represents _____. 10. Voltage is also known as _____. sectional area of 5 in2 has a resistivity
a. 103 a. current Energy of 15. What is the resistance in this
b. 101 b. EMF wire?
15. Energy is the product of _____.
c. 106 c. electric pressure a. 30
a. power and voltage
d. 10-6 d. All of the above. b. 900
b. power and amps
c. power and time c. 90
6. The symbol stands for the SI prefix 11. Voltage is represented by the letter d. power and density d. 50
_____. _____.
a. giga a. A
b. milli b. Q
c. micro c. V
d. pico d. M
46 47
20. The conductance of a wire is 3.0 24. The energy stored in an inductor is 29. A 1,000 F capacitor has 100 V across 34. Power is defined as _____.
siemens. What is the resistance of this related to the voltage drop across the it. How much energy is stored in this a. the rate of voltage rise
wire? inductor. capacitor? b. the rate of current increase
a. 30 a. True a. 7.2 J c. the rate of doing work
b. 333 m b. False b. 4 J d. All of the above.
c. 3.33 c. 50 J
d. 0.33 m 25. An inductor has an inductance of 300 d. 5 J 35. The power of a motor is 300 W and the
mH and a current of 20 A. How much current supplied to it is 30 A. What is
21. The following resistor has a value of energy is stored in this inductor? 30. The energy stored in a capacitor is 15 J the voltage across the motor?
_____. a. 15 J and the supplied voltage is 100 V. What a. 10 V
a. 25 M b. 60 J is the capacitance of this capacitor? b. 10 kV
b. 250 k c. 30 J a. 3 mF c. 10 mV
c. 2.5 M d. 45 J b. 4 mF d. 1 V
d. 25 k c. 300 F
d. 3 F
Capacitance and Capacitors
Inductance and Inductors 26. Capacitance is the property of
22. An inductor has 100 turns of wire, a electricity that opposes change in Electrical Laws
cross sectional area of 1 in2, and has a voltage and does 31. Ohms law states that current varies
permeability of 12 x 10-6. If the length not allow a circuit to store charge. directly with voltage and resistance.
of the inductor is 2 in., what is the a. True a. True
inductance? b. False b. False
a. 1.5 mH
b. 200 H 27. The anode is the positive plate of a 32. The current through a wire is 400 A
c. 0.015 mH capacitor. and the voltage is 120 V. What is the
d. 1.5 H a. True resistance of the wire?
b. False a. 300
23. An inductor has an inductance of 5 b. 0.3
mH. After two seconds, the change c. 30
28. A parallel plate capacitor has a plate
of current across the inductor is 1,000 d. 3
area of 10 in2, a dielectric constant of
A. What is the voltage across this
6, and a dielectric thickness of 0.02
inductor? 33. The resistance of a wire is 30 , and
in. What is the capacitance of the
a. 25 V the voltage drop across the wire is 60 V.
capacitor?
b. 35 V What is the current through the wire?.
a. 0.674 F
c. 2.5 V a. 2.5 A
b. 0.674 nF
d. 1.5 V b. 0.2 A
c. 0.674 pF
c. 2 A
d. 0.674 cF
d. 5 A
48 49

Electrical Fundamentals

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Electrical Fundamentals

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Electrical Fundamentals My Notes and Calculations

Units and Symbols

condensed form known as SI prefixes. 102 Hecto h

SI means Standards International, 101 Deka da

which is an international group that 10-1 Deci d

helps to define the use of variables 10-2 Centi c

and constants. 10-3 Milli m

Figure 1.8 Interpretation of resistor color code

Table 1.2 Resistor color code

Figure 1.9 Example of a inductor

Solution: Substituting the values into Equation 1.7 we get:

200 2 turns x 1 0in 2 x 12 x 10 -7

Figure 1.10 Voltage across an inductor illustration

Solution: Substituting the values into Equation 1.8 we get:

Figure 1.11 Schematic representation of a capacitor

The main purpose of capacitance is to provide additional energy when needed.

Figure 1.12 Capacitance example

A dielectric material is a substance that is a poor conductor of electricity but is an

Figure 1.13 Parallel plate capacitor

Figure 1.14 Parallel plate capacitor example

Solution: Substituting the values into Equation 1.11 we get:

Figure 1.15 Current through a capacitor illustration

Figure 1.16 Voltage across a capacitor illustration

Solution: The charge can be calculated from Equation 1.1:

Answer: 7.2 Joules

V(volts) Figure 1.17 Ohms

Figure 1.19 Motor illustration for example 1.13

Solution: Substituting the values into Equation 1.18 we get:

Voltage across a capacitor

QUESTIONS Current 16.A light bulb consumes 50 W of power

Вам также может понравиться