Implementation and Control of Switched Boost Inverter

for DC Nanogrid Applications

Ravindranath Adda, Olive Ray, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
E-mail: (raviadda, olive, santanum, ajoshi)@iitk.ac.in

AbstractSwitched boost inverter (SBI) is a single stage power DC Loads

converter that can supply both dc and ac loads simultaneously.
Unlike the traditional buck type voltage source inverter (VSI), DS
DC/DC DC/AC Local
the SBI can produce an ac output voltage that is either greater Converter Converter AC Loads
or less than the available dc input voltage. Also, the SBI Solar Panel DC Bus AC Bus
exhibits better EMI noise immunity when compared to the
VSI. These features make the SBI suitable for microgrid and Bi-Directional
Energy
nanogrid applications. In this paper, the SBI is proposed as a Storage DC/DC
power electronic interface in DC nanogrid. The structure and Converter
advantages of the proposed SBI based DC nanogrid are
discussed in detail. A closed loop control system is also Figure 1. Schematic of a DC Nanogrid.
designed for the SBI supplying both DC and AC loads using
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) approach, and it is
Ao
implemented in digital domain using Texas Instruments
TMS320F28335 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The control Vg Switched
system of SBI has been experimentally validated using a 0.5
Boost vAC Local
AC Loads
Inverter Bo
kW experimental prototype of SBI supplying both DC and AC Solar Panel
loads, and the relevant experimental results are presented in VDC
the paper. The experimental results show that the DSP based
control system shows excellent performance under the steady Bi-Directional DC Loads
Energy
state as well as during the transients in either DC or AC loads Storage DC/DC
Converter
in the system. The low cross regulation of the control system DC Bus
has also been verified for a step change in either DC or AC
load of SBI. These experimental results confirm the suitability Figure 2. Structure of the proposed SBI based DC Nanogrid.
of the SBI and its closed loop control strategy for DC nanogrid
applications. Da V L iL
sn1 Vi
vL
I. INTRODUCTION GS S1 D1 S3 D3
S Db Lf i Lf iAC Ao
DC nanogrid is a low power dc distribution system
A
suitable for residential power applications [1]-[3]. The Vg VDC Cf vAC AC Load
average load demand in the nanogrid is generally met by the iC i DC
B
Bo
local renewable energy resources like solar, wind, etc. An S4 D4 S2 D2
C
energy storage unit is also required to ensure uninterruptible DC Load

power supply to the critical loads and to maintain power

balance in the nanogrid.
Fig. 1 shows the schematic of a DC nanogrid consisting
of a solar panel as an energy source, a storage unit and some
dc and local ac loads. As the dynamic behaviors of all these
different units of nanogrid are not uniform, they are
interfaced to a common DC Bus using power electronic
converters as shown in Fig. 1. Each DC load in the nanogrid
Figure 3. Circuit diagram of Switched Boost Inverter supplying both DC and
AC loads.
also has its own power electronic interface [1]-[3] which is
not shown in Fig. 1.
In the nanogrid structure of Fig. 1, three different power
converter stages are used to interface the renewable energy

978-1-4673-0803-8/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE 3811

source, energy storage unit and the local AC loads in the compared to ZSI is that it can supply both DC and AC loads
system to the DC bus. This paper proposes another structure simultaneously from a single DC input as shown in Fig. 3.
of the DC nanogrid using Switched Boost Inverter (SBI) [4], This section presents the steady state analysis of SBI
[12] as a power electronic interface. Fig. 2 shows the supplying both DC and AC loads, and the expression for the
structure of the proposed SBI based DC nanogrid, and Fig. 3 DC and AC output voltages of SBI.
shows the circuit diagram of the SBI. The proposed structure
has the following advantages when compared to the A. Steady state operation of SBI
conventional structure [1]-[3] shown in Fig. 1. To explain the steady state operation of the SBI, assume
that the inverter is in shoot-through zero state for duration
1. SBI is a single stage power converter that can supply D.TS in a switching cycle TS. The switch S is also turned on
both DC (across Capacitor C) and AC loads (between during this interval. As shown in the equivalent circuit of
nodes AO and BO) simultaneously. So, it can realize both Fig. 4 (a), the inverter bridge is represented by a short circuit
the DC to DC Converter for solar panel and the DC to during this interval. The diodes Da and Db are reverse biased
AC converter in a single stage. This decreases size and (as VDC > Vg) and the capacitor C charges the inductor L
cost of overall system. through switch S and the inverter bridge. The inductor
2. The output AC voltage of SBI can be either higher or current in this interval equals the capacitor discharging
lower than the available source voltage. So, it has wide current minus the DC load current.
range of obtainable output voltage for a given source For the remaining duration in the switching cycle (1-
voltage. D).TS, the inverter is in non shoot-through state and the
3. SBI exhibits better EMI noise immunity when compared switch S is turned off. The inverter bridge is represented by a
to a traditional voltage source inverter, as the shoot- current source in this interval as shown in the equivalent
through due to EMI noise will not damage the inverter circuit of Fig. 4 (b). Now, the voltage source, Vg, and
switches [4]-[5]. This reduces extra burden on the power inductor L together supply power to the DC load, inverter
converter protection circuit. and the capacitor through diodes Da and Db. The inductor
current in this interval equals the capacitor charging current
4. As the SBI allows shoot-through in the inverter legs, it added to the inverter input current and the DC Load current.
doesnt require a dead-time circuit and hence eliminates Note that the inductor current is assumed to be sufficient
the need for complex dead-time compensation enough for the continuous conduction of the diodes Da, Db
technologies [6]-[7]. for the entire interval (1-D).TS.
This paper describes a structure of the SBI based DC Fig. 4 (c) shows the steady state waveforms of the
nanogrid and its advantages compared to the conventional converter operation for one switching cycle TS with respect
structure shown in Fig. 1. This paper also presents the steady to the gate control signal GS of switch S. From Fig. 4 (a) and
state analysis of SBI supplying both DC and AC loads, its Fig. 4 (b), one has,
closed loop control strategy, and the experimental
verification of the closed loop control system using a v DC (t ) if 0 < t < D.TS
v L (t ) = (1)
laboratory prototype. Section II describes the steady state Vg v DC (t ) if D.TS < t < TS
analysis of SBI supplying both DC and AC loads. The
analysis and design of a closed loop control system for the iL (t ) iDC (t ) if 0 < t < D.TS
SBI has been given in Section III. In Section IV, the control iC (t ) = (2)
strategy has been experimentally validated using a 0.5 kW iL (t ) iDC (t ) ii (t ) if D.TS < t < TS
laboratory prototype of SBI controlled using
TMS320F28335 DSP. Section V presents some concluding 0 if 0 < t < D.TS (3)
vi (t ) =
remarks of the paper. vDC (t ) if D.TS < t < TS
Note that, in this paper, small letters are used to represent Using small ripple approximation, equations (1) to (3)
sinusoidal signals and capital letters are used to represent DC can be rewritten as,
signals. Also X is phasor representation of a sinusoidal
signal x. The superscript * is used to represent the reference VDC if 0 < t < D.TS
v L (t ) = (4)
signals to the control system of DC Nanogrid. Vg VDC if D.TS < t < TS
II. THE SWITCHED BOOST INVERTER TOPOLOGY I L I DC if 0 < t < D.TS
iC (t ) = (5)
Switched Boost Inverter (SBI) is a single stage power I L I DC I i if D.TS < t < TS
converter derived from Inverse Watkins Johnson (IWJ)
0 if 0 < t < D.TS (6)
Topology [4]-[5]. Similar to a Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) [8], vi (t ) =
the SBI also utilizes the shoot-through state of the inverter VDC if D.TS < t < TS
bridge (both switches in one leg of the inverter are turned on
simultaneously) to generate an ac output voltage higher than Here, VDC , I L , and I DC are DC components in vDC (t ) ,
the available dc source voltage. The advantage of SBI when iL (t ) , iDC (t ) respectively and I i is the current drawn by

3812
inverter bridge in (1-D).TS interval. Under steady state, the through the capacitor in one switching cycle should be zero.
average voltage across the inductor and average current Using volt-sec balance we have,
iL VDC 1 D
VDC D + (Vg VDC ) (1 D ) = 0
Da Vsn1 L Vi (7)
=
vL Vg 1 2 D
Db
S Similarly, using charge-sec balance one can write,
Vg VDC
( I L I DC ) D + (I L I DC I i ) (1 D ) = 0
iC i DC
DC Load 1 1 D (8)
C IL = I DC + Ii
1 2D 1 2D

(a) The average dc link voltage Vi can be calculated as,

Da Vsn1 L iL Vi Vi = 0 D + VDC (1 D ) = VDC (1 D ) (9)

vL The expression for conversion ratio (VDC Vg ) is plotted
Db
S
in Fig. 4 (d). As shown in the figure, (VDC Vg ) is unity when
Vg VDC ii D = 0 and it becomes very high as D approaches 0.5. Note
iC i DC that, similar to a Z-Source Inverter [8], the shoot-through
C DC Load duty ratio (D) of the SBI also cannot exceed 0.5 for a
positive DC bus voltage, VDC.
B. Expression for AC output voltage of SBI
(b)
The ac output voltage of SBI depends on the Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) strategy used to control the SBI. Note
that as the operation of SBI is similar to that of a ZSI, it is
possible to extend most of the PWM techniques of ZSI [8]-
[11] to control the SBI. In this paper, a modified unipolar
sine-triangle PWM control strategy developed in [12] is used
to control the SBI. With this PWM control technique, the
peak value of the AC output voltage vAC is given by [12],

(c)
(d)
Figure 4. (a) Equivalent circuit of SBI in D.TS interval, (b) Equivalent
circuit of SBI in (1-D).TS interval, (c) Steady state waveforms, and (d)
Transfer (DC-DC) characteristics of SBI.
( )
VAC = VAB fundmental
1 D
= M VDC = M Vg (10)
1 2D
where M is the modulation index of the inverter bridge. Note
that the equation (10) is valid only if the sum of modulation
index (M) and shoot-through duty ratio (D) of SBI is less
than unity [12].
III. A CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SBI
SUPPLYING BOTH DC AND AC LOADS
Fig. 5 (a) shows the closed loop control architecture of
the SBI supplying both DC and AC loads simultaneously. In
this scheme, the task of the controller is to generate gate
signals (GS, GS1, GS2, GS3, and GS4) for SBI shown in Fig. 3
such that the voltages at the DC bus (VDC) and the AC bus
*
(vAC) are regulated to their respective reference values VDC
*
and vAC . As shown in Fig. 5 (a), the controller for the DC
nanogrid has been implemented in digital domain using
Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 DSP [17]. This DSP has
a built-in 12-bit ADC that accepts analog feedback signals
(VDC, vAC, and iLf) from SBI and converts them into digital
domain. These feedback signals along with the reference
signals for the AC and DC bus voltages are given as inputs
to the controller block. Note that, as the AC bus voltage

3813
controller is designed using synchronous reference frame order to reduce the extra computational burden on the DSP.
*
approach [13], the reference for AC bus voltage vAC is As shown in Fig. 5 (a), the control system has a DC bus
directly given in dq domain ( Vd* , Vq* , and ) in Fig. 5 (a), in voltage controller that regulates the DC bus voltage, VDC to

(a)

(b) (c)
Figure 5. (a) Complete Block diagram of the DSP based controller for the SBI supplying both DC and AC loads, (b) Outer voltage controller, and (c) Inner
current controller. Lf, and Cf are the inverter output filter parameters shown in Fig. 3.

3814
 *
its reference value, VDC . The output of this controller is the
shoot-through duty ratio D of the SBI. The AC Bus voltage
controller has a cascaded control structure with an inner
current controller block and an outer voltage controller block
as shown in Fig. 5 (a). The detailed view of these two
controllers is given in Fig. 5 (b) and Fig. 5 (c). Note that, as
the AC bus voltage controller is implemented using SRF
approach, the feedback signals (vAC, iLf) should also be
transformed from single phase (1) to dq domain. This
transformation involves the following two steps.
Step 1: 1 to transformation
The sensed sinusoidal voltage vAC of SBI is passed
through a Quadrature Signal Generator (QSG) that is based
on Second-Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI) [14]-[15].
The tuning frequency of the SOGI is set to the input
frequency as shown in Fig. 5 (a). The outputs of the SOGI-
QSG are two in-quadrature sinusoidal signals v and v such
that V = VAC and V = ( j1).VAC . Similar technique is used to
transform the sensed sinusoidal current iLf into domain as
shown in Fig. 5 (a).
Step 2: to dq transformation
In this step, the sinusoidal signals (v, v) and (i, i) are
pre-multiplied by the transformation matrix, T as given in
equation (11) below.
Vd v I d i
Vq = [T ].v and I q = [T ].i
(11)
sin cos
where T =
cos sin
Note that as the controller is designed for a standalone
system, the value of is generated by integration of the
input , as shown in Fig. 5 (a). As a result of the
transformation given in (11), these sinusoidal signals are
transformed into DC signals (Vd, Vq) and (Id, Iq) respectively.
Now the sensed feedback signals are in dq domain and can
be given as inputs to the AC bus voltage controller as shown
in Fig. 5 (a). The outputs of the AC bus voltage controller are
the modulation signals of the SBI in dq domain, i.e., Md and
Mq. From these two DC signals in dq domain, the sinusoidal
modulation signal, m of SBI can be obtained using dq to 1
transformation given in the equation below.
m = M d . sin + M q . cos (12)
The outputs of the controller (D and m) are given as
inputs to the ePWM modules of DSP which are the key
peripherals to generate the PWM signals of SBI. In this
paper, the modified unipolar sine-triangle PWM technique of
SBI described in [12] is followed to generate the PWM
control signals for SBI. Note that, in steady state, the
amplitude and frequency of the AC output voltage of SBI
(vAC) equals Vd* and respectively.
3815
IV. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
A 500 W laboratory prototype of the SBI supplying both
DC and AC loads, shown in Fig. 3, is developed to verify the
closed loop control strategy given in the paper. Fig. 6 shows
the block diagram of the complete experimental setup. Note
that in this paper, opto-coupler based gate drivers are used to
drive all five switches of the SBI. Fig. 6 (b) shows the
schematic of gate drive circuit, GD1 for switch S1. Similar
circuit is used to drive all other switches of the converter.
Also, as shown in block diagram of Fig. 6 (a), the AC load of
the SBI is isolated from the power converter stage using a
1:5 isolation transformer to provide flexibility in the voltage
levels of the prototype. However, this may not be required in
the actual implementation of the Nanogrid [1]-[2].
Table I and Table II list the parameters and components
used for the experimental verification. The closed loop
control strategy has been implemented using the Texas
instruments TMS320F28335 DSP as mentioned in previous
*
sections. The DSP takes the reference signals ( VDC , Vd* , Vq* ,
and ) and feedback signals (VDC, iLf, and vAC) from SBI as
inputs and generates the gate signals (GS, GS1, GS2, GS3, and
GS4) of SBI as explained in section III.
TABLE I. PARAMETERS USED FOR EXPERIMENT
Parameter/Component Attributes
Input Voltage (Vg) 48 V
Fundamental frequency (fO) 50 Hz
Switching frequency (fS) 10 kHz
Inductor (L) 850 H
Capacitor (C) 1000 F
Output Filter Inductor (Lf) 1.0 mH
Output Filter Capacitor (Cf) 10 F
AC Load (Resistive)
DC Load (Resistive)
210 , 250 W
70 , 250 W
Turns ratio of the isolation transformer (1:N) 1:5
TABLE II. COMPONENTS USED FOR EXPERIMENT
Component Manufacturer
S1, S2, S3, S4 G7PH42UD (IR Corp.)
S G20B120U (IR Corp.)
Da, Db 60CPF12 (Vishay Semiconductors)
Gate Driver M57959L (Mitsubishi Electric Corp.)
A. Steady state operation of the SBI
Fig. 7 shows the steady state waveforms of the SBI
supplying both DC and AC loads with an input voltage, Vg =
48 V. A 250 W DC load and a 250 W AC load are connected
to the DC bus and the AC bus of the SBI respectively. The
reference signals for the closed loop control system of SBI
*
are: VDC = 130 V, Vd* = 65 V, Vq* = 0 V, and = 100
rad/sec. Note that the reference value for vAC is chosen such
that the AC load voltage is equal to 230 V RMS ( = 5 46 V ).
Table III compares the actual voltages at various nodes of the
SBI with their respective reference values. From Fig. 7 and
Table III, it is clear that the actual voltages are matching well
with their respective reference signals. This confirms that the
switched boost inverter can be used as a power electronic
interface in a DC nanogrid with both DC and AC loads.
 Da Vsn1 L iL Vi
vL
G S1 G S3
GS GD1 S1 D1 GD3 S3 D3
GD S Db Lf iLf 1:N iAC
A
Vg
VDC
Cf vAC N.vAC AC Load
B
iC i DC G S4 G S2
GD4 S4 D4 GD2 S2 D2 Isolation
C Transformer
DC Load

GS G S1 G S4 G S3 G S2

Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 DSP

Vd* Vq* w *
VDC VDC iLf vAC
Reference Signals for AC and DC Load voltages of SBI Sensed Feedback Signals from SBI

(a)
Vi

RG
+5V S1 D1

M57959L
Opto-isolated 47 uF 15 V
Gate Drive r IC
G S1 47 uF 10 V A

From DSP Isolated DC

Power Supply
GD 1

(b)
Figure 6. (a) Complete Block diagram of the experimental setup, and (b) Schematic of the gate driver circuit for switch S1 (GD1).

TABLE III. COMPARISON OF ACTUAL VOLTAGES OF THE SBI IN FIG. 7

WITH THEIR REFERENCE SIGNALS (N = 5)
VDC
Signal name Reference signal Actual value in Fig. 6
Input voltage - Vg = 48 V (DC)
Vg DC bus voltage *
(DC Load voltage)
VDC = 130 V VDC = 130 V (DC)
* *
Transformer Vd = 65 V; Vq = 0
vAC = 46 V (RMS)
primary voltage *
vAC = 46 V (RMS)
*
vAC Transformer N Vd = 325 V (peak) N Vd = 325 V (peak)
secondary voltage
* N vAC = 230 V (RMS)
(AC Load voltage) N v AC = 230 V (RMS)
N.vAC Frequency f = /2 = 50 Hz f = /2 = 50 Hz

B. Performance of the closed loop control system with a

step change in either AC or DC load
To test the dynamic performance of the closed loop
Figure 7. Steady state operation of SBI. control system, a step change has been applied in both AC

3816
 VDC
N.vAC
iAC
(a)
VDC
IDC
N.vAC
(c)
Figure 8. Performance of the controller with (a) 20% step-down change in AC Load current (iAC), (b) 20% step-up change in AC Load current
(iAC), (c) 20% step-down change in DC Load current (IDC), and (d) 20% step-up change in DC Load current (IDC).
and DC loads of SBI separately, and the corresponding
experimental results are presented in Fig. 8. In all these
figures, the signal shown in channel 1 (orange) represents the
AC or DC load current (iAC or IDC). It can be observed from
these figures that both the DC bus (VDC) and AC bus (vAC)
voltages are maintained to be constant by the closed loop
controller even during a step change in either AC load or DC
load. This confirms that the DSP based closed loop control
system presented in this paper shows excellent dynamic
performance as well as low cross regulation of AC and DC
bus voltages of SBI.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a structure of the DC nanogrid using
Switched Boost Inverter (SBI) as power electronic interface.
The advantages of the proposed structure compared to the
traditional structure of the DC nanogrid are also discussed in
3817
VDC
N.vAC
iAC
(b)
VDC
IDC
N.vAC
(d)
this paper. It is also shown that the SBI can supply both DC
and AC loads simultaneously from a single DC input. The
steady state operation and mathematical analysis of the SBI
supplying both DC and AC loads is also given in this paper.
This paper also presents a synchronous reference frame
based closed loop control strategy for SBI that can regulate
both DC and AC output voltages to their respective reference
values during steady state as well as during step change in
either DC or AC load of SBI. The closed loop control
strategy has been implemented in digital domain using
TMS320F28335 DSP. The steady state and dynamic
performance as well as the low cross regulation of the closed
loop control strategy have been experimentally validated
using a 0.5 kW laboratory prototype of SBI supplying both
DC and AC loads simultaneously from a 48 V DC input. The
experimental results confirm that the SBI and its closed loop
control strategy are suitable for DC nanogrid applications.
 REFERENCES
[1] D. Boroyevich, I. Cvetkovic, D. Dong, R. Burgos, F. Wang, and F. C.
Lee, Future Electronic Power Distribution Systems A
contemplative view, in Proc. 12th IEEE International Conference on
Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Basov, 2010,
pp. 1369-1380.
[2] J. Schonberger, R. Duke, and S. D. Round, DC-Bus Signalling: A
distributed control strategy for a hybrid renewable Nanogrid, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1453-1460, 2006.
[3] H. Kakigano, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, Low-Voltage Bipolar-Type DC
Microgrid for Super High Quality Distribution, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3066-3075, 2010.
[4] Santanu Mishra, Ravindranath Adda, and Avinash Joshi, Inverse
Watkins-Johnson topology based inverter, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 10661070, Mar. 2012.
[5] Santanu Mishra, Ravindranath Adda, and Avinash Joshi, Switched-
boost Inverter based on Inverse Watkins-Johnson Topology, in Proc.
3rd IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Phoenix,
2011, pp. 4208-4211.
[6] L. Chen, and F. Z. Peng, Dead-Time Elimination for Voltage Source
Inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 574580,
Mar. 2008.
[7] S. H. Hwang, and J. M. Kim, Dead-Time Compensation Method
Voltage-Fed PWM Inverter, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25,
no. 1, pp. 110, Mar. 2010.
[8] F. Z. Peng, Z-source inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no.
2, pp. 504510, Mar./Apr. 2003.
[9] P. C. Loh, D. Vilathgamuva, Y. S. Lai, G. Chua, and Y. Li, Pulse-
width modulation of Z-source inverters, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1346 1355, Nov. 2005.
[10] F. Z. Peng, M. Shen, and Z. Qian, Maximum Boost Control of the Z-
Source Inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 4, pp.
833 838, July 2005.
[11] M. Shen, J. Wang, A. Joseph, F. Z. Peng, L. M. Tolbert, and D. J.
Adams, Constant boost control of the z-source inverter to minimize
current ripple and voltage stress, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no.
3, pp. 770778, May/Jun. 2006.
[12] Ravindranath Adda, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, A PWM
control strategy for switched boost inverter, in Proc. 3rd IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Phoenix, 2011,
pp. 42084211.
[13] U.A. Miranda, M. Aredes, and L.G.B. Rolim, A DQ Synchronous
Reference Frame Current Control for Single-Phase Converters, in
Proc. 36th IEEE Power Electron. Specialists Conf. (PESC), Recife,
2005, pp. 1377-1381.
[14] P. Rodriguez, R. Teodorescu, I. Candela, A. Timbus, M. Liserre, and
F. Blaabjerg, New positive-sequence voltage detector for grid
synchronization of power converters under faulty grid conditions, in
Proc. 37th IEEE Power Electron. Specialists Conf. (PESC), Jeju,
2006, pp. 17.
[15] M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, A new single-phase
PLL structure based on second order generalized integrator, in Proc.
37th IEEE Power Electron. Specialists Conf. (PESC), Jeju, 2006, pp.
16.
[16] D. G. Holmes and T. A. Lipo, Pulse Width Modulation for Power
Converters: Principles and Practice. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press,
2003.
[17] Texas Instruments, TMS320F28335 Digital Signal Controller (DSC):
Data Manual [online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/sprs439i/
sprs439i.pdf

3818