Chapter 15

NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES
FOUNDATION FOR IIT-JEE(MAINS),NEET(MEDICAL)

Unite :- 15 Waves rjaxs
;kaf=d rjaxsa (Mechanical wave):- ;kaf=d rjax fdlh ek/;e esa mRiUUk gqvk og] fo{kksHk
;k gypy gS tks viuk Lo:Ik cnys fcuk]
ek/;e esa vkxs c<+rk gSA tSls& kkar ty esa dadM ekjus ls mRiUUk fo{kksHk ;k gypyA
;kaf=d rjaxksa ds izdkj %& ;kaf=d rjaxs nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1-vuqizLFk ;kaf=d rjaxs %& tc fdlh ek/;e esa ;kaf=d rjaxs lapfjr gksrh gS rks ek/;e ds d.k
rjax ds pyus dh fnkk ds yEcor daiu
djrs gq, vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gS bl izdkj dh rjaxs vuqizLFk rjaxs dgykrh gSA
tSls %& jLlh ds ,d fljs dks n`<+ vk/kkj ls ckWa/kdj rFkk nwljs fljs dks gkFk ls
>Vdk nsus ij mRiUUk rjax A ;s rjaxs Jàxk rfkk xrZ ds :Ik esa vkxs c<+rh gSA
,d Jàx (Crest) ls nwljs Ja`x vFkok ,d xrZ ls xrZ ds chp dh nwjh rjax

nS/;Z dgykrh gSA bls ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
2- vuqnS/;Z ;kaf=d rjaxs %& tc fdlh ek/;e esa ;kaf=d rjax lapfjr gksrh gS] rks ek/;e ds d.k
rjax ds pyus dh fnkk ds vuqfnk daiu
djrs gq, vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gS] vuqnS/;Z rjax dgykrh gSA
tSls%&fLizax dks ,d fljs ls dl nsa rFkk nwljs fljs dks [khapdj
NksM nsus ij mRiUUk rjaxsaA
;g rjaxs laihMUk rFkk fojyu ds :Ik esa vkxs c<+rh gSA ,d
laihMu ls nwljs laihMUk rFkk ,d fojyu ls nwljs fojyu dh
nwjh rjaxnS/;Z dgykrh gSA
1- rjax dk pyuk ek/;e ds nks xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA izR;kLFk] tM+Ro
2- vuqizLFk rFkk vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa ds lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko;drk
gksrh gS] ijUrq fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds fy, ugha A
3- vuqnS/;Z rjaxs lHkh izdkj ds ek/;eksa Bksl]nzo]xSl rhuksa esa mRiUUk gks ldrh
gSA
4- vuqizLFk rjaxsa dsoy Bkslksa esa gh mRiUUk gksrh gS] ftuesa n`<+rk gksrh gSA
vk;ke(Amplitude):- ek/;e dk daiudkjh d.k viuh e/;eku fLFkfr ds nksuks vksj] vf/kd ls vf/kd
ftruk foLFkkfir gksrh gS] vk;ke
dgykrk gSA bls a ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
vkorZdky(Time Period):- ek/;e dk ,d d.k vik ,d daiu iwjk djus esa ftruk le; ysrk gS] og mldk
vkorZdky dgykrk gSA
bls Tls iznfkZr djrs gSA
vko`fk (Frequency) :- ek/;e dk dksbZ d.k 1sec esa ftrus daiu iwjk djrk gS] og mldh vko`fk
dgykrh gSA bls hls iznfkZr djrs
gSA bldk ek=d Heartz gksrk gSA

dyk %& dyk fdlh{k.k fdlhd.k dh fLFkfr dks O;Dr djrh gS bls ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
rjax nS/;Z (Wave length):- leku dyk esa fLFkr nks dzekxr d.kksa ds chp dh nwjh rjaxnS/;Z

dgykrh gSA bls ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
rjax dh pky (Wave speed):- fdlh rjax }kjk 1 sec esa pyh x;h nwjh dks rjax dh pky dgrs gSA bls
V ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
vko`fk]pky rFkk rjaxnS/;Z esa laca/k %&

ekuk fdlh oLrq }kjk ,d rjax T sec esa nwjh r; djrh gSA rc T sec esa pyh nwjh =

rc 1 sec esa pyh nwjh /T V= /T m/sec we have that n= 1/T rc V =n
vuqizLFk rjaxksa dh pky %& vuqizLFk rjaxsa dsoy Bkslksa esa gh laHko gS] D;ksafd
Bkslksa esa n`<+rk gksrh gSA
NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 1

n
V
d
rc Bksl esa rjax dh pky ......(i) ,d yphyh ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa vuqizLFk rjax dh pky
T
V
m
;fn Mksjh dh vuqizLFk dkV dh f=T;k r rFkk ?kuRo d gks rks rc ,dkad yEckbZ dk nzO;eku
m r 2 (1)d r 2 d
T T S
V S V
r 2 d r 2 d
Rkc ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa izfrcy
vuqnS/;Z dh pky
1- Bkslksa esa vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dh pky %&
4
B n
V 3
d
bls fuEu lw= ls ns ldrs gSA tgkWa B = vk;ru izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad] n= n`<rk
xq.kkad] d = ?kuRo
1
V
d
2- ;fn Bksl yEch NM+ gks rc vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dh pky
nzOkksa esa vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dh pky %&
B
V
d
fdlh nzo esa vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dh pky fuEu lw= ls ns ldrs gSA
xSlksa esa vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dh pky %&

B
V
d
xSlksa esa vuqnS/;Z rjax dh pky U;wVu us crk;k tc vuqnS/;Z rjaxsa /ofu fdlh
xSl tSls ok;q esa lapfjr gksrh gs] rks xSl dk
rki fLFkj jgrk gSA rc B xSl ds lerkih vk;ru izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad gS] ftldk eku xSl ds
izkjfEHkd nkc (P) ds cjkcj gksrk gSA rc
/ofu dh pky dks fuEu lw= ls izkir gksuh pkfg,A
P
V
d
......(ii) rc 00C ij ok;q dk nkc (P) = 1.01105 N/m2 rFkk ok;q dk ?kuRo (d) = 1.29 kg/m3
1.01 105 1.01 10 4
V
1.29 129 7.829 102 2.80 102
Rkc /ofu dh pky V= V = 280
m/sec
ijUrq 00C rki ij ok;q esa /ofu dh pky 332 eh@lS- gksrk gS] vr% U;wVu }kjk izkIr ;g eku
okLrfod eku ls de gksrk gSA vr% U;wVu
dk ;g eku xyr fl} gqvkA
ykIykl dk lakks/ku (Laplaces Correction):-

U;wVu ds iz;ksx ds 100 okZ ckn lu~ 1816 bZLoh- esa lakks/ku fd;kA mUgksaus crk;k tc
/ofu fdlh xSl tSls ok;q ls gksdj xqtjrh gS] rks
Ekk/;e esa laihMu rFkk fojyu dh fnkk,Wa ,dkUrj dze esa gksrh gSA laihMUk ds le; u rks
ek ek/;e ls ckgj tkrh gS] rc xSl dh
izR;kLFkrk :}kse izR;kLFk xq.kkad gksaxs rc /ofu dh pky
P
V
d 1. 4 V 1.4 280m / sec 332m / sec
rc 0 ok;q esa /ofu dh pky
vr% ykIykl }kjk izkIr ;g eku izk;ksfxd eku ds cjkcj gSA vr% ykIykl lakks/ku Bhd ik;k x;kA
ok;q esa vuqnS/;Z rjaxks esa nkc ] rki o vknzrk dk izHkko %&
(i)- xSl ok;q esa /ofu ds osx ij nkc dk izHkko %& ;fn 1gm v.kq xSl esa nkc P,vk;ru V
vkSj rki T gks rks xSl lehdj.k PV=RT
m P RT P
P RT Const. V
d d m d
.....(i) fu;r rki T ij rc ....(ii) lehdj.k (i) ls fu;r rki T
ij
P/d= fu;r rks V= fu;r
vr% fLFkj rki ij /ofu dh pky ij xSl ds nkc dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA D;ksfd nkc cnyus ij
xSl dk ?kuRo Hkh cny tk,xkA
(ii) rki dk izHkko (Effect of temperature):- rki c<+us ij /ofu dh pky c<+rh gSA
P P RT RT
V V orV T
d d m m
We have that ...(i) but than by equation (i)
vr% /ofu dh pky ije rki Tds oxZewy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA rc O0C= 273k ij /ofud pky
R 273
V
m
.....(i)
R(t 273)
Vt
m
the velocity of sound at temperature t0C rks T = ( t + 273)k than .....(ii)
Vt R (273) / m Vt t 273 t t
1/ 2
1 1
V0 R (t 273) / m V0 273 273 273
2nd divided by 1st ......(ii)
t t
Vt V0 1 332 1
2 273 246
by using binomial theorem ( 1+x)n = 1+nx+... So by equation 2nd
t
Vt 332 332 332 0.61t
273 Vt V0 0.61t
m/sec
Vt V0 0.61 1 V0 0.61 m / sec
;fn t = 1 C rc
0
vr% 10C dh rki o`f} ij ok;q esa /ofu dh pky
esa 0.61 m/sec
dh o`f} gks tkrh gSA
P 1
V V
d d
(iii) /ofu dh pky ij ?kuRo dk izHkko %& we have that fLFkj nkc P ij
vr% /ofu dh pky ?kuRo ds c<+us ij ?kVrh gSA

(iv) vknzrk dk izHkko ( Effect of Humidity ):- vknzrk c<+us ij] ok;q dk ?kuRo ?kV tkrk gS]
ifj.kke Lo:Ik ok;q esa /ofu dh pky c<+
Tkkrh gSA leku rki dze ij ue ok;q ckfjk esa esa /ofu dh pky kqd ok;q xfeZ;ksa esa
dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
Pue ok;q < Pkqd ok;q Vue ok;q < Vkqd ok;q ;gh dkj.k gS fd ckjhl rFkk lfnZ;ksa dh jkrksa esa
dy& dkj[kkus rFkk jsy ds lk;juksa
dh vkokt x`he xfeZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd nwjh rd lqukbZ nsrh gSA
(v) ok;q dh xfr dk izHkko %& ;fn ok;q py jgh gS] rks /ofu dh pky cny tkrh gSA ;fn /ofu dk
okLrfod osx V rFkk ok;q dh pky
Va gks rks rks 1- ok;q dh pyus dh fnkk esa /ofu dk osx = (V+ Va) gksxk
2- ok;q dh pky dh foijhr fnkk esa /ofu dh osx = (V-Va) gksxkA
(vi) ek/;e dh xfr dk izHkko (Effect of velocity of medium):-

;fn ek/;e w osx ls /ofu lapj.k dh fnkk ls dks.k ij
V V w cos
Xkfrkhy gks] rc /ofu dk ifj.kkeh osx
Note:- 1- /ofu rjaxks dh vko`fk vFkok rjax nS/;Z dk /ofu dh pky ij dksbZ izHkko ugha
iM+rkA
2- vU; dkjdks] tSls dyk] izcyrk] rkjRo] xq.krk bR;kfn dk /ofu dh pky ls dksbZ lEca/k ugha
gksrkA
/ofu dh pky rFkk oxZ ek/; ewy pky eas lEca/k (Relation between speed of sound and Root
meat square velocity) :-
RT
Vs
m
xSlh; ek/;e esa /ofu dh pky .....(i) xSl ds v.kqvksa dh oxZ ek/; ewy pky
3RT
Vrms
m
......(ii)
1/ 2 1/ 2
Vrms 3 Vs r r
Vs Vrms
Vs Vrms 3 3
(ii)/(i) ls
Note:- fofHkUUk xSlksa esa /ofu dh pky xSlksa ds fofHkUUk ?kuRo] rFkk v.kqHkkj ds oxZ
ewy ds O;qRdzekuqikrh gksrh gSA
1 V1 d2 1 V1 m2
V V
d V2 d1 m V2 m1
ls rFkk ls
Ikz?kkrh rajxs (Shock waves ) :- ;fn fdlh fi.M dh ok;q esa pky /ofu dh pky ls vf/kd gks] rc
bls
ijk/ofud (Supersonic) pky dgrs gSA ,slk fi.M vius ihNs fo{kksHk (disturebed) dk ,d kDokdkj
{ks= NksM+rk gSA tks fd cjkcj QSyrk tkrk gSA bls iz?kkrh rjaxs dgrs gSA
Ckks raxs (Bow waves):- ;s ,d izdkj dh iz/kkrh rjaxs gSA tks leqnz esa ty ds i`B ij mRiUUk
gksrh gSA tc leqnz esa oksV /ofu dh pky
Lks rst pyrh gSA rks ty ds i`B ij oks rjaxs mRiUUk gksrh gSA
Ikz 1- ok;q dh vis{kk CO2 esa /ofu vf/kd izcy lqukbZ nsrh gS \
Id
mkj %& /ofu dh rho`rk ek/;e ds ?kuRo ij fuHkZj djrh gS pwWafd CO2 dk ?kuRo ok;q
ds ?kuRo ls vf/kd gksrk gSA rks rho`rk c<+
tku ls /ofu dh izcyrk c<+ tkrh gSA
iz 2- /ofu dh pky ij nkc dk D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \

mkj %& ;fn ek/;e dk rki fLFkj jgs] rks /ofu dh pky ij nkc dk dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rk
P RT
Const.
d m
D;ksafd
Note:- 1- rki c<+us ij Bksl o nzoksa esa /ofu dk osx ?kVrk gS] D;ksafd rki c<+us ij Bksl o
nzoksa dh izR;kLFkrk ?kVrh gSA
2- nkc c<+us ij Bksl o nzoksa esa /ofu dk osx c<+rk gSA
3- iw.kZr% nz<+ fi.Mksa esa /ofu dk osx vf/kd vuar rd gksrk gSA
Ikz 3 ykSgs ds ,d yEcs ikbi ds fljs ij /ofu mRiUUk dh tkrh gS rks ikbi ds nwljs fljs ij nks /ofu
lqukbZ nsrh gS \
V E/d
mkj %& ge tkurs gSA Bksl dh izR;kLFkrk xSl ls vf/kd gksrh gS] vr% Bksl esa
/ofu dk osx ok;q esa /ofu ds osx ls vf/kd
gksrk gSA vr% ikbi dh /kkrq esa gksdj tkus okyh /ofu nwljs fljs ij igqWap tkrh gSA rFkk
ok;q esa gksdj tkus okyh /ofu ckn esa igqWaprh gSA
vr% ikbi ds nwljs fljs ij nks /ofu lqukbZ nsrh gSA
/ofu rajxs (Sound wave):- /ofu rjaxksa dk O;kid vFkZ fdlh izR;kLFk ek/;e Bksl]nzo vFkok
xSl esa lapfjr vuqnSO; rjaxks ls gSA
vko`fk ifjlj ds vk/kkj ij ;s rjax rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(a) J`R; rjaxs (Audible wave):- os vuqnS/;Z rjaxs ftuds fy, gekjs dku lqx`kgh (Sensitive) gksrs
gS] J`R; rjaxs dgykrh gSA
J`R; rjaxksa dh fokskrk,s
1- budh vko`fk 20Hz ls 20KHz ds chp gksrh gSA
f /v
2- ok;q esa (NTP) ij /ofu dk osx 330 m/sec gSA budh rjax nS/;Z ( ) 16.5 m ls 16.5 cm
ds chp gksrh gSA
3- ;s rajxs ok;q esa Lofj=] rus gq, rkj vFkok f>YYkh ds dEiUUk ls mRiUUk gksrh gSA
(b) viJ`R; rajxs (Infrasonic wave):- os rjaxs ftudh vko`fk 20 Hz ls de gksrh gSA viJÒ; rjaxs
dgykrh gSA bu rjaxks dh
izeq[k fokskrk,sa
1- ok;q esa (NTP) ij budh rjax nS/;Z 16.5m ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
2- ;s rajxs HkwdEi (p-rjaxs), Tokyk eq[kh rFkk leqnzh rjaxks }kj mRiUUk gksrh gSA gekjs
dku bu rjaxks dks lqu ugha ldrs gSA
(c) ijkJÒ; rjaxs (Ultrasonic wave):- ;s os vuqnS/;Z rjaxs gksrh gSA ftudh frequency 20KHz ls
vf/kd gksrh gSA ultrasonic
wave dgykrh gSA
ijkJÒ; rjax dh fokskrk, %&
1- ok;q esa (NTP ij) budh wave length 1.65 cm ls de gksrh gSA
2- gekjs dku bu rjaxks dks lqu ugha ldrs ijUrq] dqks] pexknM+] eNyh] ePNj vkfn bUgsa
lalwfpr (detect) dj ysrs gSA pexknM+ bu
rjaxks dks mRiUUk Hkh djrs gSA
3- budk iz;ksx leqnz esa /ofu ds ukS lapkyu ds fy, lksukj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Topic :- 2 izxkeh rjxsa ( Progressive wave) :-

Tkc dksbZ fo{kksHk fdlh ek/;e esa fdlh fufpr osx ls vkxs c<+rk gSA vkSj vkxs c<+rs
gq, tkZ dk lapj.k djrk gSA rks bls izxkeh
rjax dgrs gSA
rjax xfr dh fokskrk, (Characteristics of wave motion ):-
1- rjax fdlh ek/;e esa mRiUUk gqvk og fo{kksHk ;k gypy(disturbance) gSA tks fd viuk
Lo:Ik cnys fcuk vkxs c<+rk gSA
2- oS|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSA
3- ;kaf=d rjaxksa ds lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko;drk gksrh gSA ftlds fy, ek/;e esa nks xq.k
gksus pkfg,A
(a) izR;kLFkrk (Elasticity and inertia )
4- rjax xfr esa ek/;e ds d.k viuh fLFkfr ugha NksM+rs cfYd viuh ek/;eku fLFkfr ds ifjr%
dEiUUk djrs gSA
5- rjax xfr esa ek/;e ds d.k viuh tkZ o losx dk lapj.k ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkx rd djrs gSA
6- ek/;e ds d.kksa dks fHkUUk&fHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa ij osx fHkUUk&fHkUUk gksrk gSA tcfd
lEiw.kZ rjax fo{kksHk dk osx fu;r jgrk gSA
7-ek/;e ds izR;sd d.k dh dyk le; ds lkFk lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA
8-ek/;e ds izR;sd d.k dh dyk le; ds lkFk&lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA
9- rjax lapj.k dh fnkk esa Lk`ksr ls nwjh c<+us ij dEiUUk dhdyk ?kVrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g
GS fd ek/;e ds ftl fcUnq ij fo{kksHk
mRiUUk gksrk gSA ogkWa ds d.k igys dEiUUk djrs gsA rFkk tSls&tSls fo{kksHk vkxs
c<+rk gSA vkxs ds d.k dfEir gksus yxrs gSA
10- tc dksbZ rjax nks fHkUUk ek/;eksa ds i`Fkd dkjh i`B ek/;eksa dks vyx djus okyk
i`B ij Vdjkrh gSA rks bldk dqN Hkkx ek/;e esa
Okkil vk tkrk gSA ijkorZu rFkk ksk Hkkx nwljs ek/;e esa pyk tkrk gSA vFkkZr viofrZr
gks tkrk gSA
(a) tc rjax ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tkrh gS rks rjax dh vko`fk ugha cnyrh] bldk osx o
rjax nS/;Z cny tkrh gSA ;fn igy
v
f 1 1
1 2 v2 2
Ok nwljs ek/;e esa rjax dh pky v1 o v2 rFkk rjax nS/;Z o gks rks or
v1 v2
f
1 2
(b) ;fn i,r o t dzek% vkiru dks.k] ijkorZu dks.k rFkk viorZu dks.k gks rks ijkorZu ds fy, i = r
sin i v1

sin t v2
viorZu ds fy, LuSy dk fu;e
izxkeh rjax (Progressive wave):- tc fdlh ek/;e esa yxkrkj dEiUUk djrs gSA rks ek/;e ds lHkh
d.k ,d leku dyk esa dEiUUk
djus yxrs gSA vkSj og rjax ek/;e esa fu;r pky ls vkxs c<+rh gSA izxkeh rjax dgykrh gSA
lery izxkeh rjax %& og rjax tks fdlh ek/;e esa lery rjaxkx` ds :Ik esa vkxs c<+rh gSA lery
izxkeh rjax dgykrh gSA ;fn bl
rjax ds lapj.k esa ek/;e ds .k ljy vkorZ xfr djsa rks bls ljy vkorZ izxkeh rjax dgrs gSA
ekuk fdlh ek/;e esa ,d ljy vkorZ izxkeh rjax v osx ls x - v{k dh /ku fnkk esa xfreku gSA
ek/;e ds d.k 1,2,3,4..... gSA
ekuk le; t = 0 ij] ewy fcUnq (x=0) ij fLFkr gSA ftlls d.k dEiUUk izkjEHk djrk gSA rc t le; ij
d.k dk foLfkkiu lehdj.k
= a sin wt ......(i) rFkk ewy fcUnq ls x nwjh ij fLFkr d.k ij ;g fo{kksHk x/v time ij igqWaprk
gSA rc d.k u dk fdlh {k.k t
Ikj foLFkkiu ogh gksxk tks d.k 1 dk (t-x/v) le; ij vr% leh (i) esa t ds LFkku ij ( t- x/v)
j[kus ij
y A sin w(t x / v) F (t , x) w 2 / T
.....(ii) but
2
y A sin (t x / v )
T
Rkks leh (ii) ls

t x
y A sin 2
T v T v T
t x
y A sin 2
T
......(iii)
2t 2x 2
y A sin K
T
or j[kus ij
y A sin wt Kx
tgkW K lapj.k fu;rkad gSA
x 1
y A sin 2 nt n
T
Ikqu% lehdj.k (iii) ls vko`fk
x x
y A sin 2n t y A sin 2n t
n v n v
rks ......(iv)
;fn + x- v{k dh /ku fnkk esa lapfjr izxkeh rjax lehdj.k esa ] ;fn ewy fcUnq ij fLFkr d.k ds

dEiUUk dh izk0 dyk gks rks
x t x x
y A sin w t A sin( wt kx ) y A sin 2 A sin 2f t
v T v
;fn rjax x- v{k dh J.k fnkk esa lapfjr gksjgh gksrks] lehdj.k esa x ds LFkku ij -x fy[krs
gSA
x t x x
y A sin w t A sin( wt kx) y A sin 2 A sin 2f t
v T v
rajxkx` (Wave front):- rjax lapj.k ds le; ek/;e ds fdlh fcUnq ij ;fn
ek/;e ds lHkh d.k ,d leku dyk esa dEiUUk djsaA rc ml fcUnq iFk dks rjaxkx`
dgrs gSA ;fn izdkk L=ksr fcUnqir gS] rks izkIr rjxkx` xksyh; gksxkA
tc izdkk L=ksr var ij gks
lery izxkeh rajx dk foLFkkiu nwjh odz (Displacement distance graph of a plane progressive
wave ):-
ekuk fdlh ek/;e esa rjax x- v{k dh /ku fnkk esa xfreku gks jgh gSA rc rjax dk foLFkkiu
lehdj.k
t x x 2x
y A sin 2 y A sin 2 A sin
T
rc le; t = 0 ij
x 0 3 2x
y A sin
4 2 4
y 0 -A 0 +A 0
x 0 3
4 2 4

y 0 +A 0 -A 0
lery izxkeh rajx dk foLFkkiu le; odz (Displacement time graph of a plane progressive wave):-
ekuk dksbZ lery izxkeh rjax fdlh ek/;e esa /ku x- v{k fnkk esa xfreku rks rc rjax dk
foLFkkiu lehdj.k
t 1 t 2t
y a sin 2 y a sin 2 0 y a sin
T T T
rc d.k fLFkfr x = 0 ij ]
t ds izeq[k eku ds fy, y dh fLFkfr
t 0 T T 3T T
4 2 4
y=o 0 +a 0 -a 0
dyk rFkk dykUrj (Phase and Phase difference):- dyk fdlh {k.k dEiUUk dkjh d.k dh fLFkfr dks
O;Dr djrh gSA
rFkk foLFkkiu lehdj.k esa sine vFkok cosine ds dks.kkad (arrangement ) }kjk iznfkZr gksrh
gSA bls dyk dks.k dgrs gSA
ekuk dksbZ rjax x- v{k dh /ku fnkk esa xfreku gSA rc lery izxkeh rjax dk foLFkkiu lehdj.k
t x sin e t x
y a sin 2 2
T cos ine T
rc dyk dk dks.kkad
dykUrj rFkk iFkkUrj esa lEca/k (Relation between phase difference and path difference ):-
x
rjax lapj.k dh fnkk esa fdUgh nks fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh dks iFkkUrj dgrs gSA]
rFkk ;fn d.kksa dh ewy fcUnq ls nwfj;kWa t le; ij
t x t x
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 2 T T
x1 o x2 vkSj dyk,a o gks rks .....(i) .......(ii)
1 2 1 2
rc dykUrj ....(iii) substitute the values of o in equation (iiii)
t x t x x x 2 x
2 1 2 2 2 1
T T
2
x
x
there = Path diff, = Phase diff, = wave length
1
dykUrj rFkk lek;kUrj esa laEc/k %& ekuk d.k dh fLFkfr x gS A rFkk le; t1 o t2 dyk o
2
gks rks
t x t x
1 2 1 2 2 2
T T
.....(i) .......(ii)
1 2 1 2
rc dykUrj ....(iii) substitute the values of o in equation (iiii)

t x t x t2 t1 2 t
2 1 2 2
T T T T
2
t
T t T
there = time diff, = Phase diff, = Periodic time
rjax dh rho`rk (Antencity of wave ):- fdlh ek/;e esa rjax lapj.k dh fnkk ds yEcor~ fLFkr
i`B ds ,dkad {ks=Qy ls izfrlsd.M
izokfgr tkZ dh ek=k rjax dh rho`rk dgrs gSA bls I ls iznfkZr djrs gSA
I 2n 2 a 2vd
I = tkZ @{ks=QYklsd.M unit J/m2sec or wat/m2
2 -2 2 -3
Dimension formula I=[ML T ]/[L ][T] = [MLT ]
O;rhdj.k INTERFERENCE TOPIC

dyk lEc} izdkk L=ksr %& og izdkk L=ksr ftlls mRlftZr izdkk rjaxks ds chp dykarj
leku gks dyk lEc} izdkk L=ksr dgykrk gSA
tSls %& lksfM;e ySEi ls mRlftZr rjaxsA
O;rdj.k Interference :- tc nks leku vko`fk] leku rjax nS/;Z rFkk yxHkx leku vk;ke dh rjaxs
tc fdlh ek/;e esa fufpr fnkk
esa lapfjr gksrh gSA rks muds v/;kjksi.k ls ek/;e ds fdlh fcUnq ij izdkk dh rho`rk vf/kdre
rFkk fdlh fcUnq ij izdkk dh rho`rk
U;wure kwU;gksrh gSA izdkk dh rho`rk esa bl mrkj p<+ko dks o;rhdj.k dgrs gSA
O;rhdj.k dh ?kVuk esa u rks tkZ mRiUUk gksrh gS] vkSj u gh uV gksrh gSA oju~
tkZ dk iquforj.k gksrk gSA vr% O;rhdj.k dh
?kVuk esa tkZ laj{k.k ds fu;e dk ikyu gksrk gSA
O;rhdj.k nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
1- lEikskh O;rhdj.k (Constructive interference):- tc O;rhdkjh rjaxs ek/;e ds fdlh fcUnq ij tc leku
dyk esa feyrh gSA rks
Okg izdkk dh ro`rk vf/kdre gksrh gSA vr% O;rhdj.k laikskh O;hrdj.k dgykrk gSA
2- foukkh o;rhdj.k (Desturcitve interference):- tc O;rhdkjh rjaxs ek/;e ds fdlh fcUnq ij foijhr
dyk esa feyrh gSA ;gkWa
Ikzdkk rho`rk U;wure gksrh gSA bl O;rhdj.k dks foukkh O;rhdj.k dgrs gSA
O;rhdj.k dh xf.krh; O;k[;k (Mathematically explatation of interference ):- ekuk leku vko`fr o yxHkx
leku vk;ke a1 o
a2 dh nks rjaxs ftudk dks.kh; osx w gSA ek/;e esa fdlh fufpr fnkk esa xeu djrh gSA rFkk

bu rajxksa ds chp dykUrj gSA rFkk
y1 a1 sin wt....(i )
bUkds foLFkkiu y1 o y2 gSA rc igyh rjax dk foLFkkiu lehdj.k nwljh rjax
dk leh-
y2 a2 sin wt ....(ii ) y y1 y2
rc ifj.kkeh foLFkkiu v/;kjksi.k ds fl}kar ls .......(iii)
y a1 sin wt a2 sin wt
leh- (i) o (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij +
y a1 sin wt a2 (sin wt cos cos wt sin ) y a1 sin wt a2 sin wt cos a2 cos wt sin
+ +
y sin wt (a1 a2 cos ) a2 sin cos wt
........(iv)
a1 a2 cos A cos a2 sin A sin
Ekkuk .....(a) .....(b)

y A sin wt cos A cos wt sin
lehdj.k(a) o (b) ls lehdj.k (iv) esa eku j[kus ij +
y A[sin wt cos cos wt sin ] y A sin[ wt ]
tgkWa A ifj.kkeh rjax dk vk;ke gSA
a1 a2 cos 2 a2 sin 2 A2 cos 2 A2 sin 2
lehdj.k (a) o (b) dks oxZ djds tksM+us ij
A2 (sin 2 cos 2 ) a1 a2 cos 2 2a1a2 cos a2 sin 2
2 2 2
A2 a1 a2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) 2a1a2 cos A2 a1 a2 2a1a2 cos

2 2 2 2
.......(v)
A a1 a2 2a1a2 cos
2 2
A sin a2 sin a2 sin a2 sin

Tan Tan 1
A cos a1 a2 cos a1 a2 cos a1 a2 cos
lehdj.k(b) /(a) ls
ge tkurs gS rjax dh rho`rk vk;ke ds oxZ ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA vr% ifj.kkehrjax dh rho`rk
KA2 Ka1 Ka2 2 Ka1a2 cos
2 2
IA2 I KA2
rc lehdj.k (v) ls
I I1 I 2 2 Ka1 2 Ka2 2 cos
;fn O;rhdj.k djus okyh rjaxks dh rho`rk, I1 o I2 gks rks
I I1 I 2 2 I1 I 2 cos
.......(vi)
laikskh O;rhdj.k ds fy, (For constructive interference )
cos 1 2 / n x m
, tgkWa n = 0,1,2,3...... rc iFkkUrj rc leh- ( v) ls Amax = A1+A2
Im ax I1 I 2 2 I1 I 2 (1) Im ax I1 I 2 2
K (a1 a2 ) 2
rFkk leh- (vi) ls
Im ax K (a1 a2 ) 2
......(A)
foukkh O;rhdj.k ds fy, (For distructive interference ):-

cos 1 2m 1
U;wure rho`rk ds fy, rks tgkWa m = 1,2,3....
A min a1 a2 Amin a1 a2
2 2 2
A min a1 a2 2a1a2
2 2
Rkc lehdj.k (v) ls

I min KAmin 2 I min K a1 a2
2
Rkc U;wureh rho`rk .....(B)

I max K (a1 a2 ) 2
I max (a1 a2 ) 2

I min K (a1 a2 ) 2 I min ( a1 a2 ) 2
Rkc lehdj.k (A) / lehdj.k (B)
Topic foLiUn (Beats)
foLian (Beats) :- tc nks yxHkx leku vko`fk ds /ofu L=ksrks ls mRiUUk /ofu rjaxs ek/;e esa
fdlh fufpr fnkk esa xfreku gksrh gSA
rks muds v/;kjksi.k ls mRiUUk /ofu dh ifj.kkeh rjax dh rho`rk] ek/;e esa ,dkUrj
dze ckjh&ckjh ?kVrh&c<+rh gSA /ofu dh rho`rk esa gksus okys bl mrjko&p<+ko dks
foLiUn dgrs gSA
1- ,d Pk<+ko&o mrjko dks feykdj ,d foLin dgrs gSA bls x ls iznfkZr djrs gSA

2- ,d lsd.M esa mRiUUk foLinksa dh la[;k dks foLian vko`fk dgrs gSA ;fn nks /ofu
rjaxks dh vko`fk n1 o n2 gks rks
foLiUn vko`fk = n1-n2
foLian dh xzkQh; O;k[;k %& ekuk nks /ofu L=ksr ftuds vk;ke leku o vko`fk yxHkx
leku gSA ls /ofu rjaxs mRiUUk gksdj ek/;e esa
fufpr fnkk esa xeu dj jgh gSA ek/;e t1 {k.k ij nksuksa rjaxs foijhr
dyk esa feyrh gSA vr% ;gkWa ifj.kkeh vk;ke U;wure ftlls /ofu dh
rho`rk U;wure gksrh gSA ftls mrjko dgrs gsA rFkk t2 {k.k ij rjax
leku dyk esa feyrh gSA ftlls vk;ke dk eku vf/kdre gksrk gSA
vRk% /ofu dh rho`rk Hkh vf/kdre gksrh gSA ftls p<+ko dgrs gSA blh
izdkj t3 ij rho`rk U;wur o t2 {k.k ij /ofu dh rho`rk vf/kdre
gksrh gSA vr% LiV gS fd ek/;e ds izR;sd fcUnq ij /ofu dh rho`rk
dze ls ?kVrh&c<+rh gSA ftls foLian dgrs gSA
foLian dh xf.krh; O;k[;k (Mathematically Explanation
of beats ) :-
ekuk nks /ofu rjaxs ftuds vk;ke a leku o vko`fk yxHkx leku
n1 o n2 gSA ;fn x = 0 ij d.k ds fdlh {k.k foLFkkiu y1 o
y1 a sin w1t a sin 2n1t
y2 gks rks ......(i)
y2 a sin w2t a sin 2n2t
......(ii)
Rkc rjaxksa ds v/;kijksi.k ds fl}kar ls ifj.kkeh rjx dk foLFkkiu
y gks rks y = y1 + y2 .........(iii)
lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij
C D CD
sin C sin D 2 sin . cos
y a[sin 2n1t sin 2n2t ] 2 2
by applying formula
n n n n 2
y a[2 sin 2 1 2 t. cos 2 1 2 t ] y 2a cos n1 n2 t.sin 2 n1 n2 t
2 2 2 2
y 2a cos n1 n2 t.sin n1 n2 t y A sin n1 n2 t

tgkWa A = ifj.kkeh rjax
dk vk;ke gSA
A 2a cos n1 n2 t
ftldk eku vr% LiV gS fd vk;ke dk eku le; ds lkFk&lkFk cnyrk jgrk
gSA ftlls /ofu dh ifj.kkeh rho`rk Hkh le; ds lkFk&lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA
cos A n1 n2 t 1 cos n1 n2 t cos K
vf/kdre rho`rk ds fy, %& rks
n1 n2 t K
K 1 2 3
t .......
n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2
tgkWa K = 0,1,2,3...... vr% t = 0
vr% {k.kksa ij /ofu dh rho`rk vf/kdre gksrh gSA vFkkZr mkj p<+ko izkIr gksrs gSA rc
nks vf/kddre rho`rkvksa ds chp le; vUrjky
1 1 2 1 1
t 0 , t
n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2
n1 n2
vr% 1 sec esa ckj /ofu dh rho`rk vf/kdre gksrh gSA

cos n1 n2 0 cos n1 n2 t cos K / 2
U;wure rho`rk dh fLFkfr esa %&
n1 n2 t K / 2
K 1 3 5
t t .......
2 n1 n2 2 n1 n2 2 n1 n2 2 n1 n2
tgkWa K = 1,3,5,7,..... rc
vr% bu nM+ks ij /ofu dh rho`rk U;wure gksrh gSA vFkkZr mrjko izkIr gksrs gSA
3 1 1
t
2 n1 n2 2 n1 n2 n1 n2
rFkk nks dzekxr~ U;wure rho`rkvksa ds chp le; vUrjky
n1 n2
vr% 1 sec esa
ckj /ofu dh rho`rk U;wure izkIr gksrh gSA vFkkZr mrjko izkIr gksrs gSA
n1 n2 n1 n2
vr% mijksDr gS fd 1 sec esa ckj /ofu dh rho`rk vf/kdre o ckj U;wure izkIr
gksrh gSA
n1 n2
vr% izfr lsd.M mRiUUk foLiUn vko`fk vFkkZr foLiUnksa dh la[;k =
Lofj= f}Hkqt (Tuning fork) :-
Lofjr ,d /ofu L=ksr gS ftlesa u vkdkj esa eqM+h ,d NM+ gksrh gSA
U eksM+ ij ,d nLrk (stem) or handle yxk gksrk gSA tc nLrs dks gkFk ls idM+ dj
Lofj= dks rubber ped ij ekjrs gSA rks Lofj= dh Hkqtk, dEiUUk djus yxrh gSA ;fn
Hkqtk dh yEckbZ L rFkk dEiUUk dh fnkk esa Hkqtk dh eksVkbZ d gksrks Lofj= ds
d Y
n 2
L
dEiUk dh vko`fk

Where Y= Yound modules, = is the density of substance of tunning fork
Note:- 1- tc Lofj= dh Hkqtk ij FkksM+k ekse yxkfn;k tk, rks mldk tMRo c<+ tkrk gSA vr%
mldh vko`fk ?kV tkrh gSA
2-Lofj= dh Hkqtk dh jsxeky vFkok jsrh ls jsrus ij tM+Ro ?kV tkrk gSA rFkk vko`fk c<+
tkrh gSA
foLiUn ds vuqiz;ksx Application of beats :-
1-fdlh Lofj= dh vko`fk Kkr djuk %& ekuk fdlh Lofj= dh vko`fk n1 gS ftls fdlh vU; vKkr
Lofj= ftldh vko`fk n2 yxHkx
n2 n1 x
leku gS ds lkFk lfEir djk;k tkrk gSA rks vKkr Lofj= dh vko`fk tgkWa x
foLiUnksa dh la[;k gSA
2- Lofj= dh Hkqtkij ekse yxkus ij %& tc vKkr Lofj= dh Hkqtk ij FkksM+k ekse yxkdj mldh
vko`fk de dj ysrs gS vkSj nksuksa Lofj=ksa
dks ,d lkFk dEiUUk djkdj foLiUn lqurs gSA ;fn izfr sec foLiUnksa dh la[;k igys ls ?kV tkrh
gSA rks vKkr Lofj= dh vko`fk
n2 n1 x
gksxhA vkSj blds foijhr ;fn foLiUnks dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gSA nks vKkr Lofj= dh
n2 n1 x
vko`fk gksxhA

3- jsrus ij %& tc vKkr Lofj= dh Hkqtk ds jsr dj mldh vko`fk cy ysrs gSA fQj nksuks dks ,d
lkFk dEiUUk mRiUUk djds foLiUn
lqurs gSA ;fn foLianks dh la[;k ?kV tkrh gSA rks vKkr Lofj= dh vko`fk (n1-x) gksxhA vkSj
blds foijhr ;fn foLiUnksa dh la[;k c<+
tkrh gSA rks vKkr Lofj= dh vko`fk (n1+x) gksxhA
4- [kkuksa esa [krjukd xSlksa dk irk yxkus esa %& blds fy,s nks leku vkdkj ds ikbi ysrs
gSA ,sd esa ckgj dh kq} ok;q rFkk nwljs esa [kku
dh ok;q ysrs gSA;fn nksuks ikbi ls mRiUUk /ofu dh vko`fk leLofjr gS dksbZ foLiUn
lqukbZ ugh nsrk rks [kku dh ok;q kq} gSA ;fn
foLiUn lqukbZ nsrs gSA rks [kku dh ok;q esa foksyh xSl ehFksu vkfn feys gksus ij ?kuRo
de gks tkrk gSA
vizxkeh rjaxs (Standing wave or stationary wave )
c} ek/;e(Bound medium):- fdlh ,sls ek/;e dks ftldh ,d fufpr ifjlhek (Defenite boundary) gks] vkSj
ftldh lhek;sa
vU; ek/;eksa ls LiV i`Bksa }kjk i`Fkd gks] c}ek/;e dgykrk gSA bl izdkj ds ek/;e ls dsoy
fufpr vko`fk ds dEiUUk mRiUUk gksrs gSA
expl:- flrkj dk rkj] ckSlqjh] rcys dh f>Yyh vkfn lHkh c} ek/;e gSA
vizxkeh rjax (Stationary wave):- tc fdlh c} ek/;e ds eqDr fljs ls izxkeh rjaxs pyrh gSA rks
c}ek/;e dk nwljk fljk ,d
fufpr ijhlhek (Boundary) dh HkkSfr O;ogkj djrk gSA vkSj ml rjax dks eqDr fljs dh vksj okil
ijkofrZr dj nsrk gSA ftlls
ifj.kkeh rjax fLFkj izrhr gksrh gSA bl izdkj izkIr esa u;h rjax vizxkeh rjax dgykrh gSA
vFkok
tc nks ,d tSlh rjaxs vuqizLFk ;k vuqnS/; ,d gh pky ls ijUrq foijhr fnkk esa pyrh gSA
rks muds v/;kjksi.k ls u;h rjax curh gSA
tksfd gesa fLFkj izrhr gksrh gSA vizxkeh rjax dgykrh gSA
fuLiUn (Nodes):- vizxkeh rjax ds lapj.k esa ek/;e ds dqN fcUnq d.k lnSo fLFkj voLFkk
esa jgrs gsA bu fcUnqvksa ij rjax dh rho`rk
U;wure jgrh gSA bu fcUnqvksa ij lnSo fuLiUn (Nodes) curs gSA bUgsa N ls iznfkZr djrs
gSA
izLiUn (Antinodes):- vizxkeh rjax ds lapj.k esa ek/;e ds dqN fcUnqvksa ij ek/;e ds d.k lnSo
vf/kdre foLFkkiu dh fLFkfr esa gksrs
gSA bu fcUnqvksa ij lnSo Antinodes izLiUn curs gSA
bUgsa Als iznfkZr djrs gSA ,d Nodes ls nwljs Nodes
rFkk ,d Antinodes ls A-Nods ds chp dh nwjh
/2 /4
gksrh gSA tcfd A-N ds chp dh nwjh
gksrh gSA
vizxkeh rjax ds lehdj.k %&
1- tc rjax eqDr fljs ls ijkofrZr gks jgh gks %& ekuk izxkeh rjax x- v{k dh /ku nhkk esa
xfreku gSA ;fn rjax dk vk;ke a o rajx
t x
y1 a sin 2
T
nS/;Z gks izxkeh rjax dk foLFkkiu lehdj.k ......(i)
tc rjax eqDr fljs ls ijkofrZr gksrh gSA vFkkZr x- v{k dh J`.k fnkk es izxkeh rjax dk lehdj.k
t x
y2 a sin 2
T y y1 y2
......(ii) rc vizxkeh rjax dk lehdj.k v/;kjksi.k ds fl}kUr ls .....
(iii)

t x t x
y a sin 2 sin 2
T T
lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij
t x t x t x t x

T T T T
y 2a sin 2 cos 2
2 2 CD CD
sin C sin D 2 sin( ). cos( )
2 2
t x t x
t x t x 2 T T
y 2a sin cos 2
T T 2 2 2t 2x
y 2a sin 2 cos 2
2T 2 cos( ) cos
2x 2t 2t 2x
y 2a cos . sin y A sin A 2a cos
T T
or tgkWa
ifj.kkeh rjax dk vk;ke A
2x
cos 0 cos Kx

For(Nodes):- os fcUnq ftuds fy, vk;ke dk eku u;wure gksrk gSA rc rks
3 5 7 3
x , , , ..... x
Kx go( / 2),3 / 2,5 / 2...... 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
;k rks rx dzekxr fuin ds fy,

2
vr% LiV gS fd nks dzekxr fuLiUnks ds chp dh nwjh lnSo gksrh gSA (Antinodes)
For(Antinodes):- os fcUnq ftuds fy, vk;ke vf/kdre gksrk gSA rc vf/kdre vk;ke ds fy,A
2x
cos Kx 1 cos

2
x 0, , ,..... x 0
Kx o, ,2 ,3 .... 2 2 2 2
nks dekxr fuLinks ds fy,

2
vr% nks dekxr izLinksa ds chp dh nwjh gksrh gSA
tc rjax nz<+ fljs ls ijkofrZr gks jgh gS%&

;fn vkifrr rjax eqDr fljs ls /ku x- v{k dh fnkk esa ftldk vk;ke a o rjax nS/;Z gks rks
izxkeh rjax dk lehdj.k
t x t x
y1 a sin 2 y2 a sin 2
T T
......(i) nz<+ fljs ls ijkofrZr rjax dk lehdj.k ......(ii)
y y1 y2
rc vizxkeh rjax dk lehdj.k .....(iii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij
t x t x CD CD
y a sin 2 sin 2 sin C sin D 2 cos( ). sin( )
T T 2 2

t x t x t x t x

T T T T
y 2a cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2t 2x
y 2a cos 2 sin 2
2T 2
t x
y 2a cos 2 sin 2
T
vizxkeh rjax ls lEcaf/kr dqN ijhHkkkk, (Few definations Related to standing wave ):-
1- Loj (Note) :- fdlh Hkh laxhrd /ofu dks Loj dgrs gsA
2- ewy Loj o ewy vko`fr (Fundamental Note and Fudnamental frequency) fdlh ;a= (Instrument) }kjk
mRiUUk U;wure
vko`fk ds Loj dks ewy Loj dgrs gSA rFkk mldh vko`fk dks ewy vko`fk dgrs gSA
3- lUUkknh (Harmonics):- os vko`fk;kWa tks fd ewy vko`fk ds iw.kZ xq.kt gks lUuknh
(Harmonics) dgykrh gSA ;fn fdlh ;a= dh
Ekwy vko`fk n gSA rc vko`fk;kWa n, 2n,3n.... dzek% izFke] f}rh; o r`rh; lUuknh gSA
4- vf/k Lojd (Overtone):- ewy Loj ds vkxs ds vko`fk;kWa vf/kLojd dgykrh gSA vnk0%&
ewy Loj ds rqjUr Ikpkr vkus okyh vko`fk
izFke vf/kLojd dgykrh gSA
vkWxZu ikbi (Organ pipe):- Organ pipe og csyukdkj ok| ;a= gksrs gS] ftuesa ok;q LrEHkksa
ds dEiUUkksa ls /ofu mRiUUk dh tkrh gSA
tSls %& ckWlqjh] kgukbZ] lhVh] khkh] foxqy] ekWmFk vkWxZu] vkfnA
Organ pipe nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- [kqyk vkWxZu ikbi Open organ pipe :- os vkWxZu ikbi tks nksuksa fljksa ij [kqys gskrs
gSA [kqys vkxZu ikbi dgykrh gSA
tSls %& ckWlqjh] kgukbZ vkfnA
2- cUn vkWxZu ikbi Closded organ pipe:- os organ pipe tks ,d fljs ij eqDr o nwljs fljs ij cUn
gksrs gSA cUn vkWxZu ikbi
closed organ pipe dgykrs gSA tSls%& lhVh]khkh] vkfnA
1- [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHkksa ds dEiUUk (Vibration of air colum in organ open
pipes ):-
Tkc [kqys vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ls Qwd ekjrs gSA rks ikbi esa vuqnSO;Z izxkeh rjax ,d
fljs ls nwljs fljs dh vksj tkrh gSA vkSj nwljk
fljk ,d fufpr ifjlhek dh HkkWafr O;ogkj djrk gSA vkSj bl rjax dks igys fljs dh vksj ijkofrZr dj
nsrk gSA ftlls organ pipe
esa vizxkeh rajx mRiUUk gksrh gSA
Condition. 1:- tc [kqys vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ij /khesa ls QwWad ekjrs gSA rks ,d N rFkk
fljksa ij
nks izLiUn (A) curs gSA rc [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh
l 1 / 2 1 2l
yEckbZ ......(i) rc [kqys vkxZu
n1 v / 1
ikbi esa mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk .....(ii)
n1 v / 2l
lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) eku j[kus ij .........(A)
bl vko`fk dks Lojd dh ewy vko`fk ;k ewy Lojd dgrs gSA
Condition 2:- tc [kqys vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ij FkksM+k rsth ls Qwd ekjrs gSA rks e/; esa
nks fujiUn (N) rFkk 3 Antinode (A)

2 2 42
l
4 2 4 4 l 2
curs gSA rc [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ
......(i)
n2 v / 2
rc [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk .....(ii) leh- (i) ls (ii) esa eku
j[kus ij
v 2v v
n2 2
l 2l 2l n2 2 n1 n1 v / 2l
rc .......(B)
vr% LiV gS fd mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk ewy vko`fk nks xquh gSA bls izFke vf/kLojd o
f}rh; LkUuknh dgrs gSA
Condition 3:- tc [kqys vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ls vkSj rsth ls Qwad ekjrs gSA rks blesa rhu
fuLiUn (N) rFkk pkj izLiUn (A) curs
3
l 3 3 2l / 3
2
gSA rc [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ .....(i)
3l
rc [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh yECkkbZ gksus ij mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk
n3 v / 3
.....(ii)
v v
n3 3
2l / 3 2l
lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
n3 3 n1 n1 v / 2l
......(C)
vr% LiV gS fd mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk ewy vko`fk ds iw.kZ xq.kt gSA rks bls f}rh;
vf/kLojd o r`rh;
lUUkknh dgrs gSA
n1 : n2 : n3 1 : 2 : 3
vr% leh A,B,C ls LiV gS fd mRiUUk Lojdksa dh vko`fk;kWa dk vuqikr
gSA
ftlls LiV gksrk gSA fd [kqys vkWxZu ikbi esa le rFkk foke nksuks izdkj ds lUUkknh
mRiUUk gksrk gSA
Based Questions of this topic
lUuknh fdls dgrs gSA fl} djks [kqys vkxZu ikbi esa le rFkk foke nksuks izdkj ds lUUkknh
mRiUUk gksrs gSA
cUn vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk ds dEiUUk %&

tc cUn vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ls QqWad ekjrs gSA rks eqDr fljs ls izxkeh rjax vuqnS/;Z
izxkeh rjax cUn fljs rd tkrh gSA vkSj cUn
fljk ,d fufpr ifjlhek dh HkkWafr O;gkj vkSj ml rjax dks eqDr fljs dh vksj okil ijkofrZr dj
nsrk gSA rc bu rjaxksa ds v/;kjks.k ls
u;h rjax curh tks ges fLFkj izrhr gksrh gSA ftls izxkuh rjax dgrs gSA
Condition 1:- tc cUn vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ij /khesa ls QwWad ekjrs gSA
rks gesa ,d N rFkk ,d A izkIr gksrk gSA rc cUn vkxZu
l 1 / 4 1 4l
Ikkbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ ......(i)
n1 v / 1
rc cUn vkxZu ikbi esa mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk .....(ii)
n1 v / 4l
lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) eku j[kus ij .........(A)
bl vko`fk dks Lojd dh ewy vko`fk ;k ewy Lojd dgrs gSA
Condition 2 :- tc cUn vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs FkksM+k tksj ls Qwad ekjrs gSA rks cUn
vkxZu ikbi esa 2(N) rFkk 2(a) curs gSA
3
l 32 4l
4 2 4
rc cUn vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ
l2 4l / 3
......(i) rc cUn vkxZu ikbi esa mRiUUk Lojd dh
n2 v / 2
vko`fk .....(ii) leh- (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
v
n2 3 n1
4l / 3 n2 3 n1 n1 v / 4l
rc .......(B)
vr% LiV gS fd mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk ewy vko`fk rhu xquh gSA vr% bls izFke vf/kLojd
o f}rh; LkUuknh dgrs gSA
Condition 3:- tc cUn vkxZu ikbi ds eqDr fljs ij vkSj rsth ls QwWad ekjrs gSA rks vkxZu ikbi
esa 3N rFkk 3A izkIr gksrs gSA rc
5
l 3 3 3 4l 53
4 4
vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ
3 4l / 5
.....(i)
n3 v / 3
rc cUn vkxZu ikbi esa mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk .....(ii)
v v
n3 5
4l / 5 4l
lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
n3 5 n1 n1 v / 4l
......(C)
vr% LiV gS fd mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk ewy vko`fk dh 5 xquh gSA bls f}rh; vf/kLojd o
iape lUuknh dgrs gSA
n1 : n2 : n3 1 : 3 : 5
vr% leh A,B,C ls LiV gSAvr% fd cUn vkxZu ikbi es dsoy foke lUUkknh
mRiUUk gksrs gSA
vUR; lakks/ku (End correction):- ge tkurs gS fd vkxZu ikbi cUn o [kqyk vkxZu ikbi
esa okLrEHkksa ds dEiUUk izLiUn vkxZu ikbi
ds eqDr fljs rd gh curs gSA ysfdu oSKkfud ykWMZ jsys us crk;k fd vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q
LrEHkksa ds dEiUUk izLiUn ikbi ds eqDr khkZ
rd u cudj ok;q esa dqN WapkbZ rd curs gSA rks ikbi ls ml khkZ rd dh nwjh
vR;lakks/ku (end correction ) dgykrh gSA bls
E ls represent dgrs gSA
[kqys vkxZu ikbi ds fy, %&
l 2e / 2 2 l 2e
Rkc vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEhk dh yEckbZ .....(i)
rc vkxZu ikbi esa ewy Lojd dh vko`fk

v
n1
n1 v / 2(l 2e)
........(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls
;fn vkxZu ikbi ds f=T;k r gksrks e = 0.6 r
v v
n n
2(l 2 0.6r ) 2(l 1.2r )
Rkc Lojd dh vko`fk
cUn vkxZu ikbi ds fy, %&
l e / 4 4 l e
Rkc cUn vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEhk dh yEckbZ .....(i)
rc vkxZu ikbi mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk
v
n
n v/ 4(l e)
........(ii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls Hz
;fn vkxZu ikbi ds f=T;k r gksrks e = 0.6 r
v
n
4(l 0.6r )
Rkc Lojd dh vko`fk
vkxZu ikbi esa mRiUUk /ofu dh vko`fk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors
effecting the frequency of sound produce in
organ pipe ):-
n v/l
ge tkurs gS fd fdlh [kqys ;k cUn vkxZu ikbi ds fdlh Lijd dh vko`fr ;fn ikbi dh
yEckbZ l fu;r jgrh gS rks
nv
vr% fdUgh dkj.kksa ls v dk eku cny tkus ij vko`fk dk eku cny tkrk gSA
(a) rki dk izHkko (Effect of temperature):- ge tkurs gS ok;q esa /ofu dh pky rki c<+us ij
c<+rh gSA
v T f v T
vr% tgkWa T ije rki gSA vr% rki c<+us ij vkxZu ikbi esa mRiUUk Lijd
dh vko`fk c<+ tkrh gSA ;fn
n1 T 273
1 1
1 C
0
2 C
0
n2 T2 2 273
o ij mRiUUk Lijd dh vko`fk;kW dzek% n1 o n2 gks rks
Note:- ikbi dh yEckbZ ij rki dk izHkko tc rd ; dgkWa tk, ux.; ekuk tkrk gSA
(b) nkc dk izHkko (Effect of pressure):- ge tkurs gSA ok;qe.Mynkc cnyusij ek/;e dk ?kuRo cny
tkrk gSA p/d=const.
v P/d
ftlls dk dh vko`fk vifjofrZr jgsxhA
rp rRT 1
v v
d m M
(1) xSl dk izHkko %& ge tkurs gSA xSlh; ek/;e esa /ofudh pky
vr% vkxZu ikbi esa xSl ds cnyus ij bldk ?kuRo d vFkok v.kqHkkj M cny tk,xk vr% vko`fk
cny tk,xhA
1 1
n , n
M d
vr% vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q ls Hkkjh xSl Hkjus ls vko`fk de gks tkrh gSA
(d) vknzrk dk izHkko (effect of Humidity):-

ge tkurs gS vknzrk c<+ tkus ij ok;q e.My esa /ofu dh vko`fk c<+ tkus ij /ofu dh pky
c<+ tkrh gSA vr% ikbi ds Lofj= dh vko`fk
c<+ tkrh gSA
vknkZ Mksjh (Ideal string) :-
Wave mechanics esa vknkZ Mksjh ls rkRi;Z ,sls rkWr (curd) vFkok rkj (wire) ls gSA ftldk O;kl
loZ= leku gksA [khpus ij
yEckbZ vifjofrZr jgsA vkSj iw.kZr% yphyh (Flexible) gks vFkkZr~ nz<+rk Rigidty u gksA
O;ogkj esa ckjhd Mksjh vFkok rkj dks r.kh gqbZ Mksjh ekuldrs gSA rc rhu gqbZ Mksjh esa
vuqizLFk rjax dh pky (v) Mksjh esa ruko (T) rFkk
T
v
m
bldh ,dkad yEckbZ ds nzO;eku m ij fuHkZj djrh gSA .....(i)
M Vd r 2ld
m
l l l
;fn Mksjh dk nzO;eku M , yEckbZ l,f=T;k r o ?kuRo d gks rks
m r 2 d
.....(ii)
T
v
r 2 d
Value of m put in equation (i) from (ii)
ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa vizxkeh rjaxks dk cuuk (Formation of stationary waves in stretched):-
ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa rkrRi;Z ml Mksjh ls ftlds nksuks fljs nz<+ vk/kkjksa ls dls gksaA tc
ruh gqbZ Mksjh ds fdlh fcUnq dks Mksjh dy yEckbZ ds
vuqfnk nckdj NksM+ fn;k tk, rks Mksjh ij vuqizLFk rjax pyrh gSA tksfd Mksjh ds nksuks
fljksa ls ijkofrZr gksrh gSA vkifrr rFkk ijkofrZr
rjaxksa ds v/;kjksi.k ls vuqizLFk vizxkeh rjaxs mRiUUk gksrh gSA rc Mksjh ds fljksa ij
(Nodes) fuLiUn(N) rFkk e/; esa izLiUn
v 1 T
n
m
(Antinodes) (A) curs gSA rc rhu gqbZ Mksjh esa mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk
Rkc rhu gqbZ Mksjh esa ok;qLRkEHk ds dEiUUk %&
Case 1 :- tc ruh gqbZ Mksjh dks mlds e/; Hkkx ls FkksM+k nckdj NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA rks
fljks ij nks Nodes(N) rFkk e/; esa ,d
l 1 / 2 1 2l
izLian A curk gSA rc ruh Mksjh esa dEiUUk dh yEckbZ ....(i)
n1 v / 1
rc ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa mRiUUk ewy Lojd dh vko`fk .....(ii)
v 1 T
n1
2l 2l m
leh (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij ......(A)
Case 2:- tc ruh gqbZ Mksjh dks FkksM+k fdukjs ls nckdj NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA rks Mksjh
esa 3 Nodes rFkk 2 Antinodes curs gSA rc
l 2
Mksjh esa mRiUUk dEiUUk dh yEckbZ ....(i)
n2 v / 2
leh (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij

1 T 2 T
n2 n2
l m 2l m n2 2 n1
.....(B)
vr% mRiUUk Lojd dh vko`fk ewy vko`fk nks xquh gSA vr% bls izFke vf/kLojd o f}rh;
lUUkknh dgrs gSA
Case 3:- tc ruh gqbZ Mksjh dks vkSj fdukjs ls nckdj NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rks blesa 4(N)
Nodes o 3 Antinodes(A) izkIr gksrs gSA
l 33 / 2 3 2l / 3
Rkc ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa mRiUUk Lojd dh yEckbZ ....(i)
v 1 T
n3
3 3 m
leh (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
1 T 1 T
n3 n3 3

2l / 3 m 2l m n3 3 n1
.....(C)
n1 : n2 : n3 1 : 2 : 3
;gkWa lehdj.k A,B,C ls LiV gS fd vr% ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa le&foke
nksuksa izdkj ds lEuknh mRiUu gksrs gSA
ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa vuqizLFk rjaxks ds dEiUUk ds fu;e %&

1 T
n
2l m
ge tkurs gSA ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa vuqizLFk rjax ds dEiUUk dh vko`fk tgkWa l
= rkj dh yECkbZ] T = ruko cy M=M/l
Mksjh ds ,dkad yEckbZ dk nzO;eku vuqizLFk dEiUUk ds rhu fu;e gksrs gSA
(i)- Mksjh dh yEckbZ dk fu;e %&
;fn Mksjh dk ruko T rFkk ,dkad yEckbZ dk nzO;eku m fLFkj jgs rks Mksjh esa mRiUUk
Lojd dh vko`fk
1 T 1
n n nl 1
2l m l
[but m and T is constant ] So. [vko`fk dEiUUk dh yEckbZ Mksjh dh
yEckbZ O;qRdze gksrh gSA]
nl k n1l1 n2l2
(ii) Mksjh ds ruko dk fu;e %&

;fn Mksjh dh yEckbZ l o ,dkad yEckbZ dk nzO;eku m fLFkj jgs rks Mksjh esa mRiUUk
dEiUUk dh vko`fk mlds ruko T ds oxZ ewy ds
1 T
n
2l m n T nK T
lekuqikrh gksrk gSA we have that [but l,m is constant ] so ls
n1 T
1
n2 T2
(iii) nzO;eku dk fu;eu %&

;fn Mksjh dh yEckbZ l rFkk Mksjh dk ruko T nksuksa fLFkj gks rks Mksjh esa mRiUUk
dEiUu dh vko`fk Mksjh ds ,dkad yEckbZ ds nzO;eku m
ds oxZ ewy ds O;qRdzekuikrh gksrh gSA

1 T 1 n1 m2
n n nK/ m
2l m m n2 m1
we have that [but l and T is constant ] so ls
(iv) f=T;k dk fu;e %&
;fn Mksjh dh yEckbZ l, ruko T rFkk ?kuRo d fu;r gks rks Mksjh esa dEiUUk dh vko`fk
1 T 1 T
n n
2l m m r d
2
2l r 2 d l , T & d cons.
we have that [but ] [but ]
1 n1 r2
n n K /r
r n2 r1
so ls
(v) ?kuRo dk fu;e %&
1 n1 d2
n
d n2 d1
;fn Mksjh dh yEckbZ l, ruko T o f=T;k r fu;r gks
vizxkeh rjax cuus dk x`kQh; fu:i.k(Formation of a stationary wave graphical Representation):-
(i)- [kqys fljs ls dksdy ry ls ijkorZu ds QyLo:Ik mRiUUk vizxkeh rjax dh x`kQh; O;k[;k
%&
t x
y1 A sin( wt kx) A sin 2
T
vifrr izxkeh rjax dk lehdj.k ......(i)
t x
y2 A sin 2
T
dkserfljs ls ijkofrZr rjax dk lehdj.k .......(ii)
le; t x ijkofrZ rjax dk lehdj.k
y1 A sin 2
T t x
vkifrr rjax dk lehdj.k y2 A sin 2
T
t=0 2 0 2x 2x 2 0 2x 2x
y1 A sin A sin y2 A sin A sin
T T
t =T/4 2 T 2x 2x 2 T 2x 2x
T 4 2 T 4 2
2x 2x
A cos A cos

t =T/2 2 T 2x 2x 2 T 2x 2x
T 2 T 2
2x 2x
A sin A sin

t 2 3T 2x 3 2x 2 3T 2x 3 2x
=3T/4 T 4 2 T 4 2

2x 2x
A cos A cos

t =T 2 2x 2x 2 2x 2x
y1 A sin T A sin 2 y2 A sin T A sin 2
T T
2x 2x
A sin A sin


(ii) cUn fljs ekd.ksj ry ij ijkofrZr rjax ds Qy Lo:Ik mRiUUk vizxkeh rjax dk x`kQh;
fu:i.k %&
t x
y1 A sin 2
T
vifrr izxkeh rjax dk lehdj.k ......(i) ijkofrZr rjax dk lehdj.k
t x
y2 A sin 2
T
.......(ii)
le; vkifrr rjax dk lehdj.k ijkofrZ rjax dk lehdj.k
t x t x
y1 A sin 2 y2 A sin 2
T T
t=0 2 0 2x 2x 2 0 2x 2x
T T
t 2 T 2x 2x 2 T 2x 2x
=T/4 T 4 2 T 4 2
2x 2x
A cos A cos

t 2 T 2x 2x 2 T 2x 2x
=T/2 T 2 T 2
2x 2x
A sin A sin

t 2 3T 2x 3 2x 2 3T 2x 3 2x
=3T/ T 4 2 T 4 2
4
2x 2x
A cos A cos

t =T 2 2x 2x 2 2x 2x
y1 A sin T A sin 2 y2 A sin T A sin 2
T T
2x 2x
A sin A sin


vuquknh uyh (Resonance Tube):-

vuquknh uyh ,d ,slk cUn vkxZu ikbi gSA ftlesa Hkjh ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ dks ?kV;k
vFkok c<k;k tk ldrk gSA tc ,d dfEi=
Lofj= dks uyh ds eq[k ij j[krs gSA rks uyh ds ok;q LrEhk esa izoksfnr nksyu gksrs gSA ;fn
uyh dh yEckbZ dks bl izdkj lek;ksftr djs
fd ok;q LRkEHk dh LoHkkfod vko`fk] Lofj= dh vko`fk ds cjkcj ;k iw.kZ xq.kt gks tk;s
rks ok;q LrEHk ds iz.kksfnr nksyoksa dk vk;ke cgq
c<+ tkrk gSA;g ?kVuk vuqukn dgykrh gSA
;fn ok;q LrEHk dh yEckbZ l1ij izFke vuqukn rFkk l2 yEckbZ ij nwljk vuqukn izkIr gks rc A
2
l1 e l2 e
4 4
.....(i) rFkk ......(ii) leh (ii) ls (i) dks ?kVkus ij
3
l2 l1
u 4 2 2 l2 l1
.....(iii)
v n
rc dejs ds rki ij ok;q esa /ofu dh pky
2n l2 l1
...(A) leh (ii) ls
l2 e 3 / 4
3
l1 e / 4 l2 e 3l1 3e
leh (ii)/(i) ls
l 3l1
e 2
l2 3l1 2e 2
Topic Doplar effect MkWIyj izHkko

MkWIyj izHkko%& tc /ofu L=ksr o L=ksrk ds chp vkis{khd xfr gksrh gSA rks J`ksrk dk
/ofu dh vko`fk cnyh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA /ofu vko`fk
Eksa gksus okys bl ifjorZu dh ?kVuk dks MkWIyj izHkko dgrs gSA
Tkc /ofu Lk`ksr(S) rFkk Lk`ksrk (O)ds chp dh nwjh c<+ jgh gksrh gSA rks Lk`ksrk dks /ofu
dh vko`fk ?kVh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA vkSj blds
foijhr tc /ofu l`ksr o l`ksrk ds chp dh nwjh ?kV jgh gksrh gS rks Lk`ksr dks /ofu dh
vko`fk c<+h gqbZ

MkWIyj izHkko dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;kW %&
1- tc ?ofu xfreku o Lk`ksrk (O) fLFkj gks %&
Ekkuk/ofu l`ksr (S),Vs osx ls fLFkj l`ksrk (O),(V=0) dh vksj xfreku gSA rFkk l`ksr s izfrlsd.M n
rjaxs mRiUUk gks jgh gSA tks fd
SO=V nwjh esa QSy tkrh gSA tgkWa V /ofu dk osx gSA rFkk l`ksr }kjk mRiUUk rjaxks dh

okLrfod rjax nS/;Z gksrks
v/n
.....(i) tc /ofu l`ksr (s), l`ksrk dh vksj vs osx ls py jgk gSA rc 1 sec esa n rjaxs tks
igys v nwjh esa Qsy jgh Fkh vc
(v v ) `
blh esa QSy tk,sxh rc l`ksrk dh ?kVh gqbZ rjax nS/;Z izkIr gksxhA
v v
`
n
Rkc l`ksrk }kjk lquh vkHkklh rjax nS/;Z ....(ii) rc l`ksrk
v
n`
`
}kjk lquh vkHkklh vko`fk .....(iii)
v
n` v
v v n` n

n v v
lehdj.k (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij
n` n
;gkWa bl voLFkk esa l`ksrk dks /ofu dh
vko`fk okLrfod vko`fk ls cM+h izkIr gksrh gSA vkSj blds foijhr tc l`ksr (S) rFkk l`ksrk
ds chp dh nwjh c<+ jgh gks] rks c<+h rjax nS/;Z
v
n`
v v v v v
` n`
n ` n
....(iv) rc vkHkklh vko`fk ....(v) leh(iv) ls (v) esa eku j[kus ij
v
n` n
v v
n` n
;gkWa bl voLFkk esa l`ksrk dks /ofu dh vko`fk ?kVh gqbZ izrhr gksxhA
(ii) tc /ofu l`ksr fLFkj rFkk l`ksrk xfreku gks %&
Ekkuk /ofu l`ksr fLFkj s rFkk l`ksrk o xfreku gSA ftldk osx v0 gS tksfd /ofu l`ksr dh vksj xfr
eku gSA izkjEHk esa izfrlsd.M n rjaxs
v v
n
n
izkIr djrk gSA ....(i) tc l`ksrk (o) ] v0 osx ls l`ksr dh vksj vkrk gSA
v0 /
rks og n rjaxksa ds vfrfjDr v0 nwjh esa vkus okyh rjaxs vfrfjDr lqurk gSA
vr% 1 ,d lsd.M esa l`ksrk }kjk izkIr vkHkklh vko`fk
v v
n` n 0 n` n 0
v/n
....(ii) lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
v v
n` n n 0 n` n(1 0 )
v v

v v0
n` n( )
v
;fn l`ksrk v0 osx ls /fou l`ksr ls nwj tk jgk gks rks og n rjaxksa esa ls v0
v0

nwjh vkus okyh rjaxs de izkIr
djsxkA rc l`ksrk }kjk lquh x;h vkHkklh vko`fk A
v v v v
n` n 0 n` n 0 n` n(1 0 )
n v/n v
.....(iii) lehdj.k (i) ls .....(iv) put in equation (iii)
v v0
n` n( )
v
bl voLFkk esa n`<n vr% vkHkklh vko`fk okLrfod vko`fk ls de lqukbZ nsrh
gSA
(iii) tc /ofu l`ksr o l`ksrk nksuksa xfreku gks %&
v
Ekkuk /ofu l`ksr s rFkk o gSA dzek% /ofu dk osx rFkk v0 osx ls ,d gh fnkk /ofu ds
so v oo vo
osx dh fnkk
Eksa xfreku gSA ekuk /ofu Lk`ksr dh okLrfod vko`fk n gSA rFkk /ofu dk osx v gSA igys
ekuk /ofu l`ksr (s) xfreku o l`ksrk o
v
n` n
v vs
fLFkj gSA Lk`ksrk dh fnkk esa rc l`ksrk }kjk lquh x;h vkHkklh vko`fk
.....(i)
now ekuk n1 vko`fk dk /ofu l`ksr fLFkj gSA rFkk l`ksrk mlls nwj vk jgk gSA rc l`ksrk }kjk
lquh vkHkklh vko`fk
v v0 v v v0 v v0
n` n1 n` n n` n
v v vs v v vs
.....(ii) leh (i) ls (ii) es eku j[kus ij
condition :- 1. Tkc /ofu l`ksr s o l`ksrk o ,d nwljs dh vksj vk jgs gks rks
v v0
n` n
so vs vo o vo ve, vs ve v vs
rks
vo ve, vs ve v s o vo
2- tc l`ksrk rFkk l`ksrk ,d nwljs ls nwj tk jgs gksA
v v0
n` n
v v s
Ekk/;e dh xfr dk vkHkklh vko`fk ij izHkko %&

1- ;fn ok;q l`ksr ls l`ksrk dh vksj vFkkZr /ofu ds osx dh fnkk esa w osx ls cg jgh gks %&
rks l`ksr ds chp /ofu dk izHkkoh osx (v+w)
v w v0
n` n
v w vs
gks tkrk gSA rc lHkh lw=ksa esa v ds LFkku ij (v+w) fy[kk tk,xkA
2- ;fn ok;q l`ksrk ls l`ksr dh vksj vFkkZr /ofu ds osx dh foijhr fnkk esa w osx ls cg jgh gks
rks
Rkks l`ksr os l`ksrk ds chp /ofu dk osx ?kVdj (v-w) jg tk,xk rc lHkh lw=ksa esa v h ds
LFkku ij (v-w) j[kk tk,xkA
v w v0
n` n
v w vs
Key point related to dopler effect in round

1- tc xfreku l`ksr] fLFkj l`ksrk dk ikj djrk gSA
v v0 v
n n
n` v ( vs ) v v s )
Ikkj djus ls igys vko`fk igys .....(i)
v v0 v
n n
n` v ( v )
s v v )
s
Ikkj djus ds ckn vko`fk ckn .....(ii)
v vs
1
v vs )
nksuks vko`fk;ksa dk vuqokn nìgys esa @n`ckn esa
2- l`ksrk xfreku l`ksr fLFkj gks %&
v (v0 ) v v0
n n
n` vv v
Ikkj djus ls igys vko`fk igys .....(i)
v (v0 ) v v0
n n
n` v0 v
Ikkj djus ls ckn vko`fk ckn .....(i)
v v0

v v0 )
nksuks vko`fk;ksa dk vuqokn nìgys esa @n`ckn esa
3- fLFkj ijkorZd dh vksj xfreku l`ksr
Source is moving towards stationary Reflactor
Tkc dksbZ eksVj dkj gkuZ ctkrs gq, fLFkj ijorZd nhokj dh vksjvkrh gSA
rc Mkboj }kjk lquh x;h gkuZ dh ijkofrZr /ofu ]ewy vko`fk ls vyx gksrh gSA
ijkofrZr /ofu dh vko`fk Kkr djus ds fy, ekurs gS ijkofrZr /ofu dk
l`ksr nhokj ds ihNs fLFkr gSA
og Lk`ksr dh pky ls nhokj dh vksj xfreku gSA ;fn dkj vc pky ls ijkorZd dh vksj xfreku gSA
rc Mkboj }kjk lquh
v vc
n` n
v vc )
x;h vkHkklh vko`fk
Note:- ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc l`ksr dh pky /ofu dh pky ls cgqr de gksA
Note:- l`ksrk }kjk lquh x;h vkHkklh vko`fk dk eku /ofu l`ksr rFkk lk`srk ds chp dh nwjh ij
fuHkZj ugha djrk cfYd muds osx ij fuHkZj
I 1/ r 2
djrk gSA /ofu dh rho`rk I muds chp dh nwjh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA muds osx ij ugha A
;fn dksbZ O;fDr plateform ij
[kM+k gks rks plate form dh vksj fu;r osx ls vk jgs batu dh lhVh dh vkHkklh vko`fk batu
dh nwjh ?kVus ij ugha cnysxh A ijUrq
Rkho`rk c<+ tk,xhA
4- tc nks dkj yEcor~ lM+dksa ij xfreku gks %&
when two car are moving on perpendicular Roads :-
tc dkj ds }kjk ctk;s x;s gkWuZ dh vko`fk n gSA
rks dkj 2 esa cSVs O;fDr }kjk lquh x;h /ofu dh vko`fk
v v2 cos 2
n` n
v v1 cos1
5- l`ksr ,oa l`ksrk dh ?kw.kZu xfr

Ekkuk ,d /ofu l`ksr (s) /l`ksrk (o) r f=T;k ds o`fk; ekxZ esa w dks.kh; osx js[kh; osx v
=rw ls ?kqe jgk gSA
(i) tc l`ksr ?kw.kZu dj jgk gks
nv nv
nmax nmin
v v v v
(a) fLFkj l`ksr dh vksj (b) fLFkj l`ksr ls nwj
Lk`ksr ,oa J`ksrk dh ?kw.kZu Relational motion of source and bserver :-

Ekuk ,d /ofu Lk`ksr@J`ksrk r f=T;k ds o`kh; ekxZ ij dks.kh; osx w js[kh; osx vs=rw)
ls ?kwe jgk gSA
(i) tc l`ksr ?kw.kZu djs when source is rotation :-
(a) fLFkj Lk`ksr dh vksj %& bl fLFkfr esa Jksrk }kjk lquh xbZ vko`fk vf/kdre gksxh
nv
nmax
v v
(b) fLFkj l`ksrk ls nwj %& bl fLFkfr esa J`ksrk }kjk lquh x;h vko`fk U;wure gksxh vFkkZr
nv nmax v v
nmin
v v nmin v v
Rkc
(ii) tc J`ksrk ?kw.kZu djs when observer is Ratating :-
v v0
nmax n
v
(a) fLFkj l`ksr dh vksj %& lquh x;h vko`fk vf/kdre gksxh vFkkZr

v v0 nmax v v0
nmax n
v nmin v v0
(b) fLFkj l`ksr ls nwjh %& lquh x;h U;wure vko`fk vFkkZr rFkk
(iii) J`ksrk o`kh; iFk ds dsUnz ij fLFkj gks Observer is at rest at the center of the cicular path :-
;fn l`ksrk o`kh; iFk ds dsUnz ij fLFkj gks rFkk l`ksrk o`kh; iFk ij xfreku gks] rc Lk`ksrk
}kjk lquh vko`fk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gksrkA
blh izdkj ;fn l`ksrk o`kh; ij ds dsUnz ij fLFkj gks rFkk J`ksrk o`kh; iFk ij xfreku gks
rc Hkh J`ksrk }kjk lquhx;h vko`fk esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha gksrk A
Note:- fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa MkWIyj izHkko] izHkkoh ugha gksrk

1- tc l`ksrk o lksrk nksuksa fLFkj vksj ek/;e xfreku gksA
2- tc l`ksr o Lk`ksrk nksuksa fLFkj vksj ek/;e xfreku gks osx kwU; gks vFkkZr muds chp
dh nwjh esa ifjorZu u gksA
3- tc l`ksr o l`ksrk nksuksa yEcor~ fnkk esa xfreku gksA
4- tc l`ksr vFkok l`ksrk dk osx /ofu ds osx ds cjkcj ;k mlls vf/kd gksA




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NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES

FOUNDATION FOR IIT-JEE(MAINS),NEET(MEDICAL)

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 1

xSlksa esa vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dh pky %&

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 2

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 3

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 4

Topic :- 2 izxkeh rjxsa ( Progressive wave) :-

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 6

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 7

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 8

O;rhdj.k INTERFERENCE TOPIC

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 9

A2 a1 a2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) 2a1a2 cos A2 a1 a2 2a1a2 cos

A sin a2 sin a2 sin a2 sin

foukkh O;rhdj.k ds fy, (For distructive interference ):-

Rkc lehdj.k (v) ls

Rkc U;wureh rho`rk .....(B)

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 10

y 2a cos n1 n2 t.sin n1 n2 t y A sin n1 n2 t

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 11

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 12

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 13

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 14

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 15

cUn vkxZu ikbi esa ok;q LrEHk ds dEiUUk %&

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 17

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 18

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 19

ruh gqbZ Mksjh esa vuqizLFk rjaxks ds dEiUUk ds fu;e %&

(ii) Mksjh ds ruko dk fu;e %&

(iii) nzO;eku dk fu;eu %&

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 20

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 21

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 22

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 23

vuquknh uyh (Resonance Tube):-

Topic Doplar effect MkWIyj izHkko

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 24

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 25

Ekk/;e dh xfr dk vkHkklh vko`fk ij izHkko %&

Key point related to dopler effect in round

2- l`ksrk xfreku l`ksr fLFkj gks %&

5- l`ksr ,oa l`ksrk dh ?kw.kZu xfr

Lk`ksr ,oa J`ksrk dh ?kw.kZu Relational motion of source and bserver :-

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 28

Note:- fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa MkWIyj izHkko] izHkkoh ugha gksrk

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 29

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 30

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 31

NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 32

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