Chapter 5 Transmission Lines

5-1 Characteristics of Transmission Lines

Transmission line: It has two conductors carrying current to support an EM wave,

which is TEM or quasi-TEM mode. For the TEM mode, E Z TEM a n H ,
1
H a n E , and Z TEM .
Z TEM
The current and the EM wave have different characteristics. An EM wave
propagates into different dielectric media, the partial reflection and the partial
transmission will occur. And it obeys the following rules.

sin t 1 n1 v p 2 2 r1
Snells law: 1 and i=r
sin i 2 n2 v p1 1 2 r2
 Er0 Et 0
The reflection coefficient: = and the transmission coefficient: =
Ei 0 Ei 0

2 / cos t 1 / cos i n1 cos i n2 cos t sin( t i )

2 / cos t 1 / cos i n1 cos i n 2 cos t sin( t i )


2 2 / cos t 2n1 cos i 2 cos i sin t


2 / cos t 1 / cos i n1 cos i n2 cos t sin( t i )
for perpendicular polarization (TE)

2 cos t 1 cos i n1 / cos i n2 / cos t tan( t i )

|| cos cos n / cos n / cos tan( )

2 t 1 i 1 i 2 t t i

2 2 cos i 2n1 / cos t 2 cos i sin t

||
2 cos t 1 cos i n1 / cos i n2 / cos t sin( i t ) cos( i t )
for parallel polarization (TM)

2 1
//
2 1
1 2
In case of normal incidence, , where 1= and 2= .
2 1 2
2
// 2 1

Equivalent-circuit model of transmission line section:

R ( / m ) , L ( H / m) , G ( S / m) , C ( F / m )
Transmission line equations: In higher-frequency range, the transmission line model
is utilized to analyze EM power flow.
 v( z z, t) v( z, t) i( z, t) v i
Ri( z, t) L
z Ri L
z t t

i( z z, t) i( z, t) Gv( z, t) C v( z, t) i Gv C v
z t z t
Set v(z,t)=Re[V(z)ejt], i(z,t)=Re[I(z)ejt]

dV d 2V ( z )
dz ( R j L ) I ( z ) 2
( R jL)(G jC )V ( z ) 2V ( z )
dz

dI
(G jC )V ( z ) d 2 I ( z)
dz ( R jL)(G jC ) I ( z ) 2 I ( z )
dz 2

where =+j= ( R jL)(G jC )

V ( z ) V0 e z V0 e z , I ( z ) I 0 e z I 0 e z

V V R jL R j L
Characteristic impedance: Z0= 0 0
I0 I0 G j C G jC

Note:
1. International Standard Impedance of a Transmission Line is Z0=50.
2. In transmission-line equivalent-circuit model, G1/R.

Eg. The following characteristics have been measured on a lossy transmission

line at 100 MHz: Z0=50, =0.01dB/m=1.1510-3Np/m, =0.8(rad/m). Determine
R, L, G, and C for the line.
R j 2 10 8 L
(Sol.) 50 , 1.1510-3+j0.8=
G j 2 10 8 C
( R jL )(G jC ) 50 (G j 2 108 C )

0.8 1.15
C 80( pF / m) , G 10 3 2.3 10 5 ( S / m) ,
2 10 50
8
50
R 2500G 0.0575( / m) , L 2500C 0.2( F / m)

Eg. A d-c generator of voltage and internal resistance is connected to a lossy

transmission line characterized by a resistance per unit length R and a
conductance per unit length G. (a) Write the governing voltage and current
transmission-line equations. (b) Find the general solutions for V(z) and I(z).
(Sol.) (a) 0 ( R jL)(G jC ) RG
d 2V ( z ) d 2 I ( z)
RGV ( z ), RGI ( z )
dz 2 dz 2

(b) V ( z ) V0 e RG z
V0 e RG z
, I ( z ) I 0 e RG z
I 0 e RG z

Lossless line (R=G=0):

1 L L
j j LC 0, LC , v p , Z0 R0 jX 0 R0 , X0 0
LC C C
Low-loss line (R<<L, G<<C):
1 R G 1 C L 1
j j LC (1 ( )] ( R G ), LC , v p
2 j L C 2 L C LC
L 1 R G
Z0 [1 ( )]
C 2 j L C

Distortionless line (R/L=G/C):

C C 1 L
j ( R jL) R , LC , v p , Z0
L L LC C
Large-loss line (L<<R, C<< G):

L 1 2 j C 1 2
( R jL)(G jC ) j RG (1 j ) (1 )
R G
j L C
RG [1 ( )]
2 R G
G R 1 G R
RG , (L C ) , v p (L C )
2 R G 2 R G
R jL R j L 1 2 j C 1 2 R j L C
Z0 (1 ) (1 ) [1 ( )]
G jC G R G G 2 R G

Eg. A generator with an open-circuit voltage vg(t)=10sin(8000t) and internal

impedance Zg=40+j30() is connected to a 50 distortionless line. The line has a
resistance of 0.5/m, and its lossy dielectric medium has a loss tangent of 0.18%.
The line is 50m long and is terminated in a matched load. Find the instantaneous
expressions for the voltage and current at an arbitrary location on the line.
G
(Sol.) 0.18%= C 2.21 10 2 G , Vg=10j
C
L C C R
Distortionless, L 1.11 10 2 H / m , R =0.01Np/m,
R G L Z0
C L
LC L 5.58rad / m , =+j=0.01+j5.58
L Z0
 Z 0V g 5 5
V0 j 5 , V0 0 , V ( z ) V0 e z ( j 5)e ( 0.01 j 5.58) z
Z0 Z g 3 3

5 10
V ( z , t ) Re[V ( z )e j 8000t ] e 0.01z cos(8000t 5.58 z 71.6)
3
V ( z, t ) 1
I ( z, t ) e 0.01z cos(8000t 5.58 71.6)
Z0 2 10
Relationship between transmission-line parameters:
G 12 12
( R jL)(G jC ) j LC (1 ) j (1 ) G/C=/
j C j
and LC=

1 2 Rs R 1 f c
Two-wire line: I 2aJ s , P I ( ) R 2( s )
2 2a 2a a c

1 2 Rs 1 R
Coaxial-cable line: I 2aJ si 2bJ so , Pi I ( ) , Po I 2 ( s )
2 2a 2 2b

Rs 1 1 1 f c 1 1
R ( ) ( )
2 a b 2 c a b

Eg. It is desired to construct uniform transmission lines using polyethylene

(r=2.25) as the dielectric medium. Assume negligible losses. (a) Find the distance
of separation for a 300 two-wire line, where the radius of the conducting wires
is 0.6mm; and (b) find the inner radius of the outer conductor for a 75 coaxial
line, where the radius of the center conductor is 0.6mm.
D
(Sol.) Two-wire line: C 1 , L cosh 1 ( ) , a=0.6mm, =2.250
cosh ( D / 2a ) 2a

D
cosh 1 ( )
L 2a 4 10 7
Z 0 300 D 25.5mm
C 2.25
1
10 9
36

2 b
Coaxial line: C , L ln( )
ln(b / a ) 2 a

b
ln( )
L a 4 10 7
a=0.6mm, Z 0 75 b=3.91mm
C 2 1
2.25 10 9
36
Parallelplate transmission line:

E yE0 e z yE y

E0 z , j j ,

H x e xH x
0
At y=0 and y=d, Ex=Ey=0, Hy=0

y D sl sl E y E0 e jz
y ,

At y=0, a n E 0 j z

y H J sl J sl zH z
z e


y D su su E y E0 e jz
y ,

At y=d, a n E 0 j z

y H J su J su zH x
z e

dE y d d d
E jH ,
dz
jH x
dz
0
E y dy j H x dy
0

dV ( z ) d d
jJ su ( z ) d j ( )[ J su ( z ) w] jLI ( z ) L ( H / m)
dz w
dH x d w w
H jE ,
dz
jE y
dz 0
H x dx j E y dx
0

dI ( z ) w w
jE y ( z ) w j ( )[ E y ( z ) d ] jCV ( z ) C ( F / m)
dz d d

dV d V (Z) 2 2

dz jLI dz2 LCV (z) LC , v p

1

1

2
LC

dI jCV d I(z) 2LCI(z)

V ( z) L d d
Z0
I ( z) C w w

dz dz2
w
Lossy parallelplate transmission line: G C
d
 Et E z f c
Surface impedance: Z s c Rs jX s (1 j )
Js Hx c

1 2 1 2 1 R 1
P Re( J su Z s ) J su Rs I 2 ( s ) I 2 R
2 2 2 w 2

Rs 2 f c
R 2( ) ( / m)
w w c
Eg. Consider a transmission line made of two parallel brass strips
c=1.6107S/m of width 20mm and separated by a lossy dielectric slab =0, r=3,
=10-3S/m of thickness 2.5mm. The operating frequency is 500MHz. (a) Calculate
the R, L, G, and C per unit length. (b) Find and Z0.

2 f 0 w
(Sol.) (a) R 1.11( / m) , G 8 10 3 ( S / m)
w c d

d w
L 0 1.57 10 7 ( H / m) , C 2.12 10 10 ( F / m)
w d
R jL
(b) = ( R jL)(G jC ) =18.13-0.41, =2500106, Z0=
G jC

=27.210.3
Eg. Consider lossless stripline design for a given characteristic impedance. (a)
How should the dielectric thickness d be changed for a given plate width w if the
dielectric constant r is doubled? (b) How should w be changed for a given d if r
is doubled? (c) How should w be changed for a given r if d is doubled?
L d
(Sol.) Z 0
C w
w
(a) 2 d 2d , (b) 2 w
2
(c) d 2d w 2 w

PL ( z )
Attenuation constant of transmission line: = , where PL(z) is the time-
2 P( z )
average power loss in an infinitesimal distance.
j Re( ) Re[ ( R jL)(G jC ) ]
V 0 ( j ) z
Suppose no reflection, V ( z ) V0 e ( j ) z , I ( z ) e
Z0
2
1 V
P ( z ) Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )] 0
2 2
R0 e 2z e 2z
2 Z0

P ( z ) P ( z)
PL ( z ) 2P ( z ) L
z 2 P( z )
Microstrip lines: are usually used in the mm wave range.

c 1 L p
p , , f
ff pC C ff
Assuming the quasi-TEM mode:
Case 1: t/h0.005, t is negligible.
Given h, W, and r, obtain Z0 as follows:
60 h W
For W/h 1: ln 8 0.25 ,
ff W h

r 1 r 1
1 / 2 2
h W
ff 1 12 0.04 1
where 2 2 W h

120
ff
For W/h 1: ,

W 1.393 0.667 ln W 1.444
h h

1 / 2
r 1 r 1 h
where ff 1 12
2 2 W
Given Z0, h, and r, obtain W as follows:
r 1 r 1 0.11
8he A 0 0.23
For W/h 2: W 2 A , where 60 2 r 1 r
e 2

2h r 1 0.61
For W/h>2: W B 1 ln 2 B 1 ln B 1 0.39 , where
2 r r

377

2 0 r

Case 2: t/h0.005. In this case, we obtain Weff firstly.

 Weff W t 2h
For W/h 1 : 1 ln
2 h h h t
Weff W t 4W
For W/h 1 : 1 ln
2 h h h t
And then we substitute Weff into W in the expressions in Case 1.

Assuming not the quasi-TEM mode:

Weff 0 W
377h Weff f W
f , where 2
, fp (h in cm)
Weff f ff
1 f 8h
fp

r ff
377 h ff f r
and Weff 0 0 0 , G=0.6+0.009Z0,
2
(f in GHz)
1 G f
f p
ff

The frequency below which dispersion may be neglected is given by

f 0 G z 0.3 , where h must be expressed in cm.
h r 1

Attenuation constant: =d +c
r ff 1 tan dB
For a dielectric with low losses: d 27.3 ( )
ff r 1 cm

1/ 2
ff 1 dB
For a dielectric with high losses: d 4.34 ( )
ff r 1 cm

Rs , where Rs f
8.68
For W/h : c
W
8.68Rs P h h 4W t
For W/h 1 : c 1 ln
2 2 h Weff Weff t W
8.68 Rs 2

PQ , where P 1 eff
W
For 1 W/h 2: c
2 2 h 4h
h h 2h t
and Q 1 ln
Weff Weff t h
For W/h 2:

2
Weff
8.68Rs Q Weff 2 Weff W
c ln 2e 0.94 eff
h

h h Weff
2h 0.94
h
2h

Eg. A high-frequency test circuit with microstrip lines.

5-2 Wave Characteristics of Finite Transmission Line

Z L Z 0 tanh
z 0 Z 0
Eg. Show that the input impedance is Z = ( Z ) . i

z ' Z 0 Z L tanh
V ( z) V0 e z V0 e z ...(1) V0

V0

(Proof) z z
, Z0
I0


I0

I ( z) I 0 e I 0 e .....(2)
Let z=l, V(l)=VL, I(l)=IL

VL V0e V0e V 1 (V I Z )e I
0 2 L L 0 V (z) 2 [(Z Z )e L
L 0
( z )
(Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ]
V0 V0
I
I L e e V 1 (V I Z )e 2Z [(Z Z )e
( z )
I ( z ) L
L 0 (Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ]

Z0 Z0 0 2 L L 0
0

' IL z' z'

V (z ) 2 [(ZL Z0)e (ZL Z0 )e ] V (z') IL (ZL coshz'Z0 sinh z')
IL Z ( z' ) Z 0
Z L Z 0 tanh z '
, Zi=

I(z') L [(ZL Z0)ez' (ZL Z0 )ez'] I(z') Z (ZL sinhz'Z0 coshz')

Z 0 Z L tanh z '
I
2Z0 0
 Z L Z 0 tanh
( Z ) z 0 Z 0
z ' Z 0 Z L tanh
Z L jR0 tan l
Lossless case (=0, =j, Z0=R0, tanh(l)=jtanl): Zi= R0
R0 jZ L tan l
Vg Vg
Note: In the high-frequency circuit, the input current Ii= : the value
Z g Zi Zg ZL
in the low-frequency case. And the high-frequency Ii is dependent on the length l, the
characteristic impedance Z0, the propagation constant of the transmission line, and
the load impedance ZL. But the low-frequency Ii is only dependent on Z0 and ZL.
Eg. A 2m lossless air-spaced transmission line having a characteristic impedance
50 is terminated with an impedance 40+j30() at an operating frequency of
200MHz. Find the input impedance.
4
(Sol.) v 3 , R0 50 , Z L 40 j 30 , 2m
p

4
(40 j 30) j 50 tan( 2)
Z i 50 3 26.3 j 9.87
4
50 j (40 j 30) tan( 2)
3

Eg. A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 is to be matched to a

load ZL=40+j10() through a length l of another transmission line of
characteristic impedance R0. Find the required l and R0 for matching.

40 j10 jR0' tan '

(Sol.) 50 R0
'
R0 ' 1500 38.7(), ' 0.105
R0' j (40 j10) tan '

Eg. Prove that a maximum power is transferred from a voltage source with an
internal impedance Zg to a load impedance ZL over a lossless transmission line
when Zi=Zg*, where Zi is the impedance looking into the loaded line. What is the
maximum power transfer efficiency?
V Z
(Proof) I i Z Z , Vi
i
V
i g Zi Z g

2
1 Ri V
( Power ) out Re[Vi I i *]
2 2[( Ri R g ) 2 ( X i X g ) 2 ]

When Ri R g and X i X g , ( Power ) out Max , Zi Z g *

V
2
1 V
2
( Power ) out 1
In this case, ( Power ) out , Ps Re[VI i *] , e
4 Rg 2 2 Rg Ps 2
Transmission lines as circuit elements:
Z L Z 0 tanh
Consider a general case: Zi= Z 0
Z 0 Z L tanh
1. Open-circuit termination (ZL): Zi=Zio=Z0coth(l)
2. Short-circuit termination (ZL =0): Zi=Zis=Z0tanh(l)

1 1 Z is
Z0= Z i 0 Z is , = tanh
Zi0

2
R
3. Quarter-wave section in a lossless case (l=/4, l=/2): Z i 0
ZL

4. Half-wave section in a lossless case (l=/2, l=): Z i Z L

Eg. The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at the input

terminals of an air-spaced transmission line 4m long are 250-50 and
36020, respectively. (a) Determine Z0, , and of the line. (b) Determine R,
L, G, and C.

(Sol.) (a) Z 0 250e j 50 360e j 20 289.8 j 77.6 ,

1 36020
tanh 1 0.139 j 0.235 j
4 250 50
57.3 57.3
(b) R jL Z 0 58.5 j 57.3 , L 0.812( H / m)
c

4
G jC 24.5 10 5 j8.76 10 4 , C 8.76 10 12.4( pF / m)
Z0 c

Eg. Measurements on a 0.6m lossless coaxial cable at 100kHz show a capacitance

of 54pF when the cable is open-circuited and an inductance of 0.30H when it is
short-circuited. Determine Z0 and the dielectric constant of its insulating
medium.
54 10 12 0.3 10 6
(Sol.) (a) C 9 10 11 ( F / m) , L 5 10 7 ( H / m)
0.6 0 .6
L
Lossless Z 0 R0 =74.5, 0 r 0 r LC r 4.05
C
General expressions for V(z) and I(z) on the transmission lines:
Z L Z0
Let = e j , z=l-z
Z L Z0

IL z ' 2z '
V ( z ' ) ( Z L Z 0 ) e [1 e ]
2

I ( z ' ) I L (Z L Z 0 ) ez ' [1 e 2z ' ]
2Z 0

IL
V ( z' ) (Z L Z 0 ) ez ' [1 e j ( 2z ') ]
2

I
I ( z' ) L (Z L Z 0 ) e z ' [1 e j ( 2z ') ]
2Z 0
Z 0Vg
For a lossless line, V(z)= e jz [1 e j 2 ( z ) ]
Z0 Z g
Eg. A 100MHz generator with Vg=100 (V) and internal resistance 50 is
connected to a lossless 50 air line that is 3.6m long and terminated in a
25+j25() load. Find (a) V(z) at a location z from the generator, (b) Vi at the
input terminals and VL at the load, (c) the voltage standing-wave radio on the
line, and (d) the average power delivered to the load.
(Sol.) V g 100(V ) , Z g 50() , f 10 8 ( Hz ) , Z 0 50() ,
Z L 25 j 25 35.3645() ,
2 10 8 2
3. 6( m ) , (rad / m) , 2.4 (rad / m)
c 3 10 8 3
Z Z 0 (25 j 25) 50
L 0.4470.648 , g 0
Z L Z 0 (25 j 25) 50
Z 0V g
(a) V ( z ) e jz [1 e j 2 ( z ) ] 5[e j 2z / 3 0.447e j ( 2 z / 3 0.152 ) ]
Z0 Z g
(b) Vi V (0) 5(1 0.447e j 0.152 ) 7.06 8.43(V )
(c) VL V (3.6) 5[e j 0.4 0.447e j 0.248 ] 4.47 45.5(V )
1 1 0.447
(d) S 2.62 ,
1 1 0.447
2
1 VL 1 4.47 2
Pav RL ( ) 25 0.200(W )
2 ZL 2 35.36
Eg. A sinusoidal voltage generator Vg=110sin(t) and internal impedance Zg=50
is connected to a quarter-wave lossless line having a characteristic impedance
Z0=50 that is terminated in a purely reactive load ZL=j50. (a) Obtain the
voltage and current phasor expressions V(z) and I(z). (b) Write the
instantaneous voltage and current expressions V(z,t) and I(z,t).
Z L Z 0 50 j 50 Z g Z0
(Sol.) (a) Vg 110 j, j, g 0,
Z L Z 0 50 j 50 Z g Z0 4
Z 0Vg
(c) V ( z ' ) e jz ' (1 e 2 jz ' ) j55( e jz ' je jz ' ) ,
Z0 Z g
Vg
I ( z' ) e jz ' (1 e 2 jz ' ) j1.1( e jz ' je jz ' )
Z0 Z g
1 T
P V ( z ' 0, t ) I ( z ' 0, t ) 60.5 cos( 2t ) , Pav
T
0
Pdt 0

(b) V ( z ' , t ) Im[V ( z ' )e jt ] 55[sin(t z ' ) cos(t z ' )]

I ( z ' , t ) Im[ I ( z ' )e jt ] 1.1[sin(t z ' ) cos(t z ' )]

Eg. A sinusoidal voltage generator with Vg=0.10 (V) and internal impedance
Zg=Z0 is connected to a lossless transmission line having a characteristic
impedance Z0=50. The line is l meters long and is terminated in a load
resistance ZL=25. Find (a) Vi, Ii, VL, and IL; (b) the standing-wave radio on the
line; and (c) the average power delivered to the load.
ZL Z0 1 Z g Z0 0.1 1
(Sol.) (a) , g 0 , Vi V ( z ' ) (1 e 2 j )
ZL Z0 3 Z g Z0 2 3
0 .1 1
I i I ( z ' ) (1 e 2 j )
100 3
0.1 j 1 1 j
V L V ( z ' 0) e (1 ) e
2 3 30
0.1 j 1 1
I L I ( z ' 0) e (1 ) e
100 3 750
1 1
(b) S 2, (c) Pav Re[V L I L *] 2.22 10 5 W
1 2
Eg. Consider a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance R0. A time-
harmonic voltage source of an amplitude Vg and an internal impedance Rg=R0 is
connected to the input terminals of the line, which is terminated with a load
impedance ZL=RL+jXL. Let Pinc be the average incident power associated with the
wave traveling in the +z direction. (a) Find the expression for Pinc in terms of Vg
and R0. (b) Find the expression for the average power PL delivered to the load in
terms of Vg and the reflection coefficient . (c) Express the ratio PL/Pinc in terms
of the standing-wave ratio S.
jz 1 V
(Sol.) V ( z ) V0 e V0 e jz , I ( z ) (V0 e jz V0 e jz ) , Vinc ( z 0) V0 g ,
R0 2
Vg
I inc ( z 0) I 0
2 R0
2
1 V0 Vg
2

(a) Pinc Re[V0 ( I 0 )*]

2 2 R0 8 R0

(b)
1 1 1 2 2
PL Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )] Re[(V0 e jz V0 e jz )(V0* e jz V0* e jz )] {V0 V0 }
2 2 R0 2 R0

2
V0 2 Vg
2
2
{1 } {1 }
2 R0 8 R0

PL 2 S 1 2 4S
(c) 1 1 ( )
Pinc S 1 ( S 1) 2
Case 1 For a pure resistive load: ZL=RL

V (z') VL cos z' jILR0 sin z'

L 0 L sin z'

2 2 2
V ( z ' ) V c o s z ' ( R / R )
VL
I(z') IL cos z' j R sin z' I(z') IL cos2 z'(RL / R0)2 sin2 z'
0
1 S 1
S , 1. =0 S=1 when ZL= Z0 (matched load)
1 S 1
2. =-1 S= when ZL=0 (short-circuit), 3. =1 S=- when ZL= (open-circuit)
Vmax & I min occurs at 2 z 'max 2n
Vmin & I max occurs at 2 z ' min (2n 1)

n
If RL R0 0 0, z ' max , n 0,1,2,3....
2
n
If R L R0 0 , z ' min
2
n
If RL z ' max
2

Eg. The standing-wave radio S on a transmission line is an easily measurable

quality. Show how the value of a terminating resistance on a lossless line of
known characteristic impedance R0 can be determined by measuring S.

(Sol.) If RL R0 , 0 , occurs at z ' 0 and occurs at z '

2.
V max V min

R0 R L Vmax I max R
V max V L , Vmin V L , I min I L , I max I L , S L or
RL R0 V min I min R0
R L SR0 .

If R L R0 , , V min occurs at z ' 0 , and V max occurs at z ' 2 .

R0 R L Vmax I max R
Vmin V L , Vmax V L , I max I L , I min I L . S 0 or
RL R0 Vmin I min RL

R0
RL
S
Case 2 For a lossless transmission line, and arbitrary load:
Rm jR0 tan m
ZL= R0 , zm+lm=/2
R0 jRm tan m
Find ZL=?
S 1
1. , 2. At =2zm-, V(z) is a minimum.
S 1

1 e j 1
3. ZL=RL+jXL = R0 j
R0
1 e 1

Eg. Consider a lossless transmission line. (a) Determine the lines characteristic
resistance so that it will have a minimum possible standing-wave ratio for a load
impedance 40+j30(). (b) Find this minimum standing-wave radio and the
corresponding voltage reflection coefficient. (c) Find the location of the voltage
minimum nearest to the load.
(Sol.)

Z L R0 40 R0 j 30 ( 40 R0 ) 2 30 2 1 2 1 dS 1
[ ] , S , 0 R0 50
Z L R0 40 R0 j 30 ( 40 R0 ) 30
2 2
1 dR0 3

Z L R0 10 j 30 1 1
S 2, 90 ,
Z L R0 90 j 30 3 3 2 2
1 3
z min ' ( ) , m
2 2 8 2 8 8

Eg. SWR on a lossless 50 terminated line terminated in an unknown load

impedance is 3. The distance between successive minimum is 20cm. And the first
minimum is located at 5cm from the load. Determine , ZL, lm, and Rm.
2
(Sol.) 0.2 0.4m, 5
2
3 1
0.5, z ' m 0.05 m z m ' =0.15m
31 2
j
2 z m ' 0.5 , e j 0.5e j 0.5
2

j
1 ( )
R0 50, Z L 50 2 30 j 40 50 Rm j 50 tan m R 50 16.7()
50 jRm tan m
m
j 3
1 ( )
2
Eg. A lossy transmission line with characteristic impedance Z0 is terminated in an
arbitrary load impedance ZL. (a) Express the standing-wave radio S on the line in
terms of Z0 and ZL. (b) Find the impedance looking toward the load at the
location of a voltage maximum. (c) Find the impedance looking toward the load
at a location of a voltage minimum.

Z L Z 0 2z ' 1 Z L Z 0 Z L Z 0 e 2z '
(Sol.) (a) e , S
Z L Z0 1 Z L Z 0 Z L Z 0 e 2z '

(b)

1 e 2z max ' Z0
2 z max ' 2n e j e 2z max '
e 2z max ' , Z ( z max ' ) Z 0 2z max '

1 e S ( z max ' )

(c) 2 z min ' (2n 1) e j e 2zmin ' e 2zmin '

1 e 2zmin ' Z0
Z ( z min ' ) Z 0 2z min '

1 e S ( z min ' )

5-3 Introduction to Smith Chart

j
Z L R0 j Z L / R0 1 z L 1 1 1 e
e r ji z L
Z L R0 Z L / R0 1 z L 1 1 1 e j

r jx
 1 r2 i2
r 2 i
(1 r ) 2 i2 , x 2
(1 r ) 2 i

r 2 1 2 1 1
(r ) i2 ( ) : r-circle, ( r 1) 2 ( i ) 2 ( ) 2 : x-circle
1 r 1 r x x

Several salient properties of the r-circles:

1. The centers of all r-circles lie on the r-axis.
2. The r=0 circle, having a unity radius and centered at the origin, is the largest.
3. The r-circles become progressively smaller as r increases from 0 toward ,
ending at the (r=1, i=0) point for open-circuit.
4. All r-circles pass through the (r=1, i=0) point.
Salient properties of the x-circles:
1. The centers of all x-circles lie on the r=1 line, those for x>0 (inductive reactance)
lie above the raxis, and those for x<0 (capacitive reactance) lie below the r
axis.
2. The x=0 circle becomes the raxis.
3. The x-circle becomes progressively smaller as |x| increases from 0 toward ,
ending at the (r=1, i=0) point for open-circuit.
4. All x-circles pass through the (r=1, i=0) point.
Summary
1. All ||circles are centered at the origin, and their radii vary uniformly from 0 to
1.
2. The angle, measured from the positive real axis, of the line drawn from the origin
through the point representing zL equals .
3. The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of the ||circle and the
positive-real axis equals the standing-wave radio S.
Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
j
V ( z' ) 1 e j 2 z ' Z i ( z ) 1 e j 2 z ' 1 e
Z i ( z' ) z0 [ ] , z i ( z ' ) when
I ( z' ) 1 e j 2 z ' Z0 1 e j 2 z ' 1 e j
2z '
keep || constant and subtract (rotate in the clockwise direction) an angle
4z '
2z ' from . This will locate the point for ||ej, which determine Zi.

Increasing z wavelength toward generator in the clockwise direction

A change of half a wavelength in the line length z ' A change of
2
2 ( z ' ) 2 in .

Eg. Use the Smith chart to find the input impedance of a section of a 50 lossless
transmission line that is 0.1 wavelength long and is terminated in a short-circuit.
(Sol.) Given z L 0 , R0 50() , z ' 0.1
1. Enter the Smith chart at the intersection of r=0 and x=0 (point Psc on the
extreme left of chart; see Fig.)
2. Move along the perimeter of the chart ( 1) by 0.1 wavelengths toward
generator in a clockwise direction to P1.
At P1, read r=0 and x 0.725 , or z i j 0.725 , Z i 50( j 0.725) j 36.3() .

Eg. A lossless transmission line of length 0.434 and characteristic impedance

100 is terminated in an impedance 260+j180(). Find (a) the voltage reflection
coefficient, (b) the standing-wave radio, (c) the input impedance, and (d) the
location of a voltage maximum on the line.
(Sol.) (a) Given l=0.434, R0=100, ZL=260+j180
1. Enter the Smith chart at zL=ZL/R0=2.6+j1.8 (point P2 in Fig.)
2. With the center at the origin, draw a circle of radius OP 2 0.60 . (
OP sc =1)
3. Draw the straight line OP2 and extend it to P2 on the periphery. Read
0.22 on wavelengths toward generator scale. = 21 ,

e j 0.6021 .

(b) The 0.60 circle intersects with the positive-real axis OPoc at r=S=4.
(c) To find the input impedance:
1. Move P2 at 0.220 by a total of 0.434 wavelengths toward generator, first to
0.500 and then further to 0.154 to P3.
2. Join O and P3 by a straight line which intersects the 0.60 circle at P3.
3. Read r=0.69 and x=1.2 at P3. Z i R0 z i 100(0.69 j1.2) 69 j120() .
(d) In going from P2 to P3, the 0.60 circle intersects the positive-real axis
OPoc at PM, where the voltage is a maximum. Thus a voltage maximum
appears at (0.250-0.220) or 0.030 from the load.
Application of Smith Chart in lossy transmission line
1 e 2z ' e 2 jz ' 1 e 2z ' e j
zi
1 e 2z ' e 2 jz ' 1 e 2z ' e j
We can not simply move close the ||-circle; auxiliary calculation is necessary for
the e-2z factor.

Eg. The input impedance of a short-circuited lossy transmission line of length 2m

and characteristic impedance 75 (approximately real) is 45+j225(). (a) Find
and of the line. (b) Determine the input impedance if the short-circuit is
replaced by a load impedance ZL= 67.5-j45().
(Sol.) (a) Enter z i1 (45 j 225) / 75 0.60 j 3.0 in the chart as P1 in Fig.
Draw a straight line from the origin O through P1 to P1.
1 1 1
Measure OP1 / OP1 ' 0.89 e 2 , ln( ) ln(1.124) 0.029( Np / m)
2 0.89 4
Record that the arc Psc P1 ' is 0.20 wavelengths toward generator. / 0.20 ,
0.8 0.8
2 4 / 0.8 . 0.2 (rad / m) .
2 4
(b) To find the input impedance for:
1. Enter z L Z L / Z 0 (67.5 j 45) / 75 0.9 j 0.6 on the Smith chart as P2.
2. Draw a straight line from O through P2 to P2 where the wavelengths toward
generator reading is 0.364.
3. Draw a circle centered at O with radius OP2 .
4. Move P2 along the perimeter by 0.2 wavelengths toward generator to P3 at
0.364+0.20=0.564 or 0.064.
5. Joint P3 and O by a straight line, intersecting the circle at P3.
6. Mark on line OP3 a point Pi such that OPi / OP3 e 2 0.89 .
7. At Pi, read z i 0.64 j 0.27 . Z i 75(0.64 j 0.27) 48.0 j 20.3()
5-4 Transmission-line Impedance Matching
Impedance matching by /4-transformer: R0= R0 RL

Eg. A signal generator is to feed equal power through a lossless air transmission
line of characteristic impedance 50 to two separate resistive loads, 64 and
25. Quarter-wave transformers are used to match the loads to the 50 line. (a)
Determine the required characteristic impedances of the quarter-wave lines. (b)
Find the standing-wave radios on the matching line sections.

(Sol.) (a) Ri1 Ri 2 2 R0 100() .

'
R01 Ri1 R L1 100 64 80() , R02
'
Ri 2 R L 2 100 25 50()
(b) Matching section No. 1:

R L1 R01' 64 80 1 1 1 0.11
1 0.11 , S1 1.25
R L1 R01 64 80
' 1 1 1 0.11

Matching section No. 2:

R L 2 R02' 25 50 1 2 1 0.33
2 0.33 , S 2 1.99
R L 2 R02 25 50
' 1 2 1 0.33

Application of Smith Chart in obtaining admittance:

 ZL 1 1
YL 1 / Z L , z L , where y L YL / Y0 Y0 / G0 R0YL y jb
R 0 R 0 YL yL

Eg. Find the input admittance of an open-circuited line of characteristic

impedance 300 and length 0.04.
(Sol.) 1. For an open-circuited line we start from the point Poc on the extreme right of
the impedance Smith chart, at 0.25 in Fig.
2. Move along the perimeter of the chart by 0.04 wavelengths toward generator to
P3 (at 0.29).
3. Draw a straight line from P3 through O, intersecting at P3 on the opposite side.
1
4. Read at P3: y i 0 j 0.26 , Yi (0 j 0.26) j 0.87 mS .
300
Application of Smith Chart in single-stub matching:

1
Yi YB YS Y0 1 y B y S , where yB=R0YB, ys=R0Ys
R0
1+jbs= yB, ys=-jbs and lB is required to cancel the imaginary part.

Using the Smith chart as an admittance chart, we proceed as yL follows for single-
stub matching:
1. Enter the point representing the normalized load admittance.
2. Draw the ||-circle for yL, which will intersect the g=1 circle at two points. At
these points, yB1=1+jbB1 and yB2=1+jbB2. Both are possible solutions.
3. Determine load-section lengths d1 and d2 from the angles between the point
representing yL and the points representing yB1 and yB2.
Determine stub length lB1 and lB2 from the angles between the short-circuit point on
the extreme right of the chart to the points representing jbB1 and jbB2, respectively.
Eg. Single-Stub Matching:
Eg. A 50 transmission line is connected to a load impedance ZL= 35-j47.5().
Find the position and length of a short-circuited stub required to match the line.
(Sol.) Given R0 50() , Z L 35 j 47.5() , z L Z L / R0 0.70 j 0.95
1. Enter z L on the Smith chart as P1 . Draw a circle centered at O with radius OP1 .
2. Draw a straight line from P1 through O to P ' 2 on the perimeter, intersecting the circle at
P2 , which represents y L . Note 0.109 at P ' 2 on the wavelengths toward generator scale.
3. Two points of intersection of the circle with the g=1 circle.
At P3 : y B1 1 j1.2 1 jbB1 . At P4 : y B 2 1 j1.2 1 jbB 2 ;
4. Solutions for the position of the stubs:
For P3 (from P ' 2 to P ' 3 ): d 1 (0.168 0.109) 0.059
For P4 (from P ' 2 to P ' 4 ): d 2 (0.332 0.109) 0.223
For P3 (from Psc to P ' ' 3 , which represents jbB1 j1.2 ):
B1 (0.361 0.250) 0.111

For P4 (from Psc to P" 4 , which represents jbB 2 j1.2 ):

B 2 (0.139 0.250) 0.389

5-5 Introduction to S-parameters

 S11 S12
S-parameters: S
S S for analyzing the high-frequency circuits.

21 22

1 1
Define a x 2 Z V x Z 0 I x , b x 2 Z V x Z 0 I x
0 0

b1 l1 S11a1 l1 S12a2 l2 , b2 l 2 S 21a1 l1 S 22 a2 l 2

b1l S1 12 a1l

b l22 S21 2 al22
b1 l1 b2 l 2 b2 l2
, where S11 , S 21 , S 22 ,
a1 l1 a1 l1 a2 l2
a2 l 2 0 a2 l 2 0 a1 l1 0

b1 l1
and S12 .
a2 l2
a1 l1 0

New S-parameters obtained by shifting reference planes:

b1 l1 b1 0 e j1 , a1 l1 a1 0 e j1 , b2 l 2 b2 0 e j 2 , a2 l 2 a2 0 e j2

b 0 S e S e a 0
j21 j 21
1 1 12 1
j j2
b 20 S21e 21 S2e 2 a20
, where

j j
S '11 S '12 S11e 1 S12e 1 2 S 11 S12 S '11 e 1 S '12 e 1 2
j 2 j 2

S ' S ' = j12 j22 and

S S = j12 j22
21 22 S21e S22e 21 22 S '21 e S '22 e
 al11 T1 12 bl22

1 S 22
S

b l11 T21 2 a l22

T11 T12 S 21
T T S
21
T-parameters: , where
S S
21 22 11 S12 11 22
S S 21
21

T21 T21T12
S11 S12 T T22
T11
11
and S S 1 T
21 22 12
T T11
11