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1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
ABSTRACT
The fine aggregate is one of the predominant contents of concrete, usually natural
river sand is used as the fine aggregate. Scarcity of good quality natural river sand due to
depletion of resources and restriction due to environmental consideration, to make concrete
manufacturing to look for suitable alternative fine aggregate. This project deals with
experimental study on partial replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber. Crumb
rubber which is the byproducts generated from tires processing work abundantly available all
over the regions. Generally the availability of sand becomes a herculean task. In preparing
concrete fine aggregate is partially replaced by crumb rubber. The present investigation has
been undertaken to study the effect of crumb rubber, by adding of 30%, 40% and 50% with
the fine aggregate, a matured fine aggregate has prepared.
INTRODUCTION
In plain cement concrete structural cracks (micro cracks) develop even before loading,
particularly due to drying shrinkage or other causes of the volume changes. One of the most
crucial environmental issues all around the world is the disposal of the waste materials.
Accumulations of discarded waste tires have been a major concern because the waste rubber
More than 273 million scrap tires are produced in India each year. I addition to this,
more than 300 million tires are currently stockpiled throughout the country. These stockpiles
are dangerous not only from potential environmental threat, but also from fire hazards and
provide breeding ground for mosquitoes. Over the years, disposal of tires has become one of
the serious problems in environments, and land filling is becoming unacceptable because of
the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal. The uses of rubber tires in making
carbon black eliminates shredding and grinding costs, but carbon black from tire pyrolysis is
more expensive, and has lower quality than that from petroleum oils. A tire is a composite of
complex elastomeric formulations, fibers, textiles and steel cord.
To obtain crumb rubber, the waste tire was sent into bead stripper and from the bead
stripper it has been sent to crusher, where it is crushed in rubber pieces, after that the rubber
pieces are sent into cracker mill and magnetic separation, from the magnetic separation the
metal pieces are separated and the crumb rubber is obtained.
To determine the mechanical and durability properties of crumb rubber mixes for the
cement by 10% and partial replacement by fine aggregate by 30%, 40 % and 50%.
In the future, there will be control of fine aggregate. So we have to use alternative
resource.
To reduce the usage of sand.
To effective use of crumb rubber which is cheaper material when compared to the fine
aggregate.
MATERIALS USED
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
CEMENT
The cement used in the study was OPC 53 grade which is widely used in the
construction industries. The chemical properties of cement are shown in Table 4.1 (a) which
2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 59
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
is given by the supplier. The physical properties of cement was determined by testing the
cement as per IS: 12269-1987 (reaffirmed 2004) using pycnometer and vicats apparatus.
components %
SiO2 21.8
Al2O3 4.8
Fe2O3 3.8
CaO 63.3
SO3 2.2
MgO3 0.9
Na2O 0.21
K2 O 0.46
Cl 0.04
P2O5 <0.04
Loss of
2
ignition
Insoluble
0.4
residue
Table 2: Physical properties of OPC 53 grade
4. Fineness 2.5%
FINE AGGREGATE
Due to the high amount of cementations material in high-strength in concrete, the role
of the fine aggregate (sand) in providing workability and good finishing characteristics is not
as crucial as in conventional strength mixes. Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the
Aggregates for concrete shall be procured from approved sources conforming to the
specifications of IS 383 1973 and shall be chemically inert, clean, and strong. The fine
aggregate was tested as per the limits specified IS 2386 (Part-3):1963. In this study, fine
aggregate having a fineness modulus of 2.46 and it confirming to zone 2 and sieve analysis
for sand.
Cumulative
Weight Cumulative
S. No Sieve size Weight % finer
retained % retained
retained
1. 10 0 0 0 100
2. 4.75 15 15 3 97
3. 2.36 47.5 62.5 12.5 87.5
4. 1.18 52.5 115 23 77
5. 0.6 82.5 197.5 39.5 60.5
6. 0.3 172.5 370 74 26
7. 0.15 100 470 94 0
8. pan 30 500 100 0
COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between
9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled
sources. Gravel is a coarse marine-won aggregate; land-won coarse aggregates include gravel
and crushed rock. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with
crushed stone making up most of the remainder. Secondary aggregates are materials which
are the by-products of extractive operations and are derived from a very wide range of
materials Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in
granular sub-bases, soil-cement, and in new concrete. In high performance concrete, careful
attention must be given to aggregate size, shape, surface texture, mineralogy and cleanliness.
Coarse aggregate shall be machine-crushed stone of black trap. Crushed-stone aggregates
produce higher compressive strength in concrete than gravel aggregate. In this study, crushed
aggregate of size 20 mm in angular shape is used.
CRUMB RUBBER
Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires.
During the recycling process, steel and tire cord (fluff) are removed, leaving tire rubber with
a granular consistency. Continued processing with a granulator or cracker mill, possibly with
the aid of cryogenics or by mechanical means, reduces the size of the particles further. The
particles are sized and classified based on various criteria including color (black only or black
and white). The granulate is sized by passing through a screen, the size based on a dimension
(1/4 inch) or mesh (holes per inch: 10, 20, etc.).
Crumb rubber is often used in astro turf as cushioning, where it is sometimes referred
to as astro-dirt.Crumb rubber is the name given to any material derived by reducing scrap
tires or other rubber into uniform granules with the inherent reinforcing materials such as
steel and fiber removed along with any other type of inert contaminants such as dust, glass, or
rock.
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative
amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and
workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The
proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of concrete
in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is not workable,
it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, becomes
of vital importance.
The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are:
Compressive strength.
Workability.
Durability.
Maximum nominal size of aggregate.
Grading and type of aggregate.
Quality Control.
Adjustment required
Change in condition
S. No
for tables % of water % of sand in
content total aggregate
For decrease in w/c
1. ratio by 0.6-0.46 = 0 -3
0.14
Compaction factor
2. +4.5 -
0.95-0.8 = 0.15
3. Sand conformity - -
4. Total +4.5 -3
MIX PROPORTION
Table 7
Fine Coarse
Cement Water
Aggregate Aggregate
RATIO
1 : 1.24 : 2.76 : 0.46
% of
S.No Samples W/c
C FA CA replacement by
ratio crumb rubber
2. B1 0.46 1 2.76
3. B2 0.46 1 2.76
4. B3 0.46 1 2.76
5. B4 0.46 1 2.76
COMPARISON OF RESULTS
From the experimental studies which were given in the previous chapter, comparison
of test results is discussed in this chapter. The comparison of test results will be made for
conventional and crumb rubber, cubes cylinders and prisms.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
40 39.11
37.55 38.23 37.33 37.85
36.55
35
30.89 31.54
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
30.23
30
25
CR 30%
CR 40%
20
CR 50%
15
10
0
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
39 38.89
38.63
38.56
38.48
38.5
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
38.11 38.11
38
CR 30 %
CR 40%
37.5 37.33 CR 50%
37.23
37
36.5
36
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
1.2
1.1
1
CR 30%
0.8
CR 40%
CR 50%
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
5 4.81 4.81
4.53
4.24 4.24
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
4 3.67
3.54
CR 30%
3
CR 40%
CR 50%
2
0
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
7.78
7.8
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
7.58
7.6 7.53
7.42
7.4 7.35
CR 30%
7.15 CR 40%
7.2
7.07 CR 50%
6.98
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
CONCLUSION
The average slumps of mix 1, mix 2 and mix 3 are obtained as 33.33, 36.33 and 38.33
mm, respectively.
The average weights of mix 1, mix 2 and mix 3 are obtained as 8.6, 8.3 and 8.1 kgs.,
respectively.
REFERENCE
2. Investigation into Waste Tire Rubber Filled Concrete - Baoshan Huang, Guoqiang Li,
Su-Seng Pang 2004.
7. Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Crumb Rubber and Plastic Fines - Aravind S, Dr.
Elson John 2015.
8. BIS 383 1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural resources
for concrete.