Strength Studies On Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate With Crumb Rubber

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol.
1 (January 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
STRENGTH STUDIES ON CONCRETE BY PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH
CRUMB RUBBER
V.Srinivasan#1, D.Geetha Kumari#2
#1 PG-Student, Department of Structural Engineering, CSI College of Engineering,

Ketti, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India.
#2 Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, CSI College of Engineering, Ketti,
The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT
The fine aggregate is one of the predominant contents of concrete, usually natural
river sand is used as the fine aggregate. Scarcity of good quality natural river sand due to
depletion of resources and restriction due to environmental consideration, to make concrete
manufacturing to look for suitable alternative fine aggregate. This project deals with
experimental study on partial replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber. Crumb
rubber which is the byproducts generated from tires processing work abundantly available all
over the regions. Generally the availability of sand becomes a herculean task. In preparing
concrete fine aggregate is partially replaced by crumb rubber. The present investigation has
been undertaken to study the effect of crumb rubber, by adding of 30%, 40% and 50% with
the fine aggregate, a matured fine aggregate has prepared.
Key words: Crumb rubber, fine aggregate, water cement ratio.
Corresponding Author: Srinivasan.V
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It contains of

cement, sand and aggregate (e.g., gravel or crushed rock) mixed with water. The cement and
water paste or gel which coats the sand and aggregate. When the cement has chemically
reacted with the water (hydrated), it hardens and binds the whole mix together. The initial
hardening reaction usually occurs within a few hours. It takes some weeks for concrete to
reach full hardness and strength. Concrete can continue to harden and gain strength over
many years.
In plain cement concrete structural cracks (micro cracks) develop even before loading,
particularly due to drying shrinkage or other causes of the volume changes. One of the most
crucial environmental issues all around the world is the disposal of the waste materials.
Accumulations of discarded waste tires have been a major concern because the waste rubber
2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 57

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 1 (January 2017)
is not easily biodegradable even after a long period landfill treatment. However materials and
energy are alternatives to disposal of the waste rubber.
More than 273 million scrap tires are produced in India each year. I addition to this,
more than 300 million tires are currently stockpiled throughout the country. These stockpiles
are dangerous not only from potential environmental threat, but also from fire hazards and
provide breeding ground for mosquitoes. Over the years, disposal of tires has become one of
the serious problems in environments, and land filling is becoming unacceptable because of
the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal. The uses of rubber tires in making
carbon black eliminates shredding and grinding costs, but carbon black from tire pyrolysis is
more expensive, and has lower quality than that from petroleum oils. A tire is a composite of
complex elastomeric formulations, fibers, textiles and steel cord.
PROCESS OF EXTRACTION OF CRUMB RUBBER
To obtain crumb rubber, the waste tire was sent into bead stripper and from the bead
stripper it has been sent to crusher, where it is crushed in rubber pieces, after that the rubber
pieces are sent into cracker mill and magnetic separation, from the magnetic separation the
metal pieces are separated and the crumb rubber is obtained.
NEED FOR CRUMB RUBBER
Reduces the quantity of fine aggregate in the concrete.

Increases the alternative materials and the need of regular materials are decreased.
When used as replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, it reduces the problems
associated with their disposal.
Up to 20% replacement can be done, depending on the concrete mix, and the
requirements.
Crumb rubber is environment friendly and cost effective.

Crumb rubber was even used up to 20% in making self-consolidating (compacting)
concrete.
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION
The scope of the investigation is given below:
To determine the mechanical and durability properties of crumb rubber mixes for the
cement by 10% and partial replacement by fine aggregate by 30%, 40 % and 50%.
In the future, there will be control of fine aggregate. So we have to use alternative
resource.
To reduce the usage of sand.
To effective use of crumb rubber which is cheaper material when compared to the fine
aggregate.
OBJECTIVE OF THE INVESTIGATION
The objective of the investigation is:
To study the mechanical durability properties of M25 grade of crumb rubber.

To save the natural fine aggregate by using the crumb rubber.
To investigate the increase in strength of concrete and better bonding between the
aggregate and cement paste.
To minimize the environmental hazards by utilizing wastages.
MATERIALS USED
Cement: Ordinary Portland cement, 53 Grade.

COARSE AGGREGATES: 20 mm nominal size aggregates are used.
FINE AGGREGATES: Locally available river sand.
WATER: Portable clean water has been used for concrete
construction and curing
TYRE CRUMB: The crumb rubber basically consists of particle size ranging
in from 4.75 mm to 0.075 mm. The methods used to convert scrap (discarded) tyres into
crumb rubber are
cracker mill process,
granular process and
Micro mill process.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
CEMENT
The cement used in the study was OPC 53 grade which is widely used in the
construction industries. The chemical properties of cement are shown in Table 4.1 (a) which
is given by the supplier. The physical properties of cement was determined by testing the
cement as per IS: 12269-1987 (reaffirmed 2004) using pycnometer and vicats apparatus.
Table 1: Chemical composition of cement
components %
SiO2 21.8
Al2O3 4.8
Fe2O3 3.8
CaO 63.3
SO3 2.2
MgO3 0.9
Na2O 0.21
K2 O 0.46
Cl 0.04
P2O5 <0.04
Loss of
2
ignition
Insoluble
0.4
residue
Table 2: Physical properties of OPC 53 grade
1. Specific Gravity 2.91

2. Standard consistency 32%
3. Setting time
i. Initial setting time 90 mts
ii. Final setting time 210 mts
4. Fineness 2.5%
FINE AGGREGATE
Due to the high amount of cementations material in high-strength in concrete, the role
of the fine aggregate (sand) in providing workability and good finishing characteristics is not
as crucial as in conventional strength mixes. Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the

land or the marine environment. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed
stone with most particles passing through a 9.5mm sieve. As with coarse aggregates these can
be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled sources. For sands used in concrete, the fineness
modulus generally ranges from 2.3 to 3.1.
Aggregates for concrete shall be procured from approved sources conforming to the
specifications of IS 383 1973 and shall be chemically inert, clean, and strong. The fine
aggregate was tested as per the limits specified IS 2386 (Part-3):1963. In this study, fine
aggregate having a fineness modulus of 2.46 and it confirming to zone 2 and sieve analysis
for sand.
Table 3: Sieve analysis for sand
Cumulative
Weight Cumulative
S. No Sieve size Weight % finer
retained % retained
retained
1. 10 0 0 0 100
2. 4.75 15 15 3 97
3. 2.36 47.5 62.5 12.5 87.5
4. 1.18 52.5 115 23 77
5. 0.6 82.5 197.5 39.5 60.5
6. 0.3 172.5 370 74 26
7. 0.15 100 470 94 0
8. pan 30 500 100 0
COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between
9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled
sources. Gravel is a coarse marine-won aggregate; land-won coarse aggregates include gravel
and crushed rock. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with
crushed stone making up most of the remainder. Secondary aggregates are materials which
are the by-products of extractive operations and are derived from a very wide range of
materials Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in
granular sub-bases, soil-cement, and in new concrete. In high performance concrete, careful
attention must be given to aggregate size, shape, surface texture, mineralogy and cleanliness.
Coarse aggregate shall be machine-crushed stone of black trap. Crushed-stone aggregates
produce higher compressive strength in concrete than gravel aggregate. In this study, crushed
aggregate of size 20 mm in angular shape is used.

Table 4: Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregates
Weight of Cumulative Cumulati

Cumulative
S. No Sieve size material Weight ve % of
% retained
retained (kg) retained (kg) passing
1. 80mm - 0 0 100
2. 40mm - 0 0 100
3. 20mm - 0 0 100
4. 12.5mm 2.186 2.186 72.867 27.133
5. 10mm 0.674 2.860 95.333 4.634
6. 4.75mm 0.140 3.000 100 0
7. Pan 0 0 - -
CRUMB RUBBER
Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires.
During the recycling process, steel and tire cord (fluff) are removed, leaving tire rubber with
a granular consistency. Continued processing with a granulator or cracker mill, possibly with
the aid of cryogenics or by mechanical means, reduces the size of the particles further. The
particles are sized and classified based on various criteria including color (black only or black
and white). The granulate is sized by passing through a screen, the size based on a dimension
(1/4 inch) or mesh (holes per inch: 10, 20, etc.).
Crumb rubber is often used in astro turf as cushioning, where it is sometimes referred
to as astro-dirt.Crumb rubber is the name given to any material derived by reducing scrap
tires or other rubber into uniform granules with the inherent reinforcing materials such as
steel and fiber removed along with any other type of inert contaminants such as dust, glass, or
rock.
Table 5: Properties of crumb rubber
S. No Properties Crumb rubber
1. Specific gravity 1.16
2. Bulk density 493.165 kg / m3

Percentage of
3. 57.5 %
voids
Fineness
4. 7.77
modulus

WATER
Water is an important ingredient in cement paste, as it chemically participates in the

reactions with cement to form the hydration product, C-S-H gel. The strength of cement
mortar depends mainly from the binding action of the hydrated cement paste C-S-H gel. For
the concrete it is important to have the compatibility between the given cement and the
chemical and mineral admixtures along with water used for mixing.
CONCRET MIX DESIGN
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative
amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and
workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The
proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of concrete
in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is not workable,
it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, becomes
of vital importance.
REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are:
The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration.

The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate
durability for the particular site conditions.
Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN
The factors to be considered for Mix design are:
The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.

The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of
concrete.
Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as
possible within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the
size and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used
for transportation, placing and compaction.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX PROPORTIONS
The various factors affecting the mix design are:
Compressive strength.
Workability.
Durability.
Maximum nominal size of aggregate.
Grading and type of aggregate.
Quality Control.
Table 6: Adjustment table by IS method
Adjustment required
Change in condition
S. No
for tables % of water % of sand in
content total aggregate
For decrease in w/c
1. ratio by 0.6-0.46 = 0 -3
0.14
Compaction factor
2. +4.5 -
0.95-0.8 = 0.15
3. Sand conformity - -
4. Total +4.5 -3
MIX PROPORTION
Table 7
Fine Coarse
Cement Water
Aggregate Aggregate
422.543 524.64 1166.53 194.37
RATIO
1 : 1.24 : 2.76 : 0.46

Table 8: Concrete mix design proportion
Concrete mix design proportion
% of
S.No Samples W/c
C FA CA replacement by
ratio crumb rubber
1. B0 0.46 1 1.24 2.76 0
2. B1 0.46 1 2.76
3. B2 0.46 1 2.76
4. B3 0.46 1 2.76
5. B4 0.46 1 2.76
COMPARISON OF RESULTS
From the experimental studies which were given in the previous chapter, comparison
of test results is discussed in this chapter. The comparison of test results will be made for
conventional and crumb rubber, cubes cylinders and prisms.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Table 9: Compressive Strength at 7 Days
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

CRUMB
RUBBER TRAIL I TRAIL II TRAIL III
30% 30.23 30.89 31.54
40% 37.55 36.55 37.85
50% 38.23 37.33 39.11

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 7 DAYS

45
40 39.11
37.55 38.23 37.33 37.85
36.55
35
30.89 31.54
30.23
30
25
CR 30%
CR 40%
20
CR 50%
15
10
0
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
Table 10: Compressive Strength at 28 Days
CRUMB COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)
30% 37.23 37.33 38.11
40% 38.11 38.48 38.89
50% 38.56 38.63 39.21

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS

39.5
39.21
39 38.89
38.63
38.56
38.48
38.5
38.11 38.11
38
CR 30 %
CR 40%
37.5 37.33 CR 50%
37.23
37
36.5
36
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
Table 11: Split Tensile Strength at 28 Days
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

CRUMB
30% 1.28 1.10 1.515
40% 1.49 1.38 1.405
50% 1.64 1.41 1.49

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS

1.6
1.49 1.515 1.515 1.49
1.38 1.405 1.405
1.4
1.28
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
1.2
1.1
1
CR 30%
0.8
CR 40%
CR 50%
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Table 12: Flexural Strength at 7 Days
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

CRUMB
30% 4.81 5.38 5.66
40% 4.53 4.81 4.24
50% 3.67 4.24 3.54

FLEXURAL STRENGTH AT 7 DAYS

6 5.66
5.38
5 4.81 4.81
4.53
4.24 4.24
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
4 3.67
3.54
CR 30%
3
CR 40%
CR 50%
2
0
Table 13: Flexural Strength at 28 Days
CRUMB COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)
30% 7.42 7.07 6.98
40% 7.35 7.15 7.58
50% 7.78 7.53 8.06

FLEXURAL STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS

8.2
8.06
8
7.78
7.8
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
7.58
7.6 7.53
7.42
7.4 7.35
CR 30%
7.15 CR 40%
7.2
7.07 CR 50%
6.98
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are obtained from the present study:
The addition of rubber crumb resulted in increase in workability. The increase in

Workability is in direct proportion to the amount of rubber crumb added.
The average slumps of mix 1, mix 2 and mix 3 are obtained as 33.33, 36.33 and 38.33
mm, respectively.
The addition of rubber crumbs resulted in reduction in weight of concrete. The

reduction in weight is in direct proportion to the amount of rubber crumb added.
The average weights of mix 1, mix 2 and mix 3 are obtained as 8.6, 8.3 and 8.1 kgs.,
respectively.
The addition of rubber crumbs resulted in increase in compressive strength of

concrete at first and then it reduces.

REFERENCE
1. Rubber Tire practices as concrete aggregate Neil N. Eldin, B. Senouci 1993.
2. Investigation into Waste Tire Rubber Filled Concrete - Baoshan Huang, Guoqiang Li,
Su-Seng Pang 2004.
3. Experimental investigation on properties of concrete using scrap tires -

SakthiMurugan, S.Aravindan 2012.
4. A Study on the Performance of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen by Varying the

Sizes of Crumb Rubber - NabinRanaMagar 2014.
5. Pelletized Cut Rubber: An Alternative Coarse Aggregate for Concrete Mixture -

Tomas U. GanironJr 2014.
6. Effect of Crumb Rubber Material on Concrete Mix - Mohammed IslamuddinFaraz,

Utkarsh Jain, Ketan Jain, Shailendra Singh -2015.
7. Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Crumb Rubber and Plastic Fines - Aravind S, Dr.
Elson John 2015.
8. BIS 383 1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural resources
for concrete.
9. IS 456 2000, Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice.
10. IS 516 -1959 Methods of test for strength of concrete.

Strength Studies On Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate With Crumb Rubber

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol.

STRENGTH STUDIES ON CONCRETE BY PARTIAL

V.Srinivasan#1, D.Geetha Kumari#2

#1 PG-Student, Department of Structural Engineering, CSI College of Engineering,

Key words: Crumb rubber, fine aggregate, water cement ratio.

Corresponding Author: Srinivasan.V

Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It contains of

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 57

PROCESS OF EXTRACTION OF CRUMB RUBBER

NEED FOR CRUMB RUBBER

Reduces the quantity of fine aggregate in the concrete.

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 58

SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION

The scope of the investigation is given below:

OBJECTIVE OF THE INVESTIGATION

The objective of the investigation is:

To study the mechanical durability properties of M25 grade of crumb rubber.

Cement: Ordinary Portland cement, 53 Grade.

Table 1: Chemical composition of cement

1. Specific Gravity 2.91

i. Initial setting time 90 mts

ii. Final setting time 210 mts

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 60

Table 3: Sieve analysis for sand

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 61

Weight of Cumulative Cumulati

Table 5: Properties of crumb rubber

S. No Properties Crumb rubber

1. Specific gravity 1.16

2. Bulk density 493.165 kg / m3

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 62

Water is an important ingredient in cement paste, as it chemically participates in the

CONCRET MIX DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN

The factors to be considered for Mix design are:

The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 63

The various factors affecting the mix design are:

Table 6: Adjustment table by IS method

422.543 524.64 1166.53 194.37

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 64

Table 8: Concrete mix design proportion

Concrete mix design proportion

1. B0 0.46 1 1.24 2.76 0

Table 9: Compressive Strength at 7 Days

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

30% 30.23 30.89 31.54

40% 37.55 36.55 37.85

50% 38.23 37.33 39.11

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 65

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 7 DAYS

Table 10: Compressive Strength at 28 Days

CRUMB COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

RUBBER TRAIL I TRAIL II TRAIL III

30% 37.23 37.33 38.11

40% 38.11 38.48 38.89

50% 38.56 38.63 39.21

2016 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 66

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Table 11: Split Tensile Strength at 28 Days