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LIQUID liquid is a generic label used to classify two English approximant consonants,
the rhotic /r/ ou // (as in REST) and the lateral /l/ (as in LESS).
Voiceless Voiced
Lingua-alveolar /l/
Lingua-palatal /r/
FLAP / TAP a type of consonant sound produced with a single contraction of the muscles
so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.
Voiceless Voiced
Alveolar // (water)
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Place of articulation refers to which articulators are involved in the production of a
particular sound.
BILABIAL refers to a speech sound, such as /b/, produced by contact of the upper and
lower lips.
Voiceless Voiced
Stop /p/ /b/
Nasal /m/
Glide /w/
LINGUA-VELAR refers to a consonant produced with the tongue contacting the velum.
Voiceless Voiced
Stop /k/ /g/
Nasal //
VOICED a voiced sound is produced with vibration of the adducted vocal folds in the
larynx.
Voiced
Stop /b/ /d/ /g/
Fricative /v/ / / /z/ / /
Affricate /d/
Nasal /m/ /n/ //
Liquid /l/ /r/
Glide /w/ /j/
VOICELESS voiceless sounds are consonants produced without vibration of the vocal
folds.
Voiceless
Stop /p/ /t/ /k/
Fricative /f/ / / /s/ / / /h/
Affricate /t/
Exercise
1. Write the MANNER, PLACE AND VOICE of each one:
/b/ _____________________________________________________________________
/m/ _____________________________________________________________________
/p/ _____________________________________________________________________
/n/ _____________________________________________________________________
/w/ _____________________________________________________________________
/r/ ______________________________________________________________________
/l/ ______________________________________________________________________
/s/ _____________________________________________________________________
/z/ _____________________________________________________________________
/t/ ______________________________________________________________________
/d/ _____________________________________________________________________
/f/ ______________________________________________________________________
/g/ _____________________________________________________________________
/h/ _____________________________________________________________________
/j/ ______________________________________________________________________
/k/ _____________________________________________________________________
/v/ _____________________________________________________________________
/ / _____________________________________________________________________
/ / _____________________________________________________________________
/t/ _____________________________________________________________________
/d/ ____________________________________________________________________
/ / _____________________________________________________________________
/ / _____________________________________________________________________
// __________________________________________ _______________________________
The vertical line () is used to show word stress. It is placed before the stressed syllable in a
word.
means that r is always pronounced in American English, but not in British English. For
example, if we write that FA R is pronounced /f:/, we mean that it is pronounced /f:r/ in
American English, and /f:/ in British English.
i is usually pronounced like a shorter version of i:, but sometimes (especially in an old-
i fashioned British accent) it can sound like . Examples: VERY /veri/,CREATE /kri
et/, P REVIOUS /pri:vis/, ABILIT Y /blti/.
l represents either a syllabic l or, less commonly, l. Syllabic l is an l which acts as a vowel
l and forms a syllable, as in LITT LE /ltl/, U NCLE /kl/.
n represents either a syllabic n or, less commonly, n. Syllabic n is an n which acts as a vowel
n and forms a syllable, as in WRITTEN /rtn/, LIS TEN /lsn/.