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2, October-December 2010
ABSTRACT
In this paper CFD analysis of pressure and temperature for a rocket nozzle with two inlets at
Mach 2.1 is analyzed with the help of fluent software. When the fuel and air enter in the
combustion chamber according to the x and y plot, it is burning due to high velocity and
temperature and then temperature increases rapidly in combustion chamber and convergent
part of the nozzle and after that temperature decreases in the exit part of the nozzle. It is
concluded in this paper that two inlet rocket nozzle is having better performance than single
inlet.
Key Words : Rocket nozzle, Total temperature, Static temperature, Mach number, Total
pressure, Throat
the problem into parametric and dynamical condition of the ground-testing bed properly
parts. The corresponding variation problems and quantitatively. At last, the application of
differ for two rocket thruster types under the health evaluation system in fault
consideration. They proposed change of detection and health evaluation of the
variables, which makes it possible to reduce ground-testing bed are discussed.
averaged equations of optimal motion of a
Vadim Zakirov and Vladimir Pavshook3
spacecraft with the mentioned engines to the
unified form. Using this unified form worked on Russian Nuclear Rocket Engine
comparison of the performance of constant- Design for Mars Exploration and their
and variable-thrust engines is conducted. findings are described here. This paper is to
promote investigation into the nuclear rocket
Zhigang Feng and QiWang2 worked on
engine (NRE) propulsion option that is
Research on health evaluation system of
considered as a key technology for manned
liquid-propellant rocket engine ground-
testing bed based on fuzzy theory and their Mars exploration. Russian NRE developed
findings are the following: In this paper, the since the 1950s in the former Soviet Union to
theory based on multi-sensor information a full-scale prototype by the 1990s is viewed
fusion is studied, which is used to evaluate as advantageous and the most suitable
the health condition of liquid-propellant starting point concept for manned Mars
rocket engine ground-testing bed. The mission application study. The main features
concept of health degree is defined. It is used of Russian heterogeneous core NRE design
as a quantitative index for evaluating the are described and the most valuable
health condition of the ground-testing bed. In experimental performance results are
order to evaluate the health condition of the summarized. These results have
ground-testing bed on different levels, health demonstrated the significant specific impulse
degrees of a single parameter, of a sub- performance advantage of the NRE over
system and of a system are defined. They conventional liquid rocket engine (LRE)
accordingly measure the health conditions of propulsion technologies. Based on past
single parameter, sub-system and system of experience, the recent developments in the
the ground-testing bed. The method of fuzzy field of high-temperature nuclear fuels, and
data fusion is used to calculate the health the latest conceptual studies, the developed
degree. In this method the weight of each NRE concept is suggested to be upgraded to
monitoring sensor is calculated by analytic the nuclear power and propulsion system
hierarchy process (AHP), then, the multi- (NPPS), more suitable for future manned
sensor data are fused by the fuzzy Mars missions. Although the NRE still needs
comprehensive evaluation method, next, the development for space application, the
sequence data are fused by two-grade index problems are solvable with additional effort
evaluation method, finally, the health degree and funding.
is calculated by defuzzification method. Johannes Lux, Dmitry Suslov and Oskar
Based on these, the health condition Haidn4 worked on porous liquid propellant
evaluation system of ground-testing bed is rocket engine injectors and their findings
set up, which can evaluate the health are as followings. A novel injection concept
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Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 5 No. 2, October-December 2010
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Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 5 No. 2, October-December 2010
important at the creation of combustion predicting with some accuracy hybrid rocket
chambers of a rocket-ramjet engine for engine fuel regression rates under standard
prospective space shuttle launch vehicles. M. flow conditions. A convective heat feedback
Masquelet, S. Menona and Y. Jinb, R. modeling approach is applied in tying the
Friedrich8 worked on Simulation of mass-flux-dependent heat flux directed into
unsteady combustion in a LOX-GH2 fueled the regressing fuel surface, to the subsequent
rocket engine and their findings are the solid fuel grain regression rate. Factors such
following. This paper presents results from as transpiration, hydraulic port diameter, and
an investigation of unsteady combustion effective fuel surface roughness are
inside a small-scale, multi injector liquid incorporated into the phenomenological
rocket engine. A time-accurate approach in surface regression rate model. A number of
an ax symmetric geometry is employed to comparisons between the models predicted
capture the unsteady flow features, as well as results and corresponding experimental data
the unsteady heat transfer to the walls of the are made, in illustrating the efficacy of the
combustion chamber. Both thermally perfect present approach for a classical head-end-
gas (TPG) and real gas (RG) formulations injection engine. Where substantial
are evaluated for this LOX-GH2 system. The differences between theory and experiment
PengRobinson cubic equation of state (EoS) exist, this might be due to one of several
is used to account for real gas effects identifiable factors related to non-standard
associated with the injection of oxygen. flow, such as the presence of radiant heating,
Realistic transport properties are computed swirl or flow impingement in or at the
but simplified chemistry is used in order to boundaries of the experimental core flow.
achieve a reasonable turnaround time.
Results show the importance of the unsteady Basic of combustion : various combustion
dynamics of the flow, especially the modes
In combustion processes, fuel and oxidizer
interaction between the different injectors.
are main ingredients which are mixed and
The RG EoS, despite a limited zone of
burnt while to produce heat energy.
influence, is shown to govern the overall
Combustion can occur either in flame or non
chamber behavior.
flame (smouldering / flameless) mode.
The sensitivity of the results to changes in Cigarette burning and charcoal burning are
the system parameters is studied and some two common examples of smouldering/
general trends are discussed. Although flameless burning of fuels. But in most of the
several features of the simulations agree well practical combustion system, flames are
with past experimental observations, formed during the combustion process.
prediction of heat flux using a simplified flux Hence, flame is often considered as the
boundary condition is not completely genesis of combustion process. It can be
satisfactory. Reasons for this discrepancy are defined as a spatial domain in which
discussed in the context of the current ax chemical reactions take place often emitting
symmetric approach. light. Based on the mixing modes of the fuel
David R. Greatrix9 worked on Regression and oxidizers, a flame can be classified in
rate estimation for standard-flow hybrid two categories, namely: (1) Premixed flame
rocket engines and their main results are and (2) Diffusion flame. In case of premixed
cited here. The present effort is towards flame both fuel and oxidizer are mixed
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Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 5 No. 2, October-December 2010
before actual combustion takes place. combustion. When chemical reaction occurs
Bunsen burner and LPG cooking stove flame in liquid or solid phase or both phase, then it
are some of the familiar examples of is labeled as heterogeneous combustion.
premixed flame. In contrast, the fuel and When combustion front moves with subsonic
oxidizer are mixed in the region where speed, it is known as deflagration. However,
chemical reaction take place in case of non- if the combustion wave propagates at
premixed (diffusion) flame. Candle flame, supersonic speed, it is termed as detonation.10
wick flame, etc are some of the example of
non-premixed flames. The flame can be OBJECTIVES
stationary as in Bunsen burner or it can be The objective of the present work is to
propagating as in SI (spark ignition) engine. simulate supersonic flow through rocket
We can again classify combustion process on nozzle with combustion chamber to precisely
the basis of character of fluid motion into understand the flow dynamics and variation of
laminar and turbulent. In laminar flow, flow properties in combustion chamber with
molecular diffusion plays an important role the nozzle. This simulation is carried out using
in mixing and transport processes. it is also fluent and gambit software. Gambit is used for
generating the required mesh and simulation
known as streamlined flow, which usually
done using fluent.
occur at low Reynolds number. In contrast
mixing and transport are mainly dominated MATERIAL AND METHODS
by microscopic relative motion of eddies or
Numerical methodology
lumps of fluid in turbulent flow. Generally
turbulent combustion more likely to occur in A numerical method adopted to approximate
practical combustion devices such as internal the governing equations, along with the
combustion engine, gas turbine engine, relevant boundary conditions, by a system of
rocket engine, etc. Based on the time linear algebraic equations is known as a
variation of the flame structure, combustion discretization method. Thus, a problem
can further divided in to two categories, involving calculus is transformed into an
namely: (1) steady and (2) unsteady. algebraic problem which can then be solved
Depending on the physical state of fuel and on a computer by using a solution
oxidizer, combustion process can be again methodology. A discretization technique and
classified into (1) single phase (2) two phase a solution methodology constitute the
(3) three phase. For examples, in Bunsen numerical methodology used to solve a heat
burner single droplets, wick flames are some transfer and fluid flow problem.
of the example of two phase combustion. Computational model parameter
During combustion processes in solid In order to arrive the precise solution, we
propellant rocket engine, three phases such need to describe the inputs that are to be fed
as solid, liquid and gas are likely to be to the simulation. Our descriptive study is for
present simultaneously. Even if fuel and the De Laval nozzles of Mach numbers 2.1,
oxidizer occur in different phase during for which it is important to know the
combustion, chemical reaction can occur dimensions of the respective set ups which
mainly in gaseous phase. Such kind of invariably includes the convergent-divergent
process is known as homogeneous nozzle and a combustion chamber.
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Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 5 No. 2, October-December 2010
Fig. 1 : Grid arrangement for axis-symmetric Rocket nozzle with combustion chamber
defined by the initial conditions that describe subsonic. Should the flow become locally
the droplets as they enter the air stream. supersonic, the specified pressure will no
longer be used, and pressure will be
Table 1 : Initial condition under point extrapolated from the flow in the interior. All
Properties for injection other flow quantities are extrapolated from
First point Last point the interior. A set of back flow condition is
also specified should the flow reverse
X-Position direction at the pressure out let boundary
0.001 0.001
(m) during the solution process. Convergence
Y-Position difficulties will be minimized if you
0.001 0.001
(m) specified realistic values for the back flow
X-Velocity quantities. All other conditions associated
100 100 with velocities at the pressure outlet
(m/s)
boundaries were extrapolated from the
Y-Velocity interior of the computational domain.
0 57.5
(m/s)
Density 620 kg/m3
Temperature
303 303 Cp 2300 J/kg-K
(K)
Flow Rate Thermal Conductivity 0.136 W/m-K
2.0E-4 2.0E-4
(kg/s) Latent Heat 3.63E5 J/kg
Vaporization Temperature 303 K
These initial conditions define the spray of Boiling Point 306 K
liquid fuel droplets with a uniform diameter Volatile Component Fraction(%) 100
of 100 microns. The filled spray cone of 30 Binary Diffusivity 6.1E-6 m2/s
degree half-angle is defined by the range of
Saturation Vapour Pressure 8.2E4 Pa
Y-Velocity from 0 to 57.7 m/s. The total
mass flow rate is 10 4.0E-4 = 0.004 kg/s. Heat of Paralysis 0 J/kg
This corresponds to the mass flow rate of Thermal Conductivity 0.025
liquid fuel in the half of the symmetric duct Viscosity 2.0e-5
considered here. Set the following constant
property values for the n-pentane-liquid Wall boundary condition
material. The default property value settings
Wall boundary conditions are used to bound
for n-pentane-liquid, from the fluent
database, are similar to the values below and fluid and solid regions. In viscous flow, the
could be used to represent the fuel. Here, you no-slip boundary condition is enforced at
will exercise the capability to modify the walls by default, but you can specified a
database properties. tangential velocity component in terms of the
Pressure outlet boundary condition translational or rotational motion of the wall
boundary, or model a slip wall by specifying
Pressure outlet boundary conditions require
the specification of a static pressure at the shear. (You can also model a slip wall with
outlet boundary. The value of specified static zero shear using symmetry boundary type,
pressure is used only while the flow is but sing symmetry boundary will apply
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combustion chamber according to the x and y 4. Johannes L., Dmitry S. and Oskar H.,
plot, it is burning due to high velocity and porous liquid propellant rocket engine
temperature and then temperature increases injectors, Aer. Sc. Tech., 12(2), 469-477,
rapidly in combustion chamber and (2007).
convergent part of the nozzle and after that 5. Alexander P., YuriyShtefan and Elena
temperature decreases in the exit part of the L., Research of material for un cooled
nozzle. It is concluded from the above nozzle extensions of liquid rocket
analysis that the performance of the nozzle is engines, Acta Astrona., 64(1), 22-27,
better for two inlets, if compared with single (2008).
inlet.
6. Lacaze G., Cuenot B., Poinsot T. and
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Oschwald M., Large eddy simulation of
The authors acknowledge the valuable laser ignition and compressible reacting
suggestions from Prof. E. Rathakrishnan, flow in a rocket-like configuration,
Professor, Department of Aerospace Combustion and Flame, 156(1), 1166-
engineering, IIT Kanpur , India. The authors 1180, (2009).
acknowledge the financial help provided by 7. Valeriy I., Timoshenkoa, Igor S. B. and
AICTE from the project AICTE: Vjacheslav P. G., Problems of providing
8023/RID/BOIII/NCP(21) 2007-2008 .The completeness of the methane-containing
Project id at IIT Guwahati is ME/P/USD/4. block-jet combustion in a rocket-ramjet
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